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(1)

Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧ ȿ. Ⱥ. Ɇɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬɩɪɢɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɜɬɚɤɢɯɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɤɚɤ

ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ, ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɢɣ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ

ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɦɭɪɨɜɧɟɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵɡɚɦɟɧɵɚɪɯɢɫɟɦɵɢɟɟɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚɬɚɤɠɟɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɧɨɜɵɯ

ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɦ, ɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ

ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɟɦɵɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹɢɥɢɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɚ, ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.

Balaban O. O. Metaphoric Model as Universal Category of Cognition of Reality.

The article represents the analysis of metaphoric model as a universal model of cognition of reality based on the allied languages. It has been analysed the existing researches considering metaphor modeling and semantic processes, which happen while forming metaphoric meaning in such allied languages as English, French, Russian and Ukrainian. It has been clarified that on the language level the most frequent semantic processes are changing archiseme and actualizing, adding of new, less frequent there turned out to be the processes of changing archiseme and generalizing and missing of differential semes.

Keywords: metaphor, metaphoric model, modeling, semantic processes.

ɍȾɄ 811.111=21

Ȼɢɬɤɨ ɇ. ɋ.

Ɂɚɩɨɪɿɡɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

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ȱɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɣɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀɦɨɜɢɹɤɱɚɫɬɢɧɚɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɯɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɽ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹɦɨɞɟɥɿɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹɰɶɨɝɨɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɸ. Ɇɟɬɚɰɿɽʀɫɬɚɬɬɿɩɨɥɹɝɚɽɭ

ɫɩɪɨɛɿ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɰɶɤɨʀ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɢ ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢɥɚɤɭɧɢɭɜɫɟɛɿɱɧɨɦɭɨɩɢɫɿɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɝɨɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀɦɨɜɢ.

Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ, ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ, ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀɦɨɜɢ, ɩɪɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ, ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ.

Ⱥɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ

ɦɨɜɚ

ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɨɞɧɿɽɸ

ɡ

ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɢɯ

ɦɨɜ

ɫɜɿɬɭ

,

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɹɤɨʀ

ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ

ɞɨ

ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɭ

XXI

ɫɬɨɪɿɱɱɿ

ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ

ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɢɯ

ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ

ʀʀ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ

.

Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ

ɡ

ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ

ɽ

ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ

ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

,

ɭ

ɪɚɦɤɚɯ

ɹɤɨʀ

ɩɢɥɶɧɚ

ɭɜɚɝɚ

ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦ

ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

,

ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɟ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɹɤɢɯ

ɩɨɱɚɥɨɫɹ

ɜ

ɞɪɭɝɿɣ

ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ

ɏɏ

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ

ɡ

ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ

ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ

ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ

ɤɪɚʀɧ

[26, c. 17].

Ɉɞɧɢɦ

ɿɡ

ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ

ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ

ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ

ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɽ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ

.

ɐɟɣ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ

ɩɨɱɚɜ

ɫɜɿɣ

ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ

ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ

ɡ

ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɿ

ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ

ɧɢɦ

ɜɨɥɨɞɿɸɬɶ

,

ɡɚ

ɞɚɧɢɦɢ

Ⱦ

.

Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɚ

,

ɜɿɞ

30 ɞɨ

300 ɦɿɥɶɣɨɧɿɜ

ɨɫɿɛ

[17,

ɫ

. 46–47].

Ʌɨɝɿɱɧɨ

ɛɭɥɨ

ɛ

ɩɪɢɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ

,

ɳɨ

ɿɫɧɭɽ

ɰɿɥɿɫɧɚ

ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ

ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɬɚ

ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɢ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

.

ȱ

ɞɿɣɫɧɨ

,

ɜ

ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ

ɩɪɚɰɹɯ

ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶ

ɪɿɡɧɨɛɿɱɧɿ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

:

ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ

ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ

ɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿɜ

[6; 11–12; 14; 20; 32; 37],

ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɨʀ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ

ɬɚ

ʀʀ

ɤɨɞɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ

[3; 8;

(2)

19; 30; 39–40; 42; 47],

ɬɨɳɨ

.

ȱɫɧɭɸɬɶ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɞɟɹɤɿ

ɩɪɚɰɿ

,

ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɿ

ɧɚ

ɜɫɟɛɿɱɧɢɣ

ɨɩɢɫ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

[10; 43–44],

ɨɞɧɚɤ

ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɸɸɱɢɯ

ɪɨɛɿɬ

,

ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɯ

ɧɚ

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ

ɰɿɥɿɫɧɨʀ

ɤɚɪɬɢɧɢ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

,

ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ

ɧɚɦ

ɜɿɞɨɦɨ

,

ɧɟɦɚɽ

.

ɉɪɢ

ɰɶɨɦɭ

ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ

ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ

,

ɳɨ

ɬɚɤɟ

ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ

ɽ

ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ

ɿ

ɤɨɪɟɥɸɽ

ɿɡ

ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ

ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹɦɢ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

,

ɭ

ɪɚɦɤɚɯ

ɹɤɢɯ

ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ

ɛɿɛɥɿɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɿ

ɩɪɚɰɿ

,

ɹɤɿ

ɧɟ

ɬɿɥɶɤɢ

ɩɨɥɟɝɲɭɸɬɶ

ɪɨɛɨɬɭ

ɜɱɟɧɢɯ

ɭ

ɰɿɣ

ɝɚɥɭɡɿ

,

ɚ

ɣ

ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɸɸɬɶ

ɡɧɚɧɧɹ

ɜ

ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɿ

ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

.

Ɇɟɬɚ

ɫɬɚɬɬɿ

ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ

ɭ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɰɿ

ɩɪɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

,

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɿ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿɜ

ɜ

ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

.

Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ

ɞɠɟɪɟɥ

,

ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɯ

ɧɚ

ɨɩɢɫ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɞɚɽ

ɡɦɨɝɭ

ɩɨɛɭɞɭɜɚɬɢ

ɬɪɢɪɿɜɧɟɜɭ

ɦɨɞɟɥɶ

ʀʀ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

,

ɳɨ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɡ

ɩɪɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ

,

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɿ

ɜɥɚɫɧɟ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

.

ɉɪɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ.

ɉɪɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɛɭɞɶ

-

ɹɤɨɝɨ

ɡ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɹɜɥɹɽ

ɫɨɛɨɸ

ɨɩɢɫɨɜɢɣ

ɩɟɪɿɨɞ

ɜ

ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ

ɣɨɝɨ

ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ

.

