Knowledge engineering: issues for the AI planning community

University of Huddersfield Repository

McCluskey, T.L.

Knowledge engineering: issues for the AI planning community

Original Citation

McCluskey, T.L. (2002) Knowledge engineering: issues for the AI planning community. In: The 

AIPS­2002 Workshop on Knowledge Engineering Tools and Techniques for AI Planning, April 

24th, 2002, Toulouse, France. (Unpublished) 

This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/3282/

The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the

University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items

on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners.

Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally

can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any

format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not­for­profit

purposes without prior permission or charge, provided:

•

The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy;

•

A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and

•

The content is not changed in any way.

For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please

contact the Repository Team at: [email protected].

"!# $%&')(*,+-+.!0/

1325426798;:=<>@?BAC

DFEHGJIKIMLIMNPOIMQSRJTFUWVYXJZS[ XJ\^]_[MU=GJ`aQS[MU=VbEaced f XFVbg `hWcWVbUjikI Nl5TF\F\J`ahWcWmJ`aLb\d f5n

oKprqFsutuv

Lb`a`Kwyxa`aTJc{zGKTJ\z[ E@zTJ|

}~€a‚ qJƒ



„†…ˆ‡a‰‹ŠŒHŽˆŒŒH…ˆ‘’…ˆŒHŒH“j‘’…ˆ•”b‡“P–˜—˜™ˆŠ›š=…ˆ…K‘…ˆ•‘’œPjžˆŒ™ˆ“j‡ ŸHŒHœjœ  ž9š=5ŽˆŒ š=Šœ¡‰¢‘’jžjžˆŒ^š=ŸH£ ¤ˆ‘œ¥‘j‘’‡…§¦§¨ˆš=Š’‘Ž9š= ‘’‡…©šW…ˆŽª«š=‘…K¬  ŒH…9š=…ˆŸHŒ‡”­™ˆŠ›š=…ˆ…ˆ‘’…ˆ'Žˆ‡{ª®š=‘’…®ª‡ ŽˆŒHŠ’œa¦9š=…ˆŽ®jžˆŒ5œjŒHŠ’ŒHŸH ‘’‡…

š=…ˆŽ5‡™K ‘’ª‘¯ š=j‘’‡…5‡”š=™ˆ™ˆ“j‡™ˆ“¥‘°š=jŒ™ˆŠ›š=…ˆ…ˆ‘’…ˆyª«š=ŸWžˆ‘…KŒH“j±Pj‡ ‰‡“j²³‡…,jžˆŒHª«´0µ¨e‘’ŽˆŒH…ˆŸHŒy”¶“j‡ª· žKŒy“j‡a‰¢‘’…ˆ5¸¹‡eŽK±³‡”ºŒH» ¬ ™@ŒH“j‘’ŒH…ˆŸHŒ‹‘’…«š=™ˆ™KŠ± ‘…KP™ˆŠ›š=…ˆ…ˆ‘’…ˆPjŒHŸ=žˆ…K‡Š‡±5œj¤KŒHœjjœ­jž§šW ²e…ˆ‡a‰‹ŠŒHŽˆŒyŒH…ˆ‘’…ˆŒHŒH“j‘’…ˆ5‘’œjœj¤KŒHœš=“jŒyŸH“j¤ˆŸH‘›š=Š¹j‡Sš=…^š=™ˆ™ˆŠ’‘’Ÿ š=¬  ‘’‡…§¼œœj¤ˆŸHŸHŒHœjœ´5½‹žˆŒ„P…ˆ‡a‰¢Š’ŒHŽˆŒµ…ˆ‘’…ˆŒHŒH“j‘’…ˆ•½§ŒHŸWžˆ…ˆ‘’Ÿ š=Š

¾

‡¬¿‡“jŽˆ‘’…§š=j‘’‡…À˜…K‘5‡{”5ÁFº–yص­½³Äyž§š=œ¡¸¹ŒÅŒH…Æš=ŸHj‘’¨Œ,”b‡“ œjŒH¨ŒH“aš=Š¹±Œ š=“jœ…ˆ‡a‰Ç‘…'Ÿ š=“j“j± ‘’…ˆ‡¤ˆ‰‡“j² œjžˆ‡™KœPš=…ˆŽ'œ¥™@‡…K¬ œj‡“j‘’…ˆŸH“j‡œjœ¥¬Èœ¥‘jŒ•¨e‘’œj‘’jœ‡…_jžˆŒ•œj¤ˆ¸JɶŒHŸÅa´Ê˜ŒH“jŒ•—¸ˆ“j‘’ŒHˈ± œj¤ˆªª«š=“j‘œ¥Œœj‡ªŒ‡” žKŒª«š= ŒH“¥‘°š=Š­‘…^‡¤ˆ“P“j‡¹šWŽˆª«š=™Žˆ‡ ŸH¬ ¤ˆªŒH…eaÌjÍ¡Ÿ ¾ Š¤Kœj²ŒH±ÇÎÐÏyÑ{ÒÓÕÔ=֐֐ֹ×j¦ºœjŒHŠ’ŒHŸHj‘…ˆ®œ¥‡ªŒ³‡”¢jžˆŒ ‘ª™¹‡“jaš=…e0“jŒHœjŒ š=“jŸWž£e¤ˆŒHœ¥j‘‡…ˆœ0”¶“j‡ª©‘’Ø¦Mš=…ˆŽ‘… j“j‡eŽK¤ˆŸHŒ­jžˆŒ ™§š=™¹ŒH“jœ‹jž§š=šW“jŒ†j‡¸¹Œ†™K“jŒHœjŒH…  ŒHŽ•‘’…•jžˆ‘œB‰‡“j²eœ¥žˆ‡™§´

