Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Parameter of Soil Irrigated with
Different Source of Water in Davanagere City, India
Divya M R
1Vagish M
2 1P.G. Student
2Assistant Professor
1,2Department of Environmental Engineering
1,2
BIET College, Davanagere-577004, India
Abstract— The effects of civilization in development of industrial production and urbanization has led to results in evolving out of the new technologies and also helps in development of agriculture to meet the requisite of people. Mainly agriculture depends on the different source of water, hence composition of source water influence on the soil properties Three samples are collected from the agricultural land irrigated with different source of water (sewage water, canal water, Bore well water) from different location of Davanagere city, samples were investigated for physico-chemical properties of soil and heavy metal concentration. From this study sewage soil having more nutrient value compare to other two samples because rich in organic carbon. Sewage soil having higher phosphorous (53 kg/ ha), nitrogen (190kg/ ha) heavy metals concentration are within the limit. The present study reveals that comparative analysis of physico-chemical parameters of soil irrigated with different source of water. Soil samples are collected from three different irrigated land are Budhihal, Shirama gondanahalli, Vidyanagar located near to Davangere for a period of 5 months which is from December 2015 to April 2016.The main objective of this study is to determine physico-chemical parameter of soil using statistical analysis, correlation analysis and also estimate the pollution index of the soil.
Key words: Physico-Chemical Parameters, Heavy Metals, Different Sources of Water for Irrigation, Sampling Tool, Correlation. Statistical Analysis, Pollution Index of Soil
I. INTRODUCTION
Soil is unconsolidated material on the surface of the earth .It is very important for the growth of plants. It is a mixture of air, water, organic material and microorganism. It is considered as the skin of the earth. They mainly consists of organic and inorganic matter mixed together by natural process and also it is formed by disintegration of rock minerals. Soil contain an air, water it is best component for the living organism like plants, bacteria, and small animals to survive, so it is considered as the biotic component. Soil plays many roles in environment like media for growth atmospheric modification, good absorber, living filter and also good media for engineers, it’s varies from one region to another region. Soil is a dynamic component because, it ages, changing its character from original material.
II. OBJECTIVES
The study of soil quality and its parameters for different source of water used for irrigation are considered for this study. From this we can predict the physico-chemical characteristics and fertility value of soil in Davanagere city. The sewage water flowing outskirts of the city which is helpful for plants, as it mainly contain parameter like Nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorous, so the study of soil
parameter is more important, and also dependency of the parameter can be calculated by correlation and statistical analysis by this we can get which parameter is more related to each other.
1) Comparative study of physico-chemical properties of different farming soil
2) Identification of heavy metal concentration of soils 3) Application of statistical analysis on physic-chemical
properties of soil
4) Determination of soil pollution index.
III. CORRELATION ANALYSIS
Correlation is also called as co -variation, it gives the mutual relationship between soil quality parameter if one parameter changes that affect the changes in other parameter. The inter-relationship between two parameter can be given by the statistical analysis. Correlation coefficient varies from-1 to 0 +1.
When correlation is zero there is no association between the parameter. The correlation value needs a magnitude and direction of either positive or negative. When the first parameter increases which would corresponds to a second parameter. This indicates the direct relationship between the parameters.
From the correlation analysis we can get the dynamic distribution of the soil parameter, in the ordered manner with the detailed analysis point of view. Excel work sheets are used for this correlation.
The benefits of this study:
1) From this above study we can utilize the discharged waste water for different cultivation process.
2) The heavy metals concentration in the soil samples are determined.
[image:1.595.319.516.554.660.2]3) Based on the different physico chemical parameters the crops selection process is carried out.
Fig 1: extraction soil solution for the analysis
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
In the present study investigation of composite sampling is done .A composite sampling is nothing but blend of seize trials poised at the equal sampling point at diverse points of different frequency.
which are collected from the sites, are kept for the test with different methods to obtain the different parameters which are required for the analysis of this present study.
