PAPER CURRENCY BACTERIA REMOVAL AND PROCESSING MACHINE

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J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci., Special Issue, No.- 6, January (2020) pp 95-109

Copyright reserved © J. Mech. Cont.& Math. Sci.

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PAPER CURRENCY BACTERIA REMOVAL AND PROCESSING MACHINE

Atif Saeed

¹

, Rusel Bhaleshah

²

, Behroz Noorani

³

, Marium Feeroze Alvi

⁴

1,2,3,4

Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SZABIST, Karachi, Pakistan.

Email: ¹[email protected], ²[email protected],

3[email protected]³, ⁴[email protected]

Corresponding Author: Atif Saeed

https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.6/2020.01.00008

Abstract

This document concerned with the recycling or refreshing of the paper currency the circulation of the paper currency make it to loses its stiffness and due to the contaminated environment and humidity different kind of bacteria will grow on the surface of the currency which may cause different kind of diseases such as skin allergies, rashes , tuberculosis etc. As we know that Pakistan is among the underdeveloped countries with low GDP and every year printing of new currency notes always increase the burden on the economy of the country which s already suffering from economic crisis. PCBRPM is one of the solution to increase the stiffness of the paper currency by using hot press as well as for the removal of germs and stains it will clean it with water and antibacterial agent which will remove dirt stain and bacteria from the currency to complete the refreshing affect with the economical factor which will decrease the cost and expenditure to print new currency notes.

Keywords:

Bacteria, Currency, Recycling, Refreshing, Economy, Hot Press, Cleaning agent, Stains, Contaminated environment, Commercial, Market Analysis etc.

I. Introduction

Due to the circulation of the paper currency and exposure to the contaminated environment it loses its stiffness and act a catalyst for the bacterial growth on the surface of paper which will the root cause of different kind of diseases and circulated currency contains a lot of dust and dirt stain. So recycling of the paper currency contain three major steps. First is to clean the paper currency with sprinkling of water to remove dust particles then by using of cleaning agent it will remove stain up to the maximum level and killing of bacteria or germs so they cannot grow on the surface of

JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

www.journalimcms.org

ISSN (Online) : 2454 -7190 , Special Issue, No.-6, January (2020) pp 95-109 ISSN (Print) 0973-8975

The Paper Presented at 5th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Sciences and Electronics (RTCSE)

Organized by University of Hawaii, USA and Gyancity Research Lab, Haryana, India

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the paper currency .Final step is to hot press the paper currency to increase its stiffness.

As per facts Pakistan is among the underdeveloped countries with GDP decrement every year and facing serious economic challenges and still printing new currency notes every year on occasions like ‘Eid ul Fitr’ which puts more burden on the economy of the country which is already suffering.According to one of the reports from the statistical department of State Bank of Pakistan the cost of printing 10PKR currency note is almost 7PKR and if we include labor in it the margin will become more narrow that’s why State Bank of Pakistan is looking forward for the alternate solution of rather than printing of new currency notes recycling or refreshing the currency is one of the option to reduce the burden on the economy of the Pakistan.Paper currency recycling turns out to be the simplest and most efficient way to reduce economic burden of Pakistan. PCBRPM is a device which is used to clean and refresh the old paper currency which contains lots of dirt and stain on it plus the old currency note is one of the best carriers for the germs. According to a research in American Institute in 2017 it has been proven that paper currency during its circulation gets contaminated by the environment and lot of germs will stick to it causing different kind s of skin diseases such skin rashes even the big threats like tuberculosis is spreading via paper currency circulation so PCBRPM provides a best solution to this by killing all the germs present on the paper currency. This device kills all possible germs present on the surface of the paper currency and provides the note better stiffness via hot roller so that the currency notes become fresh as ever.[I]

A Mechatronic system involve Mechanical system with Electronics and information system. The mechanical system consist of the mechanical structure and stress and strain analysis and motion analysis while the electronics system provide suitable circuitry to control the mechanical structure motion and for this purpose information system plays a very vital role in it when a network of sensors gives the proper feedback so a controlled motion can be performed.[II]

• Mechanical

Mechanical structure is one of the important feature of the device a roller mechanism is indulge with gears and pulleys to provide a smooth motion for a paper currency note to move from one point to another.