وÚyÛ@ÜFÝ†Þ <57 ÛKߥÝBÚ

n

XJI{àPLY`\FZM`âáBXFZMVbXF`a`ahWVbXFZäã

n

á¡åNÈIMhæ5ç«èBLb[ XJXFVbXFZéVYcU=GJ` RFhWI@Ea`cWc5UWGF[MU5\J`a[MLYc¡àPVYUWG_UWGF`,[MEaê@TFVbcWVbUWVYIMXdºg{[MLbVY\J[MU=VbIMX_[ XJ\ QS[MVYX@UW`aXF[MXFE`I N§RJLY[MXFXJVYXJZ³\JI QS[MVbX®QSIK\J`aLbc{d [MXF\®UWGF`cW`LY`Eaë UWVYIMX[ XJ\^IMRFUWVbQSVYxa[MUWVbI XIMN[MRJRFhWIMRFhWVb[MU=`³RFLb[ XJXFVbXFZSQS[MEHGJVYXJë `ahWiÆUWIrà˜IMhW|ÆIMX3UWGF`aQÕzìl5`aXJEa`Kdy|KXJIàPLb`a\JZ `Õ`aXJZMVYXJ`a`ahWVbXFZ RFhWI@Ea`cWcW`acycÅTFRJR0I hWUyUWGF`5RJLY[MXFXJVYXJZRFhWIKE`acWcyëUWGJ`aiSEI QSRJhWVYcÅ` [MLYLI NUWGF`'IMí0ë°LbVYXJ`KdF|KXFI{àPLb`a\JZ `ë°îF[McW`\[ cÅR0`aEaUWcIMNRFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ UWGF[MUP[MhW`UWIS\FISàPVbUWG^UWGF`³[MRFRFLbVbEa[MU=VbIMXî0`aVbXFZSîFTJVYLbU{z

n á*VYcÅcWTF`c,GF[{gM`«UWIî0`«`XFZM[MZ `\rîKiâIMTFh,EaIMQSQ,TFXJVYUjiâVYN à˜`,[MhW`U=IkZM`aU5XFIMXFë°æ5çPèBLb[ XJXFVbXFZkR0`aIMRFLb`,UWIkTFcÅ`,IMTFh5UW`aEHGJë XFIMLbIMZ i@zÕïPGJ`acW`VYcÅcWTF`c[MhW`hW`aEI ZMXFVbcW`\;[Mc•[_QS[{ðWIMhRJhWI îJë Lb`aQñVYXU=GJ`5[MRFRFLbVbEa[MU=VbIMXkIMNRJLY[MXJXFVYXJZcWi@cWUW`aQSc{záBò@R0`ahWVb`aXFE` àPVbU=G•RJLY[MXFXJ`ahWc¢[M\F[MRFUW`a\•NÈIMh¢[M`ahWIMcWRF[MEa`†[MXF\•QSVbLbVYUW[MhWi'[MRFRFLbVbë Ea[MUWVYIMXFc^ãÈóìVYLb|@VYXJcôHõMõMõ0ö§ï[ UW`Kd÷hW[ îJîFLb`Kdøù÷¡[MLbU=IMXìôÐõMõ ú0ö ]ÕTJcWEa`U=UWIMLY[©ûüýˆþÿÕôÐõMõ0åyGF[Mc³R0IMVbXKUW`a\ÇU=I

n

á·[McWR0`EaUWc³[Mc î0`aVbXFZSUWGJI cÅ`QSIMcWUPVbX^XJ`a`a\IMN[MUWUW`aXKUWVbI Xz

çjX.UWGF`"mF`LY\ I N n XJI{à†Lb`a\JZ `ë°îF[McW`\.DJiKcWUW`aQScedNÈhWIMQ àPGF`XFEa`ÕUWGF`ÕU=`hWQ