Ɂɦɿɧɢ

ɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

ɦɨɜɿ

,

ɹɤ

ɿ

ɜ

ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ

ɿɧɲɢɯ

,

ɡ

’

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ

ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ

ɧɚ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɨɦɭ

,

ɚ

ɡɝɨɞɨɦ

ɿ

ɧɚ

ɿɧɲɢɯ

ɪɿɜɧɹɯ

,

ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶ

ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ

ɿ

ɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɜ

ɪɨɛɨɬɚɯ

ɧɚɣɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɿɲɢɯ

ɠɚɧɪɿɜ

,

ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɯ

,

ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ

,

ɧɟ

ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɦɢ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɚɦɢ

.

Ɉɤɪɿɦ

ɨɩɢɫɭ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿɜ

ɰɿ

ɪɨɛɨɬɢ

ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ

ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿɫɬɶ

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɿɜ

ɜ

ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ

,

ɦɨɜɿ

,

ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿʀ

,

ɪɟɥɿɝɿʀ

,

ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜɿ

,

ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ

ɬɚ

ɿɧɲɢɯ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɯ

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ

ɤɪɚʀɧɢ

,

ɜ

ɹɤɿɣ

ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ

ɿ

ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

.

ȱɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɧɟ

ɽ

ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ

,

ɩɪɨ

ɳɨ

ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ

ɞɨɫɢɬɶ

ɲɢɪɨɤɟ

ɤɨɥɨ

ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

.

ɉɟɪɲɢɦɢ

ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɦɢ

ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹɦɢ

,

ɳɨ

ɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɜɚɥɢ

ɡɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ

ɚɧɝɥɨ

-

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ

ɿ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɢɫɹ

ɜ

XVI

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɿ

,

ɽ

ɥɢɫɬɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɫɜɹɳɟɧɢɤɚ

Ɍ

.

ɋɬ

i

ɜɟɧɫɚ

(Thomas Stephens),

ɹɤɢɣ

ɩɪɢɛɭɜ

ɧɚ

Ƚɨɚ

ɜ

ɠɨɜɬɧɿ

1579

ɪɨɤɭ

ɿ

ɥɢɫɬɢ

Ɋ

.

Ɏɿɱɚ

(Ralph Fitch),

ɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɡ

ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ

ɩɨɥɨɧɟɧɢɯ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɰɿɜ

,

ɩɪɢɜɟɡɟɧɢɯ

ɩɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɶɰɹɦɢ

ɧɚ

Ƚɨɚ

ɜ

1583

ɪɨɰɿ

,

ɨɩɭɛɥɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ

ɭ

The Principal

Navigations

1599

ɪ

. [36, c. 3; 33, c. 2–20].

ɉɿɡɧɿɲɟ

ɨɩɢɫ

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ

(

ɭ

ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ

ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚ

)

ȱɧɞɿʀ

,

ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɢɣ

ɚɜɬɨɯɬɨɧɧɨɸ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɸ

,

ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɜ

ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ

ɳɨɞɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ

ɿ

ɧɨɬɚɬɤɚɯ

(

Travels in

Europe and Asia

(1934–1936)

ɤɭɩɰɹ

ɿ

ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɹ

Ɉɫɬ

-

ȱɧɞɫɶɤɨʀ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ

ɉ

.

Ɇɚɧɞɿ

(Peter

Mundy);

Pen and Pencils Sketchers, Being the Journal of a Tour of India

(1832)

ɤɚɩɿɬɚɧɚ

Ⱦ

.

ɑ

.

Ɇɚɧɞɿ

(Dodfrey Charles Mundy),

ɯɭɞɨɠɧɿɯ

ɬɜɨɪɚɯ

(

ɟɩɿɱɧɚ

ɩɨɟɦɚ

The Light of Asia

(1879)

ɩɪɨ

ɋɿɞɞɯɚɪɬɯɭ

Ƚɚɭɬɚɦɭ

ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɚ

,

ɩɨɟɬɚ

ɿ

ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɫɬɚ

ɫɟɪɚ

ȿ

.

Ⱥɪɧɨɥɶɞɚ

(Sir

Edward Arnold);

ɬɜɨɪɢ

Ɏ

.

Ⱥ

.

ɋɬɿɥ

(Flora Annie Steel) (1894–1923),

ɥɢɫɬɚɯ

(

ɫɟɫɬɪɢ

ɥɨɪɞɚ

Ɉɤɥɟɧɞɚ

–

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ

-

ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɚ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ȿ

.

ȿɞɟɧ

(Emily Eden)

Up the country, letters written

to her sister form the upper Provinces in India

(1886),

ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ

ɡɚɦɚɥɶɨɜɤɚɯ

(

ɥɿɤɚɪɹ

Ⱦɠ

.

Ɏɪɚɟɣɪɚ

(John Fryer)

A New Account of East India and Persia

(1698);

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɚ

Ⱦɠ

.

Ɍɪɟɜɟɥɶɹɧɚ

(George Trevelyan)

Letters of a Competition Wallah

(1886),

ɬɨɳɨ

.

ȼɿɞɬɨɞɿ

ɧɟ

ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɜɫɹ

ɩɨɬɿɤ

ɡɚɩɨɡɢɱɟɧɶ

ɞɨ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɫɤɥɚɞɭ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɬɚ

ɩɨɬɿɤ

ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɯ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

ɦɚɧɞɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ

,

ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿɜ

,

ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ

,

ɭ

ɹɤɢɯ

ɰɹ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ

ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚ

ɩɟɪɲɿ

ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ

ɿ

ɨɩɢɫ

.

Ʌɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɟɬɚɩ

ɩɪɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɜ

ɞɪɭɝɿɣ

ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ

XVIII

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ

,

ɤɨɥɢ

ɦɨɜɚ

ɩɪɢɜɟɪɬɚɽ

ɭɜɚɝɭ

ɜɢɞɚɬɧɢɯ

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ

ɿ

ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɿɜ

,

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɜ

,

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɿɜ

ɿ

ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɚɱɿɜ

.