• Electronics

The second most important thing is the electronics as we have to integrate a mechanical system with a controller via suitable circuitry and relays to control actuators and all electronics components and their switching.

• Information system

Last but not the least is the information system which is based on network of sensors specially the float sensors in the cartridges which give us the information regarding emptiness of the cartridges and whether pumps will be on or not for the specific time.

II. Literature Review

The inspiration came from the Aries which is known as one of the leading innovation for the cleaning of the paper currency for a vault system. Aries is basically

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designed by the American engineers and it is specially designed for a vault system and its being implemented in a large vault system, Aries uses super saturated carbon dioxide for the cleaning of the currency which are present in the form of bunches in the vault system. The paper currency notes are present in the form of batches and bundles in a vault system and Aries is specially designed for that, it sprays super saturated carbon dioxide for a certain period of time and this carbon dioxide being absorbed by the paper currency notes and the germs present on the surface of the currency note will be killed and make thecurrency germ free to an optimum level. But when we closely studied the Aries system and its operation we able to know that amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the first note of the bundle is not the same as the last note of the bundle that means that the distribution of the carbon dioxide in the system is not homogenous which causes a bigger impact on its effectiveness plus the amount of stains will remain the same on the currency note which means carbon dioxide does not provide an optimum solution for removal of stains as well as the Aries system does not increase the stiffness of the old paper currency which means that Aries system is applicable only on the vault system (not portable)plus it does not provide any solution for the removal of stains and increasing the stiffness of the old currency.

It was learned through the study that much similar to the case with the Aries system that there are two major aspects which are to be addressed one that it will not kill all the germs on the paper currency and that is due to the non-homogenous distribution of carbon dioxide in the vault system plus it does not create any impact on the stains present on the paper currency plus it would not increase the stiffness of the old paper currency therefore the idea of designing PCBRPM came into being to design such a device which can increase the less amount of electricity stiffness of the old currency note and remove dirt and dust stains up to best possible level plus it will kill all the possible germs present on the surface of the currency and it will never grow up to the time limit of 24 hours. PCBRPM is a portable device so it may easily move from one place to another and it has a size of power supply box and consume less amount of electricity which make this device a power saving device which can refresh the old paper currency.

III. Sensor

The two main sensors we were most interested to work with were:

• Infrared Sensor IR Sensor

• Float Sensors

Taking into consideration the cost of the sensors, availability, ease of use, accuracy and the data that the sensors are used to detect and monitor, we decided to go with Float sensors. With cost effectiveness being one of our main goals, market survey led us to choosing IR sensor which is used for the detection of the currency whether currency is present or not if currency is there the IR sensor will give the reading and system will start up and motor start running the rollers. The basic operation is that

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when we turned on the device motor will start running and rollers start to move but for the time limit of 10 second if there is no currency note available the machine will be turn off and this is due to the feedback of the IR sensor. One of the IR sensor is present at the outlet of the device when there the currency note reaches that position after all process it will detect the position and motor will be turned off. Another sensor which is used in the device is float sensor which is used in the cartridges when cartridges are empty this sensor will give the feedback of zero and machine will not start up if the readings on all three float sensors goes higher than zero that means fluid is present on all of the cartridges and machine can start its normal working. Float Sensor moves up with the liquid flow so it supposed to be most suitable for the device as the level of the liquid decreases it will goes down till reached the reading of zero which means there is no fluid present hence setup will not start and machine will remain idle. So feedback from both of the sensors is very vital to understand and execute the operation within the safety limits and according to the desire.[III,IV]

Fig. 2. Circuit of IR Sensor

Float Sensor is normally used for the detection of water level it has a floating ball of specific diameter and a washer with a connecting wire of length up to 2 meter it can carry maximum current of 1 A while maximum voltage up to 100 volts its break down voltage is 220 volt.[V, VI]