n

XJI{à†Lb`a\JZM`áBXJZ VbXF``ahWVbXFZ¢IMhWVYZMVbXF[MU=`c{d UWGF`rXJ`a`a\äNÈIMhÕQSI@\F`aLbLbVYXFZì|KXJI{à†Lb`a\JZ `;[MUÕU=GJ`rEaIMXFE`aRFUWTF[ML Lb`agM`aL¹GF[Mc¢LYIMXFZ¡î0``aX•[ EEa`aRJU=`a\•VbXUWGF`†\F`agM`aLbIMRFQS`aX@UIMN n D QS`aUWGFI@\FIMLbI ZMVb`ac{zDFR0`EaVbNÈi@VYXJZSEaIMQSR0IMXF`aX@UWcP[MXF\UWGF`aVbhPVbX@U=`hWë NÈ[MEa`ck[MU«UWGF`Õ|@XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`ÕhÅ[ UWGF`h«UWGJ[ XìVYQSRFLb`aQS`XKUW[MU=VbIMXF[ML Lb`agM`aL¹LY`a[M\JcU=I¡UWGF`y|@VYXJ\IMNJ[MîFcÅU=hW[MEaUWVbI XJcUWGF[MUNÈ[MEaVbLYVbUW[ UW`ac¢VYXJë UW`ahWIMR0`ahW[MîFVbLbVYUji³[MXF\hW`aë°TJcW`KzïPGJ` †þû¹û þ’ûûþ§þû

IMNæ5LY[MX5`aà˜`aLbL³ã5`aà˜`aLbL'ôHõ !0åVbX#"FTJ`aXFE`a\©[MXF\©\FVbhW`aEU=`\ Q,TJEHG n Dà˜IMhW|VbXKUWI®UWGFVbc\JVYhW`EaUWVYIMXzBl`aXJEa`'U=GJ`³RJTFhWcWTJVYU IMN

n

á à†VbUWGFVbX©RJLY[MXFXJVYXJZ QS[{iÇî§`cW``aX©[Mc•[ cWR§`aEaVb[MLyE[ cÅ` IMN n á;àPVYUWGJVYX®UWGF`ZM`XF`ahW[MLJ|@XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`ë°îF[McW`a\«cWi@cWUW`aQ mF`aLb\z çjUQS[iRFhWI{gM`³TJcW`aN¿TFL­U=I®\F`hWVYgM`³QS`aUWGFI@\Fc[ XJ\[M\F[MRFUUWIKIMLbc NÈhWIMQ n Ddº[McU=GJ`àyI hW|IMNBï[MU=`•`aU¡[MLã¿ï[ UW`Kd§èI LbiM[M|9d§ø $ [MhWg@VYc®ôÐõMõ ºåBGF[Mc¡[MUWU=`QSRFUW`a\z5ïPGF`ahW`[MhW`R0`EaTFLbVb[ hWVbUWVY`c¡I N RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZUWGF[MU'EaLb`a[MhWLbi_\JVYcÅU=VbXFZMTFVbcWGr`aXFZMVbXF`a`hWVYXJZRFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ |@XFI{àPLY`\FZM`N¿hWIMQZM`aXF`hW[ML9`òKR0`hWUP|KXJI{à†Lb`a\JZM`&%

'

U=GJ`³TJLYUWVbQS[ UW`'TFcÅ`³IMNU=GJ`³RFLb[MXFXJVYXJZ®\FIMQS[MVYXQSI@\F`aL­VbcUWI î0`PRJ[MhWU‹IMN§[³cWi@cWUW`aQ VYX@gMI LbgM`a\®VbX®U=GJ`(cWi@X@U=GJ`aUWVYE& UW[ cÅ|I N RFLb[ XEaIMXFcÅU=hWTJEaUWVYIMXz‹ïPGFVbcQS[M|M`acVbUg `hWikcÅR0`aEaVbmFE'VYXU=GJ` à˜IMhWLY\kI N

n

DdMàPGF`ahW`5QS[ X@iScWTFEEa`acWcÅNÈTJLºcWi@cWUW`aQScy[ hW`@dMVbX EaIMXKUWhW[McWU{dM[MVYQS`\«[MUBcWIMLbgKVbXFZ,\FVb[MZ XJIMcWUWVYEIMh˜EaLb[McWcWVbmFE[ UWVbI X RFhWIMîFLb`aQSc{z

'

U=GJ`«|KXJIàPLb`a\JZ `«`LYVbEaVbUW`a\rVbXÇRJLY[MXJXFVYXJZVbc,LY[MhWZM`aLbi |@XFI{àPLbë `a\FZM`«[Mî0IMTFU'[MEaUWVbI XJc,[MXF\rGFI{à IMîKðW`aEaUWc,[MhW`«`aí0`EaUW`a\rîKi [ EU=VbIMXFc{zïPGFVbc|KXJI{àPLY`\FZM`•GF[McU=Iî§`[M\F`êKTJ[ UW`•VbX_EI XJë U=`XKU,ã¿[MXF\TJLYUWVYQS[MUW`aLbikVbXNÈIMhWQÕåUWIS[MLbLYI{à·`*)SEaVb`aX@UP[MTFUWIMë QS[ UW`a\hW`a[McWIMXJVYXJZS[ XJ\^RJLY[MXEaIMXFcÅU=hWTJEaUWVYIMXz