A. Soil Sampling Tool
The important requirement of the soil sampling tool are as follows
The tool allows for a uniform slice to be taken during insertion of the tool
Same volume of soil taken from each sampling point by the sampling tool
An auger, or a tinny-wall conduit sampler, is used to bore a hovel to a desired sampling depth, and further it is introverted. The soil trial tools are considered.
500 grams of sample are taken in polythene sealed cover, is taken for laboratory analysis. Oven dried at 1040celcius, soil sampling is extracting from the respective solution in Whattman filter paper no 42.as shown in the figure.1
In order calculate the statistical analysis, correlation coefficient and soil quality index of three station are selected for the collection of soil sample.
B. Depth of Sampling
Samples are usually from soil surface layer down to depth of 15 to 25 cm in sampling field
C. Sampling Stations
The procedure for sampling has been in standard agricultural manual for soil. Soil samples are collected from Dec 2015 to April 2016, at three different Sampling sites, sewage irrigated land located, 7 km from Davangere city at 16015’N”78o 89’lattitudess,canal irrigated land located 2 km from Davangere at 14o28’N latitude, 75o59’ borewell irrigated land located in Davanagere at 14o26’36.4 N”,75o 91’06”.
Site S1: Sewage water irrigated land Site S2: Canal water irrigated land Site S3: Bore well water irrigated land
Source
Fig. 2: Site 1 paddy growing field (sewage farming)
[image:2.595.309.551.55.180.2]Source
Fig. 3: Site 2 paddy growing field (canal farming)
[image:2.595.306.548.83.439.2]Source
Fig. 4: Site 3, tomato growing field (Bore well farming) Sl
No Parameters Methods
1 Moisture content Oven dry method
2 pH pH meter
3 Electrical
conductivity Conductivity meter
4 Bulk density Core cutter
5 Chlorides Titrometric
6 Calcium Titrometric
7 Magnesium Titrometric
8 Phosphate UV spectrometric
9 Nitrogen Titrometric
10 Organic carbon Titrometric
11 Sodium Flame photometer
12 Potassium Flame photometer
13 contaminants’ Trace Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Table 1: Methods adopted for determining for the Soil
analysis
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Sampling and analysis of samples are briefly explained in this paragraph. In this study 3 samples are analyzed. Sampling has done from month of December 2015 to April 2016. Results table’s necessary graphs have been included for the better understanding. Soil samples are collected and analyzed for physical chemical properties from 3 sample sites. To find out the central tendency of parameter large number of different values. Statistical analysis of results are carried out.
Mont h
M.
C pH E.C
Bulk
density CL
org car
Dec 7.89 7.98 0.28 1.5 90.83 1.6
Jan 8 8.01 0.29 1.48 90.83 1.62
Feb 7.6 7.58 0.28 1.5 78.3 2.2
Mar 7.8 7.92 0.27 1.43 79.56 3
April 7.9 8.01 0.26 1.52 75.83 2
Table 2: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters site 1
Month ca Mg K Na N P
Dec 11.2 2.3 168 70.1 179.2 82.3
Jan 12.96 2.9 187 72.21 180.2 78.2 Feb 15.62 2.58 169 65.6 180.68 74.6
Mar 12.36 2.9 173 65.6 190.08 80
April 12.35 1.98 168 64 180.68 79.3 Table 3: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters
[image:2.595.43.552.305.763.2]Fig. 5: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters for site 1
Fig. 6: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters for site 1
Month Mc PH E C Bd CL org car
Dec 6.59 7.93 0.74 1.6 59.85 0.96 jan 6.39 7.53 0.8 1.65 57.89 0.98
Feb 6.52 7.4 0.8 1.68 62.85 0.99
Mar 6.2 7.4 0.82 1.69 62.85 0.96
April 6.1 7.92 0.81 1.6 61.85 0.7 Table 4: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters
site 2
Month ca Mg k Na N P
Dec 10.21 2.575 162 40.21 128.8 56
jan 15.64 2.1 168 45.36 134.8 58
Feb 14.59 2.13 158 39.8 132 56.8
Mar 10.23 2.45 160 39.8 134 49
April 19.32 2.56 157 40 140.38 58
Table 5: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters site 2
Fig. 7: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters for site 2
Fig. 8: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters for site 2
Month M C PH E C Bd CL org car
Dec 6.29 8.02 0.32 1.63 44.98 0.58 jan 6.15 7.2 0.36 1.68 52.98 0.59 Feb 6.26 8.01 0.38 1.68 49.8 0.7
Mar 6.24 7.2 0.38 1.68 52 1.2
April 6.26 7.89 0.39 1.63 49.8 0.94 Table 6: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters
site 3
Month ca Mg k Na N P
Dec 24.36 2.5 162 30.6 28 55.6 jan 26.93 2.89 168 80.1 34 58.4
Feb 32.69 2.5 158 75 40 58.6
Mar 26.39 2.7 160 78 40 57
April 28.62 2.3 157 73 46 55.6
Table 7: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters site 3
Fig. 9: Monthly variation of physico chemical parameters for site 3
A. Different Parameters Results In All Three Sites: 1) Site-1
The table shows that Moisture content value of sewage soil is highly correlates with pH (r=0.946). pH is positive correlates with phosphorous Electrical conductivity is highly correlates with sodium. Bulk density is least correlates with calcium. Chlorine is highly correlates sodium. Organic
carbon is highly correlates with (r=0.935) nitrogen, calcium is least correlates (r=0.023) potassium. Magnesium is correlates with potassium and also is correlates with sodium, nitrogen is least correlates with phosphorous Tab 8. Correlation between the each physical chemical parameter at site 1
M C PH E C Bd CL org car ca Mg K Na N P
MC 1
Ph 0.946 1
EC 0.111 -0.156 1
BD 0.032 -0.056 -0.115 1
CL 0.571 0.405 0.783 -0.055 1
OC -0.487 -0.282 -0.465 -0.719 -0.637 1
CA -0.744 -0.889 0.225 0.112 -0.417 0.175 1
MG -0.035 -0.144 0.641 -0.809 0.368 0.332 0.205 1
K 0.543 0.316 0.650 -0.342 0.536 -0.222 0.023 0.678 1
Na 0.575 0.359 0.858 -0.065 0.975 -0.642 -0.277 0.457 0.693 1
[image:4.595.81.522.137.302.2]N -0.190 0.005 -0.339 -0.887 -0.374 0.935 -0.087 0.492 0.005 -0.386 1 P 0.628 0.793 -0.205 -0.145 0.426 -0.131 -0.984 -0.185 -0.127 0.260 0.115 1
Table 8: Correlation between the each physical chemical parameter at site 1 2) Site-2
The table shows that moisture content of soil is highly correlates with organic carbon, least correlates with phosphorous (r =0.717). pH is maximum correlates with magnesium, electrical conductivity is maximum correlates with nitrogen. Bulk density is least correlates with sodium,
chlorine is least correlates with nitrogen, and organic carbon is positive correlates with potassium. Calcium is maximum correlates with nitrogen (r=0.817), magnesium is least correlates with nitrogen. Potassium is maximum correlates with sodium (r=0.912), sodium is very least correlates with nitrogen.