Fig. 1. IR Sensor

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Float sensor or switch is normally put in the cartridge it has hold point and witness point. Float switches actually based on the set point the desired level position for suppose a float switch is mounted on the empty cartridge the it does not provide any voltage for the conduction that means zero reading or zero voltage because the switch is not been triggered while when we start to fill the cartridge then the level of the float switch also increases as it is floating on the top of the liquid surface when reaches to the desired position it will triggered.[IX, X]

Fig3. Float SensorFig4. Working of Float sensor

IV. Experimental Study

This test was performed under the supervision of faculty from Bio Sciences Department , SZABIST, Karachi, Pakistan, to observe the bacteria growth on the paper currency.For this purpose a setup for replica of contaminated environment for the bacterial growth with a solution that attracts bacteria and colonies to grow rapidly was performed and then the application of bacteria removal process was done on the paper currency after which the paper currency was kept into incubation for 24 hours to check the bacteria growth on it and it was observed that there was no bacteria growth after the period of 24 hours. Zero percent bacteria evolved on the paper currency shows the effectiveness of the device. [VI, VII]

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Fig5. Experiment on Growth of Bacteria

V. Methodology

As proven by the experimental study paper currency bacteria removal processing machine is very effective to kill 100% germs present on the surface of the paper currency lets now discuss the methodology that was used in making this process. It involves different processes of cleaning which are as follows:

• 70% diluted Ethanol Solution

• Cleaning agent

• Sprinkling Water

The process start from the sprinkling of water in such a way that it will remove dust from the currency as currency contain many dust particles but the sprinkling of water is a controlled action so it cannot dropped too much of water to damage the currency according to the programming perspective pumps are on just for 10 seconds which are more than enough for the cleaning of the dust particles then we use cleaning agent to remove stains from the old paper currency and it is done through dripping of cleaning agent on the foams of the roller and it is also done for 10 seconds so that all possible stains present on the currency should be cleaned up to optimum level. Finally we use ethanol solution as an antiseptic to kill all the bacteria present on the surface of the currency this is also done by the sprinkling of ethanol solution through the pump for 10 seconds and all cleaning processes will be complete and results are quite appreciate able. Finally pressing is done via hot roller press to increase the stiffness of the currency

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Fig6. Results after cleaning and press

VI. The Design

After experimentation it was the stage to start designing and it is initiated through conceptual design firstly we think of a conveyor mechanism to move the currency from one place to another but there were two major issues one is the holding of the currency note in a specific position and the other one is the flipping of the currency to other side to apply all the processes on the other side as well so we stuck on the idea of the conveyor mechanism then we studied further about the printers and Automatic teller machine that how they performed there motion so from there we get the idea of the roller mechanism to move the currency from one point to another so initially we proposed a conceptual drawing and then we started working on it with a CAD design we integrated 20 rollers with the help of gears and pulley system.

Fig7. Roller Gear and Pulley, Fig8. Outer Box, Fig9. Box Isometry

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Fig10. Box with Roller Mechanism, Fig11. The Final Design

VII. Implementation of Design

The design of PCBRPM consist of the following components.

 Roller

 Pulleys and Gears

 Bearing and Housing

 Outer Box

 Acrylic Top

 Controller and wiring

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Fig 12. The Fabricated prototype

VIII. Results And Discussion

 Germ Cleaning Analysis

The analysis is done by the method which is known as Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online, USFDA; Chap #03(Jan 2001) at Pakistan Council of Scientific &

Industrial Research Laboratories Complex Karachi (PCSIR) with Test Report # ILD/ATR-2019-2788-2. This test is based aerobic platelets counts which shows the bacterial growth on a certain specimen whether it is liquid or solid and the unit for the measurement is CFU which is (Colonies Forming Unit) which is per ml for the liquid specimen and cm2 for the solid body as we have sent sent the specimen of paper currency note which is a solid object so the unit of measurement is CFU/cm2 the currency note without the cleaning processes of PCBRPM showing (3 CFU/cm2) which means Aerobic platelets count of 3 bacterial colonies per cm2 when the currency is treated with the PCBRPM cleaning process which contain 70% diluted ethanol as antiseptic, cleaning agent for the removal of dirt and stains and water reduces the count to (1 CFU/cm2) so it has been reduction in the form of factor of 2 CFU/cm2 which is almost 67% germs free.