çjX©îFhW[MXFEÐGF`ac•I NhW`aê@TFVbhW`aQS`XKUWcE[ RJUWTFhW`kVbX©cWIMNÈUjà˜[MhW``aXFZMVbë XF``ahWVbXFZ³|@XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`VbcB`aLbVbEaVbU=`\®[ î§I TJU‹RJhWIKEa`cWcW`cBI hB[MEaUWVYIMXFc VbX UWGF`S\FIMQS[MVYXâIMN˜VYX@U=`hW`acWU{d§cÅVYQSVbLY[Mh³U=I^UWGF[MUVbX èBLb[MXFXFVbXFZ0z + `hWi•`aò@RFhW`cWcWVbgM`[MXF\«N¿IMhWQS[ L0Lb[MXFZMTF[MZM`ac˜[MXF\k\F`agM`aLbIMRFQS`aX@U `aX@gKVbhWIMXFQS`aX@UWc¢GF[{gM`†î0`a`XVbX@U=hWI@\FTJEa`a\•N¿I h¢UWGFVbc¢RFTFhWR§I cÅ`Kz­çjX cWIMN¿U ày[ hW``aXJZ VbXF``ahWVbXFZkGFI{ày`agM`ah{dºU=GJ`,RJTFhWR0IMcW`I N‹UWGFVbc5E[ RJë UWTFhW`'VbXgM`ahWi^\FVbí0`ahW`aX@UëBVbUVYcUWI«GF`aLbRVbXUWGF`'[MXF[MLbiKcÅVYc[MXJ\ TFXJ\F`ahWcÅU=[MXJ\FVbXFZ^I N˜[^cWi@cWUW`aQÕd§[MXF\ UWI^î0`STFcW`a\âVYXâUWGF`•EahÅ`aë [MU=VbIMX[ XJ\^g{[MLbVY\J[MU=VbIMX^IMN[SXF`àcWi@cWUW`aQQSI@\F`aLjz

÷¡`acWRJVYUW`kUWGF`kR§`aEaTFLbVb[ hÅVYUWVY`cQS`aX@UWVYIMXF`\;[Mî0I{gM`KdVYUcW`a`QSc NÈhWTJVYUWN¿TFL•U=I RFTJhWcWTF`ÆhW`acW`[ hWEÐG*[MXF\*\J`agM`aLbI RJQS`aX@U=câVYX

n

á

NÈIMhRFLb[MXFXFVbXFZ^VYX UWGF`•EaIMX@U=`òKUI NBhW`LY[MUW`a\ \F`g `LYIMRFQS`XKUWcVbX n D [ XJ\3cÅI N¿Ujà˜[MhW`hW`êKTFVbhW`aQS`XKUWc«`XFZMVYXJ`a`ahWVbXFZ0zìçjX RF[MhWë UWVYETFLb[ h{d•VbUâVbcÇ[MRFR0`[MhWcÇVYXJ`ag@VYUW[MîFLb`éUWGF[MUÇhW`acW`[MhWEHG VbX æ5ç èBLY[MXJXFVYXJZQ,TFcÅU'[M\FIMRFU'Q,TFLbUWVYë›\FVbcWEaVbRFLbVYXJ[MhWi [ RJRFhWIM[MEHGJ`ac'UWI |@XFI{àPLY`\FZM`aë°îJ[ cÅ`a\RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZ0z