MC 1
Ph -0.042 1
EC -0.754 -0.579 1
BD -0.003 -0.986 0.582 1
CL -0.324 -0.276 0.431 0.397 1
OC 0.717 -0.629 -0.252 0.603 -0.204 1
CA -0.469 0.234 0.423 -0.317 -0.063 -0.703 1
MG -0.32 0.724 -0.311 -0.604 0.236 -0.559 -0.182 1
K 0.32 -0.136 -0.22 0.027 -0.898 0.51 -0.172 -0.447 1
Na 0.104 -0.158 0.048 0.016 -0.86 0.268 0.23 -0.595 0.912 1
[image:4.595.55.535.374.525.2]N -0.891 0.146 0.705 -0.164 0.142 -0.817 0.817 0.104 -0.258 0.088 1 P 0.252 0.449 -0.283 -0.573 -0.489 -0.297 0.7 -0.266 0.162 0.39 0.199 1
Table 9: Correlation between the each physical chemical parameter at site 2
3) Site-3
The table shows that, moisture content is highly correlated with pH (r=0.779). Lightly correlates with organic carbon, calcium. Nitrogen is negatively correlates with remaining parameter, it indicates that it is independent parameter. pH is very low correlates with calcium .Electrical conductivity is highly correlated with nitrogen,(r=0.867) and sodium (r=0.958) and very low correlation with phosphorous and
remaining element except magnesium and potassium .bulk density it correlates with all the element ,chlorine correlates with sodium there is no negative correlation , organic carbon high correlates with nitrogen compare to other element. Calcium correlates with(r=0.6) nitrogen. and magnesium least correlates with sodium (r=0.321). potassium least correlates with phosphorous nitrogen least correlates with phosphorous
MC 1
Ph -0.042 1
EC -0.754 -0.579 1
BD -0.003 -0.986 0.582 1
CL -0.324 -0.276 0.431 0.397 1
OC 0.717 -0.629 -0.252 0.603 -0.204 1
CA -0.469 0.234 0.423 -0.317 -0.063 -0.703 1
MG -0.32 0.724 -0.311 -0.604 0.236 -0.559 -0.182 1
K 0.32 -0.136 -0.22 0.027 -0.898 0.51 -0.172 -0.447 1
Na 0.104 -0.158 0.048 0.016 -0.86 0.268 0.23 -0.595 0.912 1
Table 9: Correlation between the each physical chemical parameter at site 3
B. Determination of Heavy Metal Concentration In Soil In the present analysis of soil sample the heavy metal concentration is determined by the spectrophotometer. Upon analysis the heavy metals like zinc, copper, lead and iron ore detected in atomic absorption spectrophotometer. These heavy metals are entering into the soil by many sources like discharge of industrial waste, fertilizer use, automobile battery waste etc.
Metal S-1 S-2 S-3
Zn 231.47 38.65 40.13
Cu 87.69 26.31 63.21
Pb 48.39 29.03 36.89
Fe 359.49 259.63 320.69
Table 10: Heavy metal concentration in different sites 1) Pollution Index of the Soil
Pi=ci/si
In the table following pollution index calculation of soil all the values are within the limit >1 pollution index of the soil is the ratio of obtained concentrations of metals to the permissible limit of the metal.
Parameter Ci value for the site 1
Ci value for the site 2
Ci value for the site 3 Si
Pi=ci/si For site 1
Pi=ci/si For site 2
Pi=ci/si For site 3
Zn 231.47 38.65 40.13 600 0.385 0.128 0.133
Cu 87.69 26.31 63.21 500 0.175 0.194 0.468
Pb 48.39 29.03 36.89 1000 0.048 0.11 0.147
Fe 359.49 259.63 320.69 5000 0.0718 0.051 0.0641
Table 11: Determination of pollution index of all the three site
VI. CONCLUSION
The main aim of this study is to understand the physical chemical properties of soil, 3 different soil samples are collected and analyzed for different parameter
By observing all obtained results from tests and analysis, we can came to know that, in Davanagere location by considering all the source of water used for irrigation, i.e. canal water farming, bore well water farming and sewage farming. The sewage source of water is available in all the season, and it is more rich in nutrient and salt which is concluded from result tables In this study, site 1 is having a more nitrogen and
organic carbon, phosphorous compare to other sites. The result of correlation coefficient shows that many of
soil quality parameter which are considered in this study are having good positive correlation
Heavy metal analysis are carried out metals like zn, pb, cu and fe are within the limit hence pollution index of the soil is also low.
Comparing the site with different parameter, comparative analysis of seasonal variation of parameter has been carried out. From the obtained result analysis result there is no much variation in the winter season and summer season, in general soil take a long periods to vary.
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