ɐɟɣ

ɟɬɚɩ

ɦɢ

ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɦɨ

ɞɨ

ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ

“

ɨɩɢɫɨɜɨɝɨ

”

ɩɪɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ

,

(3)

ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɨʀ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɬɚ

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭ

ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ

ɤɪɚʀɧɢ

,

ɧɿɠ

ɫɚɦɭ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɭ

ɦɨɜɭ

ɧɚ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦɭ

ɪɿɜɧɿ

.

ɉɨɱɚɬɨɤ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɟɬɚɩɭ

ɛɭɥɨ

ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟɧɨ

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɢɦ

ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɚɱɟɦ

,

ɫɯɨɞɨɡɧɚɜɰɟɦ

ɿ

ɞɪɭɤɚɪɟɦ

ɫɟɪɨɦ

ɑ

.

ȼɿɥɤɿɧɫɨɦ

(Charles Wilkins),

ɹɤɢɣ

1785

ɪɨɤɭ

ɜɩɟɪɲɟ

ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ

ɦɨɜɨɸ

“

Ȼɝɚʉɚɜɚɞ

-

ʉɿɬɭ

”, 1787 – “

ɏɿɬɨɩɚɞɟɲɭ

”,

ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜ

ɧɢɡɤɭ

ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ

ɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɢɯ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

,

ɳɨ

ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶ

ɫɚɧɫɤɪɢɬ

,

ɭ

1812

ɪɨɰɿ

ɫɤɥɚɜ

ɝɥɨɫɚɪɿɣ

ɚɧɝɥɨ

-

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ

ɫɥɿɜ

ɞɥɹ

ɡɜɿɬɭ

Ɉɫɬ

-

ȱɧɞɫɶɤɨʀ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ

The Fifth Report from the Selected Committee of the

House of Commons on the Affairs of the East Indian Company

,

ɫɬɜɨɪɢɜ

ɩɟɪɲɢɣ

ɧɚɛɿɪɧɢɣ

ɲɪɢɮɬ

ɞɥɹ

ɩɢɫɶɦɚ

ɞɟɜɚɧɚɝɚɪɿ

,

ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɜ

ɫɟɪɭ

ȼ

.

Ⱦɠɨɧɫɭ

(Sir William Jones)

ɜ

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ

Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚ

Ȼɟɧɝɚɥɿʀ

.

ɋɚɦ

ȼɿɥɶɹɦ

Ⱦɠɨɧɫ

,

ɡɚɫɧɨɜɧɢɤ

ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɥɶɧɨ

-

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɦɨɜɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɚ

,

ɧɟ

ɬɿɥɶɤɢ

ɜɤɚɡɚɜ

ɧɚ

ɫɯɨɠɿɫɬɶ

ɫɚɧɫɤɪɢɬɭ

ɡ

ɥɚɬɢɧɫɶɤɨɸ

,

ɝɪɟɰɶɤɨɸ

,

ɝɨɬɫɶɤɨɸ

ɿ

ɤɟɥɶɬɫɶɤɢɦɢ

ɦɨɜɚɦɢ

,

ɬɨɛɬɨ

ɧɚ

ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɧɨʀ

ɫɿɦ

’

ʀ

,

ɚɥɟ

ɣ

ɡɚɣɦɚɜɫɹ

ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɨɦ

ɿ

ɜɢɞɚɧɧɹɦ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ

ɬɟɤɫɬɿɜ

,

ɡɚɫɧɭɜɚɜ

Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɟ

ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨ

ɿ

ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɟ

ɜɢɞɚɧɧɹ

“

Ⱥɡɿɚɬɫɶɤɿ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ

”,

ɚ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɜ

ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

ɬɪɚɧɫɥɿɬɟɪɚɰɿʀ

ɫɚɧɫɤɪɢɬɫɶɤɢɯ

ɧɚɡɜ

,

ɳɨ

ɡɧɚɱɧɨ

ɩɨɥɟɝɲɢɥɨ

ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɭ

ɪɨɛɨɬɭ

ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɢɤɿɜ

ɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɜ

.

ɉɟɪɲɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɿ

ɩɪɚɰɿ

ɧɚ

ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɢɫɹ

ɜ

ɤɪɚʀɧɿ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ

XVIII

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɭ

1797

ɪɨɰɿ

ɜ

Ʉɚɥɶɤɭɬɬɿ

ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

Ɏ

.

Ƚɥɚɞɜɿɧɚ

(Francis Gladwin)

A dictionary of Mohammedan law, and of Bengal revenue

terms: with a vocabulary; Persian and English

.

ɍ

1800

ɪɨɰɿ

–

ɪɨɛɨɬɚ

Ɍ

.

Ɍ

.

Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɫɚ

(T. Theo Roberts)

An Indian Glossary: Consisting of Some Thousand Words and Terms

Commonly Used in the East Indies

.

Ⱦɜɚ

ɪɨɤɢ

ɩɨɫɩɿɥɶ

ɭ

Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ

ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

ɋ

.

Ɋɭɫɫɨ

(Samuel Rousseau)

A dictionary of Mohammedan law, Bengal revenue terms, Shanscrit, Hindoo, and other

words, used in the East Indies: with full explanations; the Leading Word of each Article

being printed in a New Nustaleek Type

.

ɉɟɪɲɢɣ

ɫɚɧɫɤɪɢɬ

-

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ

1819

ɪɨɤɭ

Ƚ

.

Ƚ

.

ȼɿɥɶɫɨɧɨɦ

(Horace Hayman Wislon).

ɑɟɪɟɡ

ɞɜɚɞɰɹɬɶ

ɪɨɤɿɜ

ɟɧɫɿɧɨɦ

Ⱦɠ

.

Ɍ

.

Ɇɨɭɥɫɜɨɪɬɨɦ

(James

Thomas Molesworth)

ɿ

ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɦɟɣɫɬɟɪɨɦ

Ɍ

.

Ʉɟɧɞɿ

(Thomas Candy)

ɛɭɜ

ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ

ɩɟɪɲɢɣ

ɦɚɪɚɬɯɿ

-

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

.

ɉɨɬɿɦ

ɛɭɥɢ

ɜɢɞɚɧɿ

ɤɚɧɧɚɞɚ

-

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɧɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɚ

Ɏ

.

Ʉɿɬɬɟɥɹ

(Ferdinand Kittel),

ɦɚɥɚɹɥɚɦ

-

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

ɧɿɦɟɰɶɤɨɝɨ

ɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɚ

Ƚ

.

Ƚɭɧɞɟɪɬɚ

(Hermann Gundert).