1-,A/. ÜFÝ10;Û , Ý32 1 Ý†Ý :54<7676 ÝBܹÛ

èBLY[MXÕ[MXF\ÕDFçjèBáìGJ[gM`,IMN¢EaIMTFhWcW`@dFî@i^XF`aE`acWcÅVYUjiKdJ\F`g `LYIMR0`\ QS`aUWGFI@\Fc[MXF\UWIKIMLcÅTFRJR0I hWU{zïPGF`<:yë°èBLY[MXcWi@cWUW`aQùGF[McNÈIMh `aò@[MQSRFLb`ÕVYUWc-bOI QSQSIMX èBhWI@Ea`acÅckáB\FVbU=IMh=5ãÈï[MU=`@dyèI LbiM[M|9d ø $ [MhWg@VYcSôÐõMõ ºå‹[MXF\ÕDFçjèBá GF[Mc5VYUWc5æ5EaUáB\FVbUWIMh•ã¿]ÕiM`ahÅc5ø ó VbLb|KVbXFcSôHõMõ>Må=zyïPGF`acÅ`'gKVbcWTJ[MLYVbcW[MUWVYIMXÕ`aXKg@VbhWI XJQS`aX@U=c5[MhWI cÅ` î0`aE[ TJcW`¡IMN­UWGF`I î@g@VYIMTFcPXF`a`\VbX|KXJI{àPLY`\FZM`¡VbXKUW`aXJcWVYgM`[ RJë RFLbVbEa[MU=VbIMXFc†I N­RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZUWI[McWcWVbcWUyUWGF`5`XFZMVYXJ`a`ahWVbXFZRJhWIKE`acWc{z ïPGF`i«[MhW`ê@TFVbU=`³cWR0`aEVYmJEKdKGJI{à˜`agM`ah{d@GF[{g@VbXFZSî0`a`aX\F`acÅVYZMXF`\ UWIrGJ`aLbR I{g `hWEaIMQS`ÕRFhWIMîFLb`aQSc`aXFEaIMTJXKUW`ahW`a\ àPVbUWG \FIMQS[MVYX EaIMXFcÅU=hWTJEaUWVYIMXVbXRFhW`gKVbIMTFc[MRFRFLbVbEa[MU=VbIMXFcIMNUWGF`acÅ`³RFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ cWi@cWUW`aQScez

:˜XF`5I NUWGF``[ hWLbVb`acWU˜Uji@R0`ac˜IMNU=I@IML0cWTFRJR0I hÅUBN¿I h˜æ5ç¢èBLb[ XJë XFVbXFZZMhW`aà%NÈhWIMQ hW`acÅ`a[MhWEHG VbXKUWI]Õ[MEÐGFVbXF`@?`a[MhWXFVbXFZÇã¿]A?†å=z

B

hWIMQ%[MXS]A?R0IMVbXKU‹IMN0gKVb`aà,decÅVYUWVbXFZ³[Lb`a[MhWXFVbXFZ³QS`aEHGJ[MXFVbcWQ àPVbU=G[SELY`a[MXd@ELY[McWcÅVYE[ L­RFLb[MXFXF`hLY`\UWIS[MX[MUWUWhW[ EU=VbgM`³à˜[{i UWIk`ag{[MLbTF[MUW`,UWGJ`,[MTFUWIMQS[MU=`\_LY`[ hWXJVYXJZk[MLbZ IMhWVbU=GJQSc{zl5`aXFE` ]A?*UWI@I LbckN¿IMhkRFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ;GF[{gM`ÕhW`Ea`aVbgM`a\ EaIMXJcWVb\F`ahW[MîFLb`Õ[MUWë UW`aX@U=VbIMXI{gM`ahUWGJ`³LY[McÅUC! D®iM`a[MhWc{z B I h`òK[MQSRFLb`Kd¹UWI@I LbcGF[{gM` î0`a`X îFTJVYLbU¡UWI^VYXJ\FTJEa`•IMR0`ahW[MUWI h³\F`acWEhWVYRJU=VbIMXFcN¿hWIMQ U=hW[MEa`c IMN§[MEaUWVbIMXFc{dM[MXF\«UWI'[ EêKTJVYhW`IMhBUWTFXF`GF`aTJhWVYcÅU=VbEac˜VYX«UWGF`NÈIMhWQ IMN9QS[MEahWIMë°IMR0`ahW[MUWIMhWc{dMcÅU=[MUW``ag{[MLbTF[MUWVYIMX«N¿TFXFEU=VbIMXFcy[ XJ\«ZMI [ML IMhW\F`ahÅc{z

