JECET; September 2013 – November 2013; Vol.2.No.4, 1347-1352.
Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences and Technology
Available online at www.jecet.org Environmental Science
Research Article
Role of Heterosis among Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Yield Maximization
in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
D.A. Shinde1, P. B. Patel2* and S. S. Patil3
Department of Agricltural Botany, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396 450 (Gujarat).
Received: 30 September 2013; Revised: 30 October 2013; Accepted: 18 November 013
Abstract: A line x tester analysis was carried among four lines and ten testers to study heterotic effect of yield contributing characters on yield. Experimental findings revealed that best performance of top ten hybrids was mainly cumulative effect of yield contributing characters. Further, it is also found that yield character is governed by non-additive gene action.
Keywords: heterosis, gene action, yield and yield contributing characters and rice
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is life for more than half of humanity. Hence, most important objective of every rice breeder is to bring out improvement in rice plants so that their yielding ability can be improved. Hybrid technology offers accurate tools for increasing rice production for mitigating growing demands pushed up by population, prosperity and nutritional food security in limited sources.
The main benefits of hybrids are higher yield, desirable dominant characters are readily combined, within short span of time genetic improvement crop can be achieved and uniformity along with genetic homogeneity in harvested product can be noticed. In breeding point of view, prior knowledge
of yield and yield contributing characters and their role in maximization of yield is crucial for plant breeder for any crop improvement. Further, the knowledge of gene action helps in deciding the proper breeding methodology for improvement in crop. Hence, current investigation was under taken to study heterosis in yield and yield contributing characters in rice among 40 F1s developed through line x tester meting among four lines and ten testers. In present investigation, out of these forty hybrids tested, the 10 promising hybrids, superior than their respective better parents in terms of grain yield per plant and most of the traits were identified and evaluated. Evaluation of first ten high yielding hybrids was made, as effectiveness of hybrid breeding approach depends on the recognition of most heterotic and useful cross combinations in order to make commercial cultivation of hybrids valuable.
EXPERIMENTS DESIGN AND SETUP
The experimental materials for the present investigation comprising of four females viz., IET-19347, IR-28, NVSR-176 and NVSR-178 and ten males viz., IR81025-B-116-1, IR-79915-B83-4-4, IR79971-B-204-1-4, IR81024-B-254-4, IR80501-B-96-1-B, IET-21682, IET-21683, NAUR-1, RP- 4075-129-07-3 and RP-4075-135-35-5 were procured from National Agricultural Research Project, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat) to conduct experiment during rabi-2010-2011 to kharif-2011. The crossing programme among the fourteen parents was carried out in line x tester mating design by hand emasculation and pollination at National Agricultural Research Project Farm, Navsari during rabi-2010-2011 to obtain forty cross combinations. Further in next season, three complete sets of 54 entries comprising of 40 F1s, 4 females and 10 males were planted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) during kharif-2011.
The trials were conducted, replicated thrice at three research stations of the university viz., Navsari (Loc-I), Vyara (Loc-II) and Waghai (loc-III). The parents and F1s were represented by a single row plot of 10 plants, placed at 20 x 15 cm. All the standard agronomical practices and plant protection measures were followed as per recommendations by university to raise good experimental crop. Five random competitive plants excluding border ones were selected from each row in each replication to record observations on ten characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, productive tillers per plant, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), grain yield per panicle, 1000- grain weight i.e., test weight (gm), grain yield per plant (gm), kernel length: breadth ratio, amylose content (%) and protein content (%) were recorded in field and laboratory and mean values were subjected for statistical analysis. The data for each character were analyzed independently for each location as well as pooled over locations by using standard statistical procedure1. Heterosis effects were expressed as percentage increase or decrease over better parent (Hetrobelteois).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of variance revealed that the mean squares due to parents for all the characters were found significant. This designates existence of substantial amount of genetic variability among parents and hybrids for all the characters and indicates presence of considerable amount of heterosis in hybrids.
(Table No.1). Evaluation of first ten high yielding cross combinations was carried out on the basis of their means of grain yield per plant, heterotic effects, specific combining ability effects and heterotic effects for other components traits (Table No.2). The perusal of data showed that among 10 hybrids, female parents viz., IET-19347, IR-28, NVSR-176 and NVSR-178 were involved in 2 (Sr. No. 7 and 8), 2 (Sr. No. 3 and 4), 3 (Sr. No. 5, 9 & 10) and 4 (Sr. No. 1, 2 & 6) hybrids, respectively. Female, NVSR-178, therefore had established its superiority over other female lines while male parent NAUR-1 showed superiority among ten males as it involved in 4 crosses.
Table -1a: Analysis of variance (mean squares) of experimental design for different characters.
Source of variance d.f. Days to 50
% flowering
Productive tillers plant-1
Plant height (cm)
Panicle length (cm)
Grains per panicle Replication within
location 6@ 11.245 0.475 21.826 0.161 102.965
Parents 13 535.886** 23.504** 2161.431** 75.852** 842.705**
Females 3 313.021** 5.468** 2315.616** 17.597** 885.964**
Males 9 537.458** 23.490** 2208.479** 101.502** 568.946**
Females vs. Males 1 1190.331** 77.728** 1275.528** 19.765** 3176.762**
Hybrids 39 245.682** 16.178** 2730.598** 37.124** 2992.839**
Parents vs. Hybrids 1 512.321** 142.592** 6304.113** 84.972** 9300.407**
Pooled error 954@ 6.553 0.397 14.817 0.415 47.724
*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent probability levels, respectively. @ for = individual location, d.f. = for error and replication were 318 and 2, respectively
Note: Data presented in table is pooled data over the three locations viz., Navsari, Vaghai, and Vyara of Gujarat State.