1866

ɪɨɤɭ

ɜ

ȿɞɢɧɛɭɪɡɿ

ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɧɟɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

ɞɚɬ

Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

–

Dictionary of British-Indian dates Being a Compendium of All the Dates

Essential to the Study of the history of the British Rule in India

.

ɍ

1881

ɪɨɰɿ

ɜ

Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ

ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

Ɍ

.

Ɋɨɛɚɤɚ

(Thomas

Roebuck)

A Laskari dictionary: or, Anglo Indian vocabulary of nautical terms and phrases

in English and Hindustani; chiefly in the corrupt jargon in use among laskars or Indian

sailor

.

1855

ɪɨɤɭ

ɿɧɞɨɥɨɝɨɦ

ɿ

ɫɚɧɫɤɪɢɬɨɥɨɝɨɦ

Ƚ

.

Ƚ

.

ȼɿɥɶɫɨɧɨɦ

ɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ

A Glossary of

Judicial and Revenue Terms and of Useful Words Occurring in Official Documents Relating

to the Administration of the Government of British India from the Arabic, Persian,

Hindustani, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Uriya, Marathi, Guzarathi, Telugu, Karnata, Tamil,

Malayalam and other languages

.

ɐɶɨɝɨ

ɠ

ɪɨɤɭ

ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

Ⱦɠ

.

Ʉ

.

ȼɿɬɜɨɪɬɚ

(George Clifford Whitworth)

An

Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used In English, and of Such English

(4)

ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ

ɪɿɤ

ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɜɚɜɫɹ

ɜɢɞɚɧɧɹɦ

ɭ

Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ

ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɚ

ɧɚ

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ

ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ

,

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɝɨ

ɧɚ

ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

, –

Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred

Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive

.

Ƀɨɝɨ

ɬɜɨɪɰɹɦɢ

ɛɭɥɢ

Ƚ

.

ɘɥ

ɿ

Ⱥ

.

Ʉ

.

Ȼɟɪɧɟɥɥ

(H. Yule, A. C. Burnell).

1897

ɪɨɤɭ

ɭ

Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɿ

ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚ

ɩɪɚɰɹ

,

ɹɤɚ

ɛɭɥɚ

ɩɟɪɲɨɸ

ɫɩɪɨɛɨɸ

ɨɛ

’

ɽɞɧɚɬɢ

ɜ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɭ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ

ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

–

A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant Embracing English, American, and

Anglo-Indian Slang, Pidgin English, Tinker’s Jargon and Other Irregular Phraseology

.

Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ

ɿ

ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ

ʀʀ

ɛɭɥɢ

Ⱥ

.

Ȼɚɪɟɪ

(Albert Barrrere)

ɿ

ɑ

.

Ƚ

.

Ʌɟɥɚɧɞ

(Charles Godfrey Leland).

Ʉɨɠɟɧ

ɜɢɞɚɧɢɣ

ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɨɡɧɚɜɱɢɣ

,

ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɣ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

,

ɚ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

ɧɚ

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ

ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ

ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɥɢɫɹ

ɭ

ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ

ɧɚ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɿɜ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

.

ȱ

,

ɯɨɱɚ

ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ

Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɚ

Ʉɨɪɨɧɚ

ɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ

ɧɟ

ɡɚɜɠɞɢ

,

ɩɟɜɧɢɣ

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɭ

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ

ɜɫɿɯ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

,

ɹɤɿ

ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɢ

ɪɨɛɨɬɭ

ɿ

ɫɥɭɠɛɭ

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɿɜ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

,

ɛɭɜ

ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɣ

.

ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɽ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ

ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɿɜ

ɡ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ

ɦɨɜɨɸ

,

ɹɤɿ

ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɬɶ

ɜɢɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɹ

ɞɥɹ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ

XVIII

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ

(

ɨɞɢɧ

ɿɡ

ɩɟɪɲɢɯ

ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɿɜ

The Tutor: Or a New English and Bengalee Work, Well

adapted to teach the Natives English

ɛɭɜ

ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ

1797

ɪɨɤɭ

Ⱦɠ

.

Ɇɿɥɥɟɪɨɦ

(John

Miller)

ɡ

ɦɟɬɨɸ

ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ

ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɰɶɤɨʀ

ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ

ɦɿɫɿɣ

ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ

ɜ

ɲɤɨɥɚɯ

,

ɚ

ɩɨɬɿɦ

ɿ

ɜ

ɤɨɥɟɞɠɚɯ

,

ɹɤɿ

ɩɿɫɥɹ

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɭ

Ɍ

.

Ȼ

.

Ɇɚɤɨɥɟɹ

(Thomas Babington

Macaulay)

ɜ

1835

ɪɨɰɿ

ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ

ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ

ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ

.

ɍ

XIX

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɿ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ

ɩɟɪɲɿ

ɪɨɛɨɬɢ

,

ɳɨ

ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜɠɟ

ɤɨɪɿɧɧɨɝɨ

ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ

,

Ƚ

.

ɒɭɯɚɪɞɬ

(Hugo Schuchardt)

ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽ

ɜ

ɿɧɞɨ

-

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

(

ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ

ɜɿɞɧɿɫɲɢ

ʀʀ

ɞɨ

ɩɿɞɠɿɜ

)

ɩ

’

ɹɬɶ

ɬɢɩɿɜ

: (1) Butler English of

Madras, (2) Pidgin English of Bombay, (3) Boxwallah English of Upper India, (4) Cheechee

English, (5) Baboo English [25,

ɫ

. 1].

ȼɿɞɬɨɞɿ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɚɫɹ

ɜɟɥɢɤɚ

ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

,

ɳɨ

ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶ

ɹɤ

ɪɿɡɧɿ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɿ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

,

ɬɚɤ

ɿ

ʀʀ

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɟ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ

ɜ

ɤɪɚʀɧɿ

.

ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ.

ɉɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɜ

ɨɩɢɫɿ

ɛɭɞɶ

-

ɹɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɩɨɜ

’

ɹɡɚɧɢɣ

ɡɿ

ɫɬɚɬɭɫɧɢɦ

ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ

ɞɨ

ɧɶɨɝɨ

ɧɚ

ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ

ɤɪɚʀɧɢ

.