]ÕIMhW`®hW`Ea`aX@UWLYi VbXKUW`ahW`cWU'GJ[ c,ZMhWI{àPXrVYXrUWGF`«[ hW`[IMNE

F

ýéýJýˆþHGIÅûIÅzÕïPGF`acÅ`kUWIKIMLbcRJhWIKE`acWc•[_\FIMQS[MVYX©QSI@\F`aL àPVbU=G•UWGF`†Z IM[ML¹IMNºQS[ |@VbXFZ¡`òKRFLbVbEaVbUTFcW`NÈTFL¹VbXFN¿IMhWQS[ UWVbI Xde[ XJ\ UWGF`ai¡QS[{i¡î0`B`aQî0`a\F\J`a\'VYX'[MX'I XJLYVbXF`BRFLb[MXFXJ`ah­IMh­î§`‹cÅU=[MXF\Jë [MLYIMXJ`Kz çjXU=GJ` Lb[ UWUW`ah^E[ cÅ`KdU=GJ`ai Ea[MX NÈTJXFEaUWVbI X[Mc^RF[MhWU IMN¢[kQSIK\J`aLbLYVbXFZk`XKg@VYhWIMXJQS`aXKU{dºGF`aLbRFVbXFZk[kTFcÅ`ah5U=IkR0`hWNÈIMhWQ IHü°ýˆüJKýˆþHˆýˆüJI X©[MX;[MEaê@TFVbhW`a\©QSIK\J`aLjz B IMh`òK[MQSRFLb`Kd UWIKIMLbckQS[{iL%ÕEÐGF`aEÐ|ÆUWGF[MUk[rRFLb[MXFXJVYXJZrIMR0`ahW[MUWIMh«VbckEaIMXFcÅVYcÅë UW`aX@USã¿`KzZºz5VbU5XF`g `h5VbXFRJTFUWc¡[kge[ LbVb\_cWUW[MU=`[MXF\ I TJU=RJTFUWc¡[MX VbXKg{[MLbVY\ÇcWUW[MU=`@å=ö­hW`a[McWIMXÇàPVYUWGâIMR0`ahÅ[ UWIMhWc³[MXF\ÇIMTFUWRFTFU³cWUW[MUW` VbXKg{[MhWVb[ X@UWc'UWIî0`®gKVbcWTJ[ LbLbi_EÐGF`aEÐ|M`a\Çî@i_[TFcÅ`ah{öIMh'I TJUWRFTFU XF`Ea`acÅcW[MhWiÇZ IM[MLyIMhW\J`ahWVbXFZMc{dU=I EHGF`EH|ÇN¿IMhVbQSR0IMcWcWVbîFLb`ZMI [ML EaIMQ,îJVYXJ[ UWVbI XJc{z¡æ5LYcWI0d0\FIMQS[MVbX_[MXF[MLbiKcÅVYcU=I@IMLYcEa[MX_GJ`aLbR_VbX UWGF`[MEêKTFVbcWVbUWVYIMX IMN¡GJ`aTFhWVbcWUWVbEac«UWGF[MU«EaTJcWUWI QSVbcW`Õ[rZM`aXF`ahÅ[ L RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZ,`aXFZMVbXF`UWI'[ X«[MRFRJLYVbEa[MUWVYIMXdˆI h˜QSI hÅ`VbQSR0IMhWUW[ X@UWLYi UWIÆVb\F`aX@UWVYN¿i UWGF`â|KVbXF\IMN,RFLb[MXFXJ`ah[ RJRFhWIMRFhWVb[MU=`âN¿I hcWIMLbgM` RFhWIMîJLY`aQScàPVbU=GJVYXUWGF`³[ RJRFLbVYE[ UWVbI X\JI QS[MVbXz

æNÈTJhWU=GJ`ahcWUW`aR;VbcU=I_RFhWI@\FTFE`ÇüJMˆþNI®ûO

F

ûJüJINÈIMh [MEaê@TFVbhWVYXJZºdMQSIK\F`LYLbVbXFZ³[MXF\®RJhWI UWIMUjiKRJVYXJZ³RFLb[MXFXJVYXJZ³[MRFRFLbVbEa[Më UWVYIMXFc•VYX;cÅTFEÐG;[Õà˜[{iÇUWGF[MU,UWGF`U=I@IMLYc•[ hW`kVbX@U=`Z hW[MUW`a\©[ XJ\ UWGF`,`aX@gKVbhWIMXFQS`aX@UVbcP¹ûMFz†æ5XÕIMR0`aXÕ`aX@gKVbhWIMXFQS`aX@UQS`a[MXJc UWGF[MUTFcW`hWcEa[MX©[MU=UW[MEHG©UWGF`aVbhI{àPX©U=I@IMLYc•àPGFVbEHG©VbXKUW`aZMhW[MUW` àPVbU=GÆU=GJ`IMUWGF`ahSU=I@IMLYcezRQ`acW`[ hWEÐG©VbXKUWI [MXF\ÆU=GJ`\J`agM`aLbI RJë QS`aX@U5IMN‹cÅTFEHG_[MX_`XKg@VYhWIMXFQS`XKU¡NÈIMh¡EaLb[McWcWVbEa[MLæ5çRFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ à˜[McBIMXF`IMN9U=GJ`ZMI [MLbcBIMN§UWGF`èS?­æ7

B

:TQ] RFhWIeð=`aEU5ã¿èBLY[MXJë NÈIMhWQùôÐõMõMõºåWzTUyçjèV:d[MXIMTFUWEaIMQS`yIMNºU=GJVYc¢RFhWI{ðW`aEaU{d{Vbc[PU f ç \F`cWVbZ XJ`a\UWIVbXKUW`aZMhW[MU=`¡UWI@I Lbc†VbXkcÅTFRJR0I hWU†I N­|@XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`¡`aXJë ZMVYXJ`a`ahWVbXFZ NÈIMh•æ5ç³RJLY[MXJXFVbXFZ0zWU†çjè7: VYc•RJTFhW`aLbiÇ[XLb[Mî0IMhW[Më UWI hÅiLcÅiKcÅU=`aQ [MVYQS`\;[ c[ÕUW`acÅU=î0`\;NÈIMh,|@XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`k[MEaê@TFVbë cWVbUWVYIMXâU=`EHGFXJVYê@TF`c[MXF\ RJLY[MXJXFVYXJZ^U=I@IML¢VYX@U=`ZMhW[ UWVbI Xz