Table-1Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Report Aerobic

Platelets Count in CFU/cm2

Before PCBRPM After

PCBRPM

Efficiency

3 1 67%

 Color Fading Analysis

The first result belong to color fading as we have two different currency notes one is treated with soap water and other is treated with the PCBRPM the one which is cleaned through soap water loses its original color and texture because of the soap ingredients and high percentage of the caustic soda which damage its texture while in PCBRPM we are using diluted alcohol which is 70% diluted so it does not affect the color or texture of the currency nor by the cleaning agent or water so the currency note

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will remain in its original texture and color. This is based on subjective analysis as any person can judge the difference with naked eye. Hence PCBRPM does not affect the currency color or texture.

Fig13. Color Fading Fig14. After Soap Treatment Results

Fig15. Minimized color fading Fig16. Image Comparison after PCBRPM

 Stiffness Analysis

This analysis is basically subjective analysis as currency is circulated and due to humidity conditions and contaminated environment it loses its stiffness and can easily be tore with minimum amount of force tested via spring balance and when the old paper currency note is treated with the PCBRPM it eventually increase the stiffness of the currency and require a little more force as compare to old currency this is based on observation of the spring balance test.

Table-2Stiffness Analysis Stiffness

Analysis

Max Stress on Breaking (N) Effectiveness

Before PCBRPM

3.548 38.5%

Stiffness Increased After PCBRPM 5.774

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 Currency Authentication Analysis

The second result is based on experimental analysis by the note detection

Whenever you take a new paper currency and check its authentication with the note detection machine so there is a strip and some spots on the new original currency note which will eventually glow up and germs present on it also be seen in UV light currency is getting old and circulated its loses maximum spots of glowing plus the strip inside it also become dull hence note detection machine does not recognize the old currency as authentic currency that is the reason the vending machine does accept the old currency because it does not recognize the features of it as in comparison with the new currency. While the currency which is treated with the PCBRPM remain authenticated and well detected by note detection machine all the glowing spots remains intact that means it does not lose its originality while treated in PCBRPM.

Fig 18.New currency Note glowing spots and strip glowing

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Fig17. Stiffness Analysis Graph Currency Authentication Analysis

The second result is based on experimental analysis by the note detection

Whenever you take a new paper currency and check its authentication with the note detection machine so there is a strip and some spots on the new original currency note which will eventually glow up and germs present on it also be seen in UV light currency is getting old and circulated its loses maximum spots of glowing plus the strip inside it also become dull hence note detection machine does not recognize the old currency as authentic currency that is the reason the vending machine does accept the old currency because it does not recognize the features of it as in comparison with the new currency. While the currency which is treated with the PCBRPM remain authenticated and well detected by note detection machine all the remains intact that means it does not lose its originality while treated in

New currency Note glowing spots and strip glowing

Fig 22. Old currency Glowing spots dulls and faded

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The second result is based on experimental analysis by the note detection machine.

Whenever you take a new paper currency and check its authentication with the note detection machine so there is a strip and some spots on the new original currency note which will eventually glow up and germs present on it also be seen in UV light but as currency is getting old and circulated its loses maximum spots of glowing plus the strip inside it also become dull hence note detection machine does not recognize the old currency as authentic currency that is the reason the vending machine does not accept the old currency because it does not recognize the features of it as in comparison with the new currency. While the currency which is treated with the PCBRPM remain authenticated and well detected by note detection machine all the remains intact that means it does not lose its originality while treated in

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Fig 23. Same 100PKR when treated with PCBRPM glowing spots

 Economic Impact

As from the data from statistical department SBP (State Bank of Pakistan) to print a new paper currency note of worth 10PKR require printing and ink expense of 6.43PKR and ifthe labor expense is taken into account it reaches up to 9PKR it means that direct burden on the economy of Pakistan. Every year printing of new currency will burden the economy of a country which is already suffering from the severe economic crisis and consider to be one of the lowest GDP countries of the world.