ȼɨɧɨ

ɦɨɠɟ

ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ

ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ

ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ

ɫɚɦɨɫɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ

ɧɚ

ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ

-

ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɦɭ

ɪɿɜɧɿ

,

ɧɚ

ɪɿɜɧɿ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɤɢ

ɜɟɫɬɢ

ɞɨ

ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ

,

ɩɪɨɬɟ

ɩɪɨɹɜ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭ

ɭ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɿ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ

ɩɟɪɟɞɭɫɿɦ

ɜɿɞ

ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ

-

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ

ɭɦɨɜ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɳɨɞɨ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɧɚ

ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɩɨɜ

’

ɹɡɚɧɢɣ

ɧɟ

ɫɬɿɥɶɤɢ

ɡ

ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɦɢ

ɪɨɛɨɬɚɦɢ

,

ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɢɦɢ

ɰɿɣ

ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɰɿ

,

ɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ

ɡɿ

ɡɦɿɧɨɸ

ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ

ɿ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɚ

ɿ

ɫɚɦɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɿ

Ɉɫɬ

-

ȱɧɞɫɶɤɨʀ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ

ɧɚ

ɰɿɣ

ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ

.

ɍ

XVIII

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɿ

ɪɨɡɩɚɥɚɫɹ

ɿɦɩɟɪɿɹ

Ɇɨɝɨɥɿɜ

,

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɿ

ɡɞɨɛɭɥɢ

ɩɟɪɟɦɨɝɭ

ɧɚɞ

ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦɢ

,

ɛɭɥɚ

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ

ɜɥɚɫɧɚ

ɚɪɦɿɹ

Ɉɫɬ

-

ȱɧɞɫɶɤɨʀ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ

,

Ȼɟɧɝɚɥɿɹ

(

ɧɚɣɛɚɝɚɬɲɚ

ɩɪɨɜɿɧɰɿɹ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

)

ɫɬɚɥɚ

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ

ɿ

ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ

ɩɿɞɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɸ

Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ

,

ɳɨ

ɡɦɿɰɧɢɥɨ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ɤɪɚʀɧɿ

.

ɍ

XIX

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɿ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɭ

ɦɨɜɭ

ɛɭɥɨ

ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɲɟɧɨ

ɦɨɜɨɸ

ɨɫɜɿɬɢ

,

ɧɚɭɤɢ

ɿ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ

,

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɭ

,

ɚ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ

ɨɛ

’

ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ

,

ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦ

ɛɭɞɶ

-

ɹɤɨɦɭ

ɤɨɪɿɧɧɨɦɭ

ɠɢɬɟɥɸ

,

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ

ɜɿɞ

ɬɨɝɨ

,

ɹɤɨɸ

ɡ

ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ

ɦɨɜ

ɜɿɧ

ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ

.

Ɍɚɤɟ

ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ

ɞɨ

ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ

ɜɬɿɥɟɧɧɹ

ɭ

ɜɿɞɨɦɨɦɭ

Ɇɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɿ

(

Minute on

Indian Education

)

Ɍ

.

Ȼ

.

Ɇɚɤɨɥɟɹ

1835

ɪɨɤɭ

,

ɜ

ɹɤɨɦɭ

ɜɿɧ

ɩɢɲɟ

: “

We have to educate a

(5)

them some foreign language. The claims of our own language it is hardly necessary to

recapitulate. It stands pre-eminent even among the languages of the West

” [35].

ɐɸ

ɿɞɟɸ

ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɥɢ

ɧɟ

ɬɿɥɶɤɢ

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɢ

,

ɚ

ɣ

ɿɧɞɭɫɢ

–

ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ

,

ɚɥɟ

ɜɚɝɨɦɚ

ɝɪɭɩɚ

ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ

,

ɿɞɟʀ

ɹɤɢɯ

ɫɩɪɢɹɥɢ

ɩɨɹɜɿ

ɰɿɥɨɝɨ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ

,

ɳɨ

ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ

,

ɹɤ

ɩɢɲɟ

Ɍ

.

Ȼ

.

Ɇɚɤɨɥɟɣ

: “

a class who may be

interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern, a class of persons Indian in blood

and colour, but English in tastes, in opinion, in morals and in intellect

” [35].

Ɉɤɪɿɦ

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ

ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ

,

ɹɤɢɣ

ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ

ɦɨɜɨɸ

,

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɿ

ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɥɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿɸ

ɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

ɨɫɜɿɬɢ

ɬɚ

ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

,

ɹɤɿ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɭ

ɦɨɜɭ

;

ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ

–

ɿ

ɜɩɟɜɧɟɧɿɫɬɶ

ɭ

ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ

.

ɉɪɨ

ɰɟ

ɩɢɲɟ

Ɋɟɞɶɹɪɞ

Ʉɿɩɥɿɧɝ

,

ɜɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ

,

ɳɨ

ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

ɦɨɜɿ

ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ

XIX

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɚɫɹ

ɿɞɟɹ

ɩɪɨ

ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ

ɿ

ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɢ

ɤɪɚʀɧɨɸ

ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ

– “

strong belief among many natives that they were capable of administering the

country themselves

” [

ɰɢɬ

.

ɩɨ

13,

ɫ

. 262].

ȱ

ɯɨɱɚ

Ɇ

.

Ȼɪɟɝɝ

ɩɢɲɟ

,

ɳɨ

ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢ

ɥɢɲɟ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɭ

ɦɨɜɭ

ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɨɦ

ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ

ɿ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɧɚɞɦɿɪɧɨ

ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɧɨ

ɣ

ɿɪɨɧɿɱɧɨ

[13,

ɫ

. 262],

ɚɥɟ

ɫɚɦɟ

ɜɨɧɚ

ɫɬɚɽ

ɦɿɲɟɧɧɸ

ɞɥɹ

ɚɬɚɤ

ɭ

ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɯ

Ɇ

.

Ƚɚɧɞɿ

,

ɜ

ɹɤɢɯ

ɩɨɪɭɲɭɜɚɥɢɫɹ

ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ

ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ

.

Ⱦɨ

1947

ɪɨɤɭ

–

ɪɨɤɭ

ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ

ȱɧɞɿɽɸ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ

,

ɛɚɝɚɬɨ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ

ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ

ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɭ

ɦɨɜɭ

ɹɤ

ɫɢɦɜɨɥ

ɝɧɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ

ɿ

ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɥɢ

ɫɩɨɞɿɜɚɧɧɹ

(

ɳɨ

ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ

ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ

ɿ

ɜ

ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ

),

ɳɨ

ɞɨ

1965

ɪɨɤɭ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɭ

ɦɨɜɭ

ɜ

ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɦɭ

,

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ

,

ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ

ɬɚ

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ

ɠɢɬɬɿ

ɤɪɚʀɧɢ

ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɶ

ɯɿɧɞɿ

.