f

cW`hWc Ea[MXk[MU=UW[MEHGkUWGF`VYhyRFLb[MXFXF`hWcyU=IYUyçjèV:égKVb[,[,èB÷¡÷V?3ã¿æ5çjè‹DJë õ rèBLb[ XJXFVbXFZOI QSR0`U=VbUWVYIMX OIMQSQSVbU=UW`a`éôHõMõ 0åVbXKUW`ahWN¿[MEa`Kd îFTJUIMUWGF`hQSI hW`,|KXJI{à†Lb`a\JZM`aë°hWVbEHGÕVYX@UW`ahWNÈ[ME`ac[MhW`'iM`aUUWI«î0` \F`g `LYIMR0`a\z ïhWTJLYirIMR0`aX©`XKg@VYhWIMXFQS`XKUWc•[MhW``acÅcW`aX@UWVY[ML†NÈIMh UWGF`Õ\J`agM`aLbIMRFQS`aX@UkIMNRJLY[MXFXJVYXJZ;U=`EHGJXFIMLYIMZMiKd†îFTFUkUWGFVbckhÅ`aë ê@TFVbhW`ac5[«Lb`agM`aLIMN¢cÅU=[MXF\J[MhW\FVbcW[MU=VbIMXÕXFIMUiM`URFhW`cW`aX@UVbXÕU=GJ` EaIMQSQ,TJXFVbU i@z

4 Û&\¢ÚÞ7\ÜFÞ5ß > \¢ÛKߥÝBÚ

I UWG U=I;GF`aLbR U=GJ`èBLb[ XJXFVbXFZrmJ`aLb\3QS[MUWTFhW`Kdy[MXF\3UWIrGJ`aLbR `aXJZ VbXF``ahWcy[ RJRFLbiS[MXF\kVYX@UW`aZMhW[ UW`5UWGF`5U=`EHGJXFIMLYIMZMiKdˆhW`aRJhW`acW`XFë UW[ UWVbIMX•LY[MXFZMTJ[ ZM`†EaIMX@gM`aXKUWVbI XJc¢cWGJI TJLY\•î§`ycÅI TJZMGKU{z­ïPGFVbc¢GF[Mc î0`a`X[MEHGJVY`agM`\VbX[¡g `hWi³LbVbQ•VbUW`a\•à˜[{i³àPVbUWGèB÷¡÷V?yd[¡EaIMQSë Q,TJXFVbU i[MEaEa`RFUW`a\_cWUW[MXF\J[ hW\ NÈIMh¡EaIMQSQ,TFXJVYEa[MUWVbXFZQSVYXJVYQS[ML \Fi@XF[MQSVbEa[ML9QSIK\F`LYcPIMN­[•\FIMQS[MVYXzè‹÷¡÷?âGF[Mc†î0``aX[•LbI{àPë `acÅUBEaIMQSQSIMX«\J`aXFIMQSVbXF[MU=IMh˜N¿IMhBRJLY[MXJXFVbXFZ,cWi@cWUW`aQSc˜hWTJXFXFVbXFZ TFXJ\F`ahSQS[MXKi;IMNU=GJ`^EaLb[McWcWVbEa[ML†DJïCQçjèBDFë°[McWcÅTFQSRFUWVbI XJc{d¢[MLbë LbI{àPVYXFZ cW`U=cÕIMN•\FIMQS[MVYX QSI@\F`LYcÕUWI3î0`r\FVbcWUWhWVbîFTJU=`\ [ XJ\ Ea`hWU=[MVbX;EaLb[McWcW`cI NRFLb[MXFXFVbXFZ_`aXJZ VbXF`cU=I_î0`kEI QSRJ[ hW`\;VbX EaIMQSR0`aUWVbU=VbIMXFcezïPGF`ahW`5VYc˜[,XF``a\«UWI,`aò@EHGF[MXJZ `5[ XJ\«UWI,cWIMQS` \F`Z hW``cWUW[MXF\J[ hW\JVYcÅ`Q,TJEHG3QSI hW`UWGF[MXéîJ[ hW`\FIMQS[MVYX3\Fi@ë XF[MQSVbEac‹ëNÈIMh‹`aò@[MQSRFLb`Kde\JIMQS[ VbXScWUWhWTJEaU=TJhW`ac‹[MXF\SGJ`aTFhWVbcWUWVbEac{z DFR0`EaVbmFEa[MLbLYi@d­VbU,à˜IMTFLb\rî0`kTFcW`NÈTFL˜UWIÕcWGF[MhW`«[MXJ\r`aò@EHGJ[MXFZM` ZM`aXF`hWVYE«I î@ðW`aEaU'cÅU=hWTJEaUWTFhW`ac,U=GJ[ U'EI TJLY\rî0`®hW`ë°TFcW`\ÇI{gM`ah'[ hW[MXFZM`,I N¢[MRFRJLYVbEa[MUWVYIMXFcez†]ÕIMhW`'ZM`aXJ`ahW[MLYLbiKdJEahW`[ UWVbXFZ«[kRFLb[ XJë XFVbXFZ³|@XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`PîJ[ cÅ`@_¿üJ`a@üKhW`aë›TFcW`cW`a`aQScB[ U‹î0`cWU¢VbXF`M)Së EaVb`aX@Uz­ïPGF`hW`yVbccWIMQS`†à˜I hÅ|³`QS`ahWZMVYXJZ¡I X•RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZ¡IMX@U=IMLbIMë ZMVY`cã¿NÈIMh˜`aò@[MQSRFLb`cW``•ãbU†VYLbL0ø LYi@UWGF`c! D D DºåWåîFTJUBUWGF`hW`Vbc cWUWVbLYL[SLbIMXFZSà˜[{ikUWISZMIºz