Table No- 1b Analysis of variance Grain yield and Protein content (%)
Source of variance d.f
Test weight (g)
Grain yield per plant (g)
L:B ratio
Amylose content (%)
Protein content (%) Replication within
location
6@ 0.003 4.835 0.001 0.017 0.003
Parents 13 55.109** 590.022** 0.79** 50.173** 4.192**
Females 3 128.485** 284.238** 2.387** 163.755** 6.114**
Males 9 32.166** 339.431** 0.345** 6.523** 3.866**
Females vs. Males 1 41.467** 3762.686** 0.001 102.287** 1.361**
Hybrids 39 72.732** 762.816** 0.835** 22.102** 3.501**
Parents vs. Hybrids 1 17.470** 5808.285** 2.880** 63.249** 2.096**
Pooled error 954@ 0.241 4.830 0.007 0.053 0.011
*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent probability levels, respectively. @ for = individual location, d.f. = for error and replication were 318 and 2, respectively.
Note: Data presented in table is pooled data over the three locations viz., Navsari, Vaghai, and Vyara of Gujarat State.
Table- 2: Promising hybrids for grain yield per plant with heterobeltiosis, sca effects and component traits showing significant desired heterosis based on pooled over environments in rice Sr
no Hybrids Grain
yield (g) Heterobeltiosis sca effects
Significant for component traits
1 NVSR-178 X NAUR-1 61.53 49.89** 9.17** DF, PT, PL, GPP, TW, AC 2 NVSR-178 X IET-21682 59.18 44.17** 14.49** PT, PL, GPP, TW, AC 3 IR-28 X NAUR-1 47.92 39.51** 3.52** PT, PH, PL, GPP, TW, AC 4 IR-28 X RP-4075-129-07-3 47.00 36.84** 14.01** PT, PH, PL, GPP, TW, AC 5 NVSR-176 X IR81025-B-116-1 43.06 29.11** 7.77** PT, PL, GPP, AC
6 NVSR-178 X RP-4075-129-07-3 42.67 3.94 1.71* PH, PL, GPP, AC 7 IET-19347 X IR-79915-B83-4-4 36.76 34.50** 11.41** PT, PL, GPP
8 IET-19347 X NAUR-1 36.71 11.56** -3.47** DF,GPP, LB, TW, AC 9 NVSR-176 X IET-21682 36.62 9.79** -1.37 DF, GPP, AC
10 NVSR-176 X NAUR-1 36.43 9.21** -9.23** AC
*, **Significant at 5 and 1 per cent probability levels, respectively; G = Good parent having significant gca effect in desired direction; A = Average parent having either positive or negative but non-significant gca effects; P = Poor parent having significant gca effects in undesired direction; DF
= Days to 50 flowering; %PH = Plant height (cm); GPP = Grains per panicle;PT = Productive tillers plant-1; PL = Panicle length; TW = 1000- grain weight (g);GY = Grain yield Plant-1 (g); LB = Length to breadth ratio ; AC = Amylose content (%);PC = Protein contant (%)
All the promising hybrids showed significant positive heterosis over their respective better parent.
The best three hybrids on the basis of heterosis over better parent were NVSR-178 x NAUR-1 (49.89
%) NVSR-178 x IET-21682 (44.17%) and IR-28 x NAUR-1 (39.51%) where also found to be higher in there per se performance. Nine promising hybrids registered significant desired heterosis over better parent for grains per panicle and amylose content (%). Similarly, significant heterosis in desired direction was exhibited by seven hybrids for panicle length (cm), six for productive tillers per plant, four for 1000-grain weight, three for day to 50 per cent flowering and one for L:B ratio and plant height. Among top ten, seven crosses depicted significant positive sca effects for grain yield per plant, hence indicated involvement of non-additive gene action in the heterotic response of these hybrids.
The graphical comparison of top ten hybrids for their heterosis % & sca effects is given in Figure-1.
The predominance of non-additive gene action in the expression of grain yield per plant was also reported by Anandkumar and Shrirangaswamy2, Banumathy and Prasad3, Ramlingam et al4. Saidaiah et al5. Belhekar6 and Patil et al7.
Results also revealed that all the promising hybrids manifested significant and desired heterosis for one to six component traits. The best three hybrids on the basis of performance also had significant positive heterosis for productive tillers per plant, panicle length (cm), number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and amylose content (%). The relative performance of best five hybrids for grain yield per plant (gm) and some of the important traits viz., productive tillers per plant, panicle length (cm), 1000-grain weight and heterobeltiosis are graphically presented in Figure-2. This emphasized that high degree of heterosis for grain yield might be attributed due to the heterosis for these component traits. Whitehouse et al.8 and Grafius9 have suggested that there cannot be any gene
system for grain yield as per say yield is an end product of the multiplicative interaction of several yield components. Smilar results were coated by Prasad10, Singh11, Waghmode and Mehta12 and Patil et al7.
Fig. 1: Comparison of top ten hybrids for their heterosis % and sca effects of grain yield per plant
Fig. 2: The relative performance of best five hybrids for grain yield per plant (gm) and some of the
component traits
CONCLUSION
Thus it can be concluded that yield contributing character plays greater role in yield maximization, as yield is cumulative affect one or few yield contributing characters. The best performing parental material such as NVSR-178 and NAUR-1 which contribute maximum in giving higher heterotic effect could be good source for genetic improvement in crop. Further, the prevalence of non additive gene action for character like grain yield indicates scope of heterosis breeding for genetic improvement in this character.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very thankful to Dr. P. B. Patel, Associate Research Scientist, (Plant Breeding and Genetics), Main Rice Research Centre, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396 450 for his kind support, helping nature and guidance during my post doctorate studies.
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*Corresponding Author: P.B. Patel; Department of Agricltural Botany, N. M.
College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396 450 (Gujarat).