Ɉɞɧɚɤ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɧɟ

ɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ

,

ɧɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ

ɧɚ

ɪɨɡɝɨɪɧɭɬɭ

ɲɢɪɨɤɭ

ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿɸ

,

ɿ

,

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ

ɜɿɞ

ɩɪɢɱɢɧ

,

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ

ɦɨɜɚ

ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ

ɽ

ɨɞɧɿɽɸ

ɡ

ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ

ɦɨɜ

Ɉɛ

’

ɽɞɧɚɧɨʀ

ɪɚɞɢ

ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

.

Ɍɚɤɟ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɫɩɪɢɹɥɨ

ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɸ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɩɨ

ɜɫɿɣ

ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ

ɤɪɚʀɧɢ

,

ɩɨɹɜɿ

ɣ

ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɧɸ

ɪɿɡɧɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

/

ɬɢɩɿɜ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɸ

ʀɯ

ɭ

ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ

ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɬɚ

ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ

ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ

ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ

ɞɨ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɹɜɢɳɚ

ɧɚ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ

ɪɿɜɧɿ

.

Ʌɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ.

Ʌɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ

ɭ

ɜɫɟɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɱɨɦɭ

ɨɩɢɫɿ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ

ɿ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɢɯ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɡ

ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɦ

ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹɦ

ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɯ

,

ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ

,

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ

ɞɚɧɢɯ

ɡ

ɦɟɬɨɸ

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ

ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ

ɤɚɪɬɢɧɢ

ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

.

ɍɦɨɜɧɨɸ

ɞɚɬɨɸ

,

ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢ

ɡ

ɹɤɨʀ

ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬɶ

ɩɪɨ

ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ

ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɪɿɤ

ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ

ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

.

Ⱦɨ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɱɚɫɭ

,

ɹɤ

ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ

Ⱦ

.

ɒɚɪɦɚ

,

ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɧɚɥɿɡ

ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ

ɪɢɫ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɧɟ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɫɹ

,

ɫɚɦɿ

ɪɢɫɢ

ɛɭɥɢ

ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɿ

ɜɚɪɿɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɸ

ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

[45,

ɫ

. 2083].

Ɇ

.

Ƚɶɨɪɥɚɯ

ɜɜɚɠɚɽ

,

ɳɨ

ɥɢɲɟ

ɡ

1960-

ɯ

ɪɨɤɿɜ

ɏɏ

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ

ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɿ

ɮɨɪɦɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ

,

ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɬɶ

ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢɫɹ

ɹɤ

ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɿ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ

ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɞɨ

ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ

ɜɢɦɨɝ

[21,

ɫ

. ix],

ɬɨɛɬɨ

ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ

ɫɭɬɨ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɟ

ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ

ɬɚ

ɿɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɿɸ

.

ɉɪɢ

ɰɶɨɦɭ

Ɋ

.

Ɋ

.

Ɇɟɯɪɨɬɪɚ

ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ

,

ɳɨ

ɛɚɝɚɬɨ

ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɯ

ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɢɫɹ

ɳɟ

ɜ

XIX

ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɿ

,

ɹɤ

ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ

ɩɪɨ

ɰɟ

ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿ

ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ

[36],

ɤɨɬɪɿ

,

ɜɬɿɦ

,

ɧɟ

ɽ

ɫɭɬɨ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ

.

ɉɪɨɬɟ

ɨɞɧɚ

ɡ

ɩɟɪɲɢɯ

ɪɨɛɿɬ

,

ɹɤɚ

ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɸɽ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ

ɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ

,

ɿ

ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɢ

,

ɿ

ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɢ

,

ɿ

ɫɬɢɥɸ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

,

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɚɫɹ

ɳɟ

ɜ

1934

ɪɨɰɿ

.

ɐɹ

ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ

ɩɪɚɰɹ

Some Notes on Indian English

ɛɭɥɚ

ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ

Ɋ

.

Ʉ

.

Ƚɨɮɮɿɧɢɦ

ɿ

Ⱥ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ⱦɚɪɭɲɟɦ

ɿ

ɜɢɞɚɧɚ

(6)

Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɸ

ɩɪɚɰɟɸ

ɡ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɦɨɠɟ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢɫɹ

ɪɨɛɨɬɚ

1968

ɪɨɤɭ

Ɏ

.

ȿ

.

Ⱦɚɫɬɭɪɚ

The World of Words

,

ɹɤɚ

ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɸɽ

,

ɤɪɿɦ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɢɯ

,

ɦɨɪɮɨɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɧɢɯ

,

ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ

,

ɫɬɢɥɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ

,

ɳɟ

ɣ

ɟɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ

[19].

ɍ

1983

ɪɨɰɿ

ɜɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ

ɩɪɚɰɹ

Ȼ

.

Ʉɚɱɪɭ

The Indianization of English: The English

Language in India

,

ɜ

ɹɤɿɣ

ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ

ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿ

,

ɫɨɰɿɨɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɿ

,

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɿ

,

ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ

ɮɚɤɬɢ

,

ɳɨ

ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ

ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

[26].

ɍ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ

ɪɨɛɨɬɚɯ

Ȼ

.

Ʉɚɱɪɭ

,

ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɦ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

Ⱥɡɿʀ

(

The Alchemy of English

(1989),

English in South Asia

(1994),

ɬɨɳɨ

)

ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ

ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ

ɨɫɧɨɜɢ

ɞɥɹ

ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ

ɬɚ

ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ

ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

,

ɚ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ

ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿ

,

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ

,

ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɿ

(

ɤɪɿɦ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ

)

ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ

ɿɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɧɟɪɿɞɧɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

[27–28].

ɉɟɪɲɚ

ɛɿɛɥɿɨɝɪɚɮɿɹ

,

ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɚ

ɜɢɤɥɸɱɧɨ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

,

ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ

1988

ɪɨɤɭ

.

Ʌ

.

ɋ

.

Ɋɚɦɚɹɧɨɦ

ɿ

ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ

ɛɿɥɶɲɟ

ɬɢɫɹɱɿ

ɪɨɛɿɬ

,

ɨɛ

’

ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ

ɭ

ɞɟɫɹɬɶ

ɫɟɤɰɿɣ

,

ɹɤɿ

,

ɫɜɨɽɸ

ɱɟɪɝɨɸ

,

ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶ

ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɿ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

[38].