Hence SBP itself announces to seek ideas and alternatives to reduce the printing of new currency note and PCBRPM is one of the alternatives the overall cost on cleaning of the currency using PCBRPM is just 3.74 PKR so it saves almost 6PKR on each note and most important thing the cost of cleaning will remain same for all currency notes as width of all currency is same.

Table-3 All Results & Analysis Results

Analysis Before(B) After(A) Effectiveness

(%)

Color Fading 50.09% 63% 20.5%

Authentication Glowing spot dulls Glowing spots intact

99.9%

Economic 6.43PKR 3.74PKR 42%

Stiffness 3.548N 5.774N 38.5%

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IX. Conclusion

There were two main objectives associated with the device one is the primary objective and the other one is the secondary objective. Primary objective is to increase the stiffness of the old paper currency and clean its stain up to optimum level to reduce the printing of new paper currency which means indirectly to reduce the burden on the economy of Pakistan and to innovate the idea of recycling of the currency or better even called the refreshing process of the currency the second idea is to provide a germ free currency so it has to be set as the second objective to kill all possible germs present on the currency due to its exposure to contaminated environment and circulation of the currency for this purpose we had used ethanol solution and antiseptic cleaning agent to kill all possible germs found on the surface of the paper currency.[IX]

PCBRPM is the device which is very suitable for such case it can clean the rupee worth 10 PKR in just 3.4 PKR with efficient time interval of just 24 second so it will save the time as well as the cost the designing of the PCBRPM involves mechanical structure controller programming and operation which is very cost effective as compare to the data of statistical department of SBP and it will provide a germ free currency which is one of the sustainable goals

• Roller mechanism (approx. PKR 32000)

• 1 Motor (approx. PKR 3000)

• Sensors (approx. PKR 10,00)

• Hosing (approx. PKR 5,000)

• Adapter (approx. 2,000)

Note: These prices are only an approximate and were gathered from the internet. They represent the price tag of cheap but reliable, satisfactory quality equipment. Therefore, the PCBRPM could be built with an estimate cost, to the nearest hundred, of PKR 52000 (just under $350). Which shows its effectiveness in cost and when we are considering batch production the cost will decrease further so it may around 30K PKR which will more suitable for the companies and targeted audience to attract with. As we know that there is always space for the betterment and innovation as paper currency bacteria removal processing machine kills all possible amount of germs on the paper currency and can remove dirt and stain up to maximum level but still we can improve its efficiency by some recommendations for the future analysis

 A roller mechanism can be replaced by a smart conveyor system as we know that if we are using roller mechanism it will increases the amount of force by adding each roller and chances of failure also increase for this purpose in future we can replace that mechanism by an efficient conveyor system which can take less amount of force and factor of safety will increase.

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 Paper currency bacteria removal processing machine can be more autonomous by using HMI and more precise controller.

 Paper currency bacteria removal processing machine have some constraints like it cannot be used on plastics or torn currency so in future with the help of latest technologies and parametric changes this issue can be encountered effectively and the device can be built on AI technology so it can sense and take decision more effectively.

 Robotics is the future for the technological development so be precise and accuracy are the most important factors so in future PCBRPM can be more autonomous towards a robotic system.

 Designing always need betterment so the design of the device can be altered to improve its efficiency and to obtain its desired results.

 The ability to sense the currency based on digital image processing.

 Cost Effective solution taking in account the batch production

X. D

ECLARATIONS

1. Availability of Data Material

All the data used in this project along with the test results are available for review.

2. Competing Interest Not Applicable

3. Funding

Project is self-funded.

4. Authors Contribution

All the authors contributed equally in the project, under the supervision of Atif Saeed.

5. Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the contribution of our institution SZABIST which make this project a success. Our institution allowed us to use their laboratory and equipment’s. We would also like to thank Ms. Rumaisa from Faculty of Biosciences Department, SZABIST for helping us out in the experimental study.

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