2009

ɪɨɤɭ

ɜɢɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ

ɬɪɢ

ɩɪɚɰɿ

,

ɦɟɬɨɸ

ɹɤɢɯ

ɽ

ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ

ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ

ɤɚɪɬɢɧɢ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

:

Indian English

ɉ

.

ɋɚɿɥɚɿ

[43],

Contemporary

Indian English. Variation and Change

Ⱥ

.

Ɂɟɞɥɚɬɲɟɤɚ

[44]

ɿ

Register Variation in Indian

English

ɑ

.

Ȼɚɥɚɫɭɛɪɚɦɚɧɿɚɧɚ

[11].

Ɉɤɪɿɦ

ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ

ɪɨɛɿɬ

,

ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɢɯ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɦɭ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɭ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ

,

ɳɨ

ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶ

ɛɿɥɶɲ

ɜɭɡɶɤɿ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ

ɹɜɢɳɚ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɡɧɚɱɧɚ

ɭɜɚɝɚ

ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ

ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɦ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

.

Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ

ɡ

ɩɟɪɲɢɯ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

,

ɳɨ

ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶ

ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɽ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ

Ɋ

.

Ʉ

.

Ȼɚɧɫɚɥɚ

The Intelligibility of Indian English:

measurements of the intelligibility of connected speech, and sentence and word material,

presents to listeners of different nationalities

(1969) [12].

Ɏɨɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ

ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ

ɜ

ɤɧɢɡɿ

ɒ

.

ɑ

.

ɑɚɭɞɯɚɪɢ

Some Aspects of the Phonology of Indian English

(1989) [14],

ɚ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɭ

ɪɨɛɨɬɚɯ

,

ɹɤɿ

ɽ

ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ

ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ

:

Indian English:

Phonology

(2004)

Ɋ

.

Ƚɚɪɝɟɲɚ

[20],

The “Indian English of Tibeto-Burman language

speakers

(2005)

Ʉ

.

ȼɿɥɬɲɚɽ

,

ɬɨɳɨ

[51].

Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɚ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ

ɜ

ɪɨɛɨɬɚɯ

Ɋ

.

Ȼɯɚɬɬɚ

Indian English: syntax

(2008) [12],

Ʉ

.

Ʌɚɧɝɟ

The

Syntax of Spoken Indian English

(2012),

ɬɨɳɨ

[32].

Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ

ɡ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

,

ɹɤɿ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɭ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

,

ɚ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ

,

ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ

ɬɚ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɿ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ

,

ɳɨ

ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ

ɚɫɢɦɿɥɹɰɿɸ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ

ɫɥɿɜ

ɜ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

ɦɨɜɿ

,

ɽ

ɞɨɫɥɢɞɠɟɧɧɹ

C. Ɋ

ao

Indian Words in

English

(1954) [41].

Ʌɟɤɫɢɱɧɿ

ɬɚ

ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶ

ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ

ɜ

ɪɨɛɨɬɿ

1979

ɪɨɤɭ

ɉ

.

ɇ

.

ɇɿɯɚɥɚɧɿ

ɬɚ

ɿɧ

.

Indian and British English. A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation

,

ɩɟɪɟɜɢɞɚɧɿɣ

ɭ

2004

ɪɨɰɿ

[37].

Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɟ

ɦɿɫɰɟ

ɜ

ɨɩɢɫɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɨʀ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɦ

ɩɪɚɰɹɦ

.

ɍ

ɧɢɯ

ɨɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ

ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ

ɩɟɜɧɢɯ

ɫɮɟɪ

ɠɢɬɬɹ

(

Elementary English Indian dictionary of scientific terms

(1948)

ɿ

A Dictionary

of English-Indian terms of administration

(1950)

Ɋ

.

ȼɿɪɢ

[48–49],

Dictionary of Indian

pseudonyms

(1977)

Ⱥ

.

ɑɚɬɟɪɠɿ

[16],

The English-Indian Dictionary of scientific

terminology

(1990)

ə

.

Ⱦɚɬɟ

[18]),

ɚ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ

ɿ

ɪɨɡɦɨɜɧɚ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɚ

,

ɳɨ

ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ

ɹɤ

ɞɨ

ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ

Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ

Ɋɚɞɠɚ

,

ɬɚɤ

ɿ

ɞɨ

ɛɿɥɶɲ

ɩɿɡɧɶɨɝɨ

ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ

ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɨɜɧɨɰɿɧɧɨɝɨ

ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

(

Common Indian Words in English

(1984)

Ɋ

.

ɏɨɤɿɧɫɚ

[23],

A Dictionary of Collocations for Indian Users of English

(1989)

(7)

(1990)

ȱ

.

Ʌ

’

ɸɿɫɚ

[33],

ɨɧɥɚɣɧ

-

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤ

Dictionary of Indian English

(2011)

ȼ

.

ɋɭɛɯɚɲɚ

[46]).

Ɍɚɤɢɣ

ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫ

ɞɨ

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɿɜ

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ

ɞɨ

ɩɨɹɜɢ

ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ

ɏɏ

ɫɬɨɪɿɱɱɹ

ɰɿɥɨʀ

ɧɢɡɤɢ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

,

ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɢɯ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿʀ

.

ɋɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ

ɿ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ

ɋ

.

Ɇ

.

Ʉɚɬɪ

e,

Ʉ

.

Ɏɨɝɟɥɹ

,

ɡɛɿɪɤɚ

ɪɨɛɿɬ

ɩɿɞ

ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿɽɸ

Ȼ

.

Ƚ

.

Ɇɿɫɪɚ

ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ

ɰɿɥɿɫɧɭ

ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿʀ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

[29; 34; 50].

Ɉɞɧɚɤ

,

ɡ

ɨɝɥɹɞɭ

ɧɚ

ɛɚɝɚɬɭ

ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɸ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿʀ

,

ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨʀ

ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ

ɦɨɜɚɦɢ

,

ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɦɢ

ɧɚ

ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ

ȱɧɞɨɫɬɚɧɭ

,

ɚɧɝɥɨɦɨɜɧɿ

ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɢ

,

ɜɢɞɚɧɿ

ɡɚ

ɱɚɫ

ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɿɜ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

,

ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ

ɞɨɫɢɬɶ

ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɟ

ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ

.

ɍ

ɦɨɞɟɥɿ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɭɜɚɝɭ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɩɪɢɜɟɪɬɚɸɬɶ

ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ

,

ɩɨɜ

’

ɹɡɚɧɿ

ɡ

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ

ɿ

ɨɫɜɿɬɨɸ

ɜ

ɤɪɚʀɧɿ

.

ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ

ɦɨɠɭɬɶ

ɛɭɬɢ

ɪɨɛɨɬɢ

ɇ

.

Ʉɪɿɲɧɚɫɜɚɦɿ

ɿ

Ⱥ

.

Ȼɭɪɞɟ

The politics of Indians’ English: linguistic

colonialism and the expanding English empire

(1998) [30],

Ⱦɠ

.

Ⱥɝɝɚɪɜɚɥɚ

Landmarks in

the History of Modern Indian Eductaion

(1984) [9],

ɉ

.

Ɋɚɜɚɬɚ

History of Indian Education

(1956) [42],

ɇ

.

Ʉɪɿɲɧɚɫɜɚɦɿ

ɿ

Ʌ

.

Ʉɪɿɲɧɚɫɜɚɦɿ

The Story of English in India

(2006) [31],

Ⱦ

.

ɑɚɜɚɧɚ

Language Politics under Colonialism: Caste, Class and Language Pedagogy in

Western India

(2013) [15],

Ɇ

.

ȼɿɞɠɚɥɚɤɲɦɿ

ɿ

Ɇ

.

ɋ

.

Ȼɚɛɭ

A Brief History of English

Language Teaching in India

(2014) [47].

ɍ

ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨɦɭ

ɦɨɜɨɡɧɚɜɫɬɜɿ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ

ɧɚɦ

ɜɿɞɨɦɨ

,

ɧɟ

ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜ

ɜɫɟɛɿɱɧɨɝɨ

ɨɩɢɫɭ

.

ɉɪɢ

ɰɶɨɦɭ

ɪɿɡɧɿ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ

ɰɶɨɝɨ

ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɭ

ɰɿɤɚɜɢɥɢ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ

,

ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢ

ɡ

70-

ɯ

ɪɨɤɿɜ

.

Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ

ɡ

ɩɟɪɲɢɯ

ɩɪɚɰɶ

,

ɩɪɢɫɜɹɱɟɧɢɯ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ

ɦɨɜɿ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

,

ɫɬɚɥɨ

ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɿɣɧɟ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ

ȿ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɍɭɥɚɬɨɜɨʀ

“

Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ

ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

” (1973) [8];

ɩɨɬɿɦ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ

ɪɨɛɨɬɢ

ɀ

.

ɉ

.

ɉɥɟɱɤɨ

“

Ɏɨɧɟɬɢɱɧɿ

ɿ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ

-

ɮɪɚɡɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

(

ɯɿɧɞɿɦɨɜɧɢɣ

ɚɪɟɚɥ

)” (1878)

ɿ

ȼ

.

Ƚ

.

Ɇɢɯɧɚ

“

Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɨɥɿɟɬɧɿɱɧɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

:

ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨ

-

ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɧɨʀ

ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɫɬɿ

(

ɧɚ

ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

)” (1989) [6; 4].

ȼ

ɨɫɬɚɧɧɽ

ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɿɬɬɹ

ɡɧɨɜɭ

ɜɢɧɢɤ

ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫ

ɞɨ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

.

Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɿ

ɪɨɛɨɬɢ

ɜ

ɝɚɥɭɡɿ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɤɢ

ɩɨɤɢ

ɧɟ

ɡ

’

ɹɜɢɥɢɫɹ

,

ɚɥɟ

ɫɬɚɬɬɿ

ɬɚ

ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ

ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ

ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɸɸɬɶ

ɪɿɡɧɿ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

: “

ȱɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɚ

:

ɿɫɬɨɪɿɹ

,

ɫɬɚɬɭɫ

,

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

” (2008)

ȱ

.

ȼ

.

ɇɚɝɿɛɢ

[5], “

Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ

ɫɥɿɜ

ɧɚ

ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɿ

ɚɧɝɥɨɦɨɜɧɢɯ

ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ

ɦɚɫɨɜɨʀ

ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

” (2009)

ȯ

.

ɇ

.

Ʌɚɱɭɝɿɧɨʀ

[3]; “

ȱɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɜ

ɤɿɧɨɬɟɤɫɬɿ

” (2011)

Ɍ

.

Ⱥ

.

ȱɜɚɧɨɤɨɜɨʀ

[2], “

Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ

ɦɨɜɨɸ

ɜ

ȱɧɞɿʀ

” (2014)

Ʉ

.

Ⱥ

.

Ɍɪɭɲɤ

i

ɧɨʀ

ɿ

ȼ

.

ɋ

.

Ƚɨɪɛɭɧɨɜɨʀ

[7]; “

Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ

ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ

ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ

-

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɿɜ

ɡɿ

ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦɢ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

(

ɧɚ

ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɿ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

)” (2014)

Ɇ

.

Ɇ

.

ȯɜɞɨɤ

i

ɦɨɜɨʀ

[1].

Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ

,

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɣ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɡɚ

ɱɚɫ

ɫɜɨɝɨ

ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ

ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜ

ɞɨɫɢɬɶ

ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɢɣ

ɨɩɢɫ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ

ɿ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ

:

ɜɿɞ

ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ

ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ

ɞɨ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ

ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɩɪɢɡɦɭ

ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ

ɹɜɢɳɚ

ɞɨ

ɫɭɬɨ

ɥɿɧɝɜɿɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ

ɳɨɞɨ

ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

.

ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

,

ɹɤ

ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ

ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ

,

ɧɟ

ɬɿɥɶɤɢ

ɞɚɽ

ɡɦɨɝɭ

ɱɿɬɤɿɲɟ

ɩɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ

ɧɚ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɫɚɦɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

,

ɚɥɟ

ɿ

ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢ

ɥɚɤɭɧɢ

ɜ

ɣɨɝɨ

ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɦɭ

ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɿ

.

Ɍɚɤ

,

ɧɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ

ɧɚ

ɛɚɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ

,

ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ

ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɢɦɢ

ɜɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ

ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɿ

ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ

ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

.

Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɶ

ɬɚɤɨɠ

ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ

ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ

ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ

ɦɨɜɢ

ɧɚ

ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ

ȱɧɞɨɫɬɚɧɭ

,

ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ

ɫɚɦɟ

ɜɨɧɢ

ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ

ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ

ɹɤ

ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ

ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