ó GF`X•EI XJcWVb\F`ahWVbXFZ³cWUW[ XJ\F[MhW\ShW`aRFhW`cW`aX@UW[ UWVbI XJc‹I XJ`†QTFcWU EaIMXFcÅVY\J`ahyUWGF`5N¿TFXFEU=VbIMXk[MXF\kEI X@UW`aX@U˜IMNUWGJ`5hW`aRFhÅ`acW`aX@UW[ UWVbIMX VbU=cÅ`aLbN=z B I hP`aò@[MQSRFLY`@dKVbX^EaIMXKUWhW[McWUPU=IS\FIMQS[MVYX^cÅR0`aEaVbmFE[ UWVbI X Lb[ XJZMTF[MZ `c{d9UWGF`hW`SGF[{gM`Sî0``aXâ[MUWU=`QSRFUWc³[MU³EahW`a[MUWVYXJZcWUW[ XJë \F[MhW\'LY[MXFZMTF[MZM`acNÈIMhd§þ’ý 5Ie¹ûfCHýˆüJ IFëºXFIMUW[ îJLYi¡UWGF`‹àyI hW| cWTJhWhWIMTFXF\JVYXJZPU=GJ`‹EahW`a[MUWVYIMX³IMNKDJè§æ7Q ãÈï[MUW`ôÐõMõ 0å=zæXJIMU=GJ`ah EaLb[McWc‹I N0hW`RFhW`acÅ`aX@U=[MUWVYIMXSLb[ XJZ TJ[MZ `@deàPGFVbEHGSEaIMXJEa`ahWXJc¢|@XFI{àPLbë `a\JZ `,`aXFZMVbXF``ahWcVbXÕRF[MhWUWVYEaTJLY[Mh{dJVYc5IMXF`,VYXÕàPGFVbEHGÕLY[MXJZ TJ[ ZM`ac [MhW`kcÅR0`aEVYmJEa[MLYLbiÇ\F`cWVbZ XJ`a\©àPVYUWG©RFhW[MZMQS[MU=VbENÈ`a[MUWTFhW`cUWGF[MU GF`LYRâUWGF`SRFhWI@Ea`acÅcIMN˜\FIMQS[MVYXâ[MEaê@TFVbcWVbUWVYIMXâ[MXF\âQSIK\J`aLbLYVbXFZ0z :˜TJh'hWIM[ \JQS[MRìã¿]ÕEKOLbTFcÅ| `i3ûü5ýˆþ’ÿ<!D D D0å†R0IMcWUWTFLb[ UW`ac,EahWVbë UW`ahWVb[«NÈIMh5cWTFEÐGLb[MXFZMTF[MZM`acedF[McWcÅ`ahWUWVYXJZ«UWGF[MUUWGF`ai^cÅGFIMTFLb\Õî0` à˜`aLbLPcWUWhWTFEU=TJhW`a\d‹U=I@IML†cÅTFRFR§I hWUW`a\d¢`aò@RFhW`cWcWVbgM`Kd¢ETFcWUWIMQSVYxë [MîFLb`Kdà˜`aLbLKN¿IMTFXF\J`a\d[MXF\,mJXF[MLYLbiKd`Q,î0`a\J\F`a\,àPVbU=GJVYX,[5QSIK\Jë `aLbLbVYXJZ©QS`aUWGFIK\zg?­[MXFZMTF[MZM`acUWGJ[ UGJ[{g ` î0`a`Xì\F`g `LYIMR0`\ NÈhWIMQ·UWGF`BR0IMVYX@U­I N¹gKVb`aàÇIMN¹|KXFI{àPLb`a\JZ `B[MEaêKTJVYcÅVYUWVbIMXd[MXF\³N¿TFLbë mFLbL¹cWIMQS`†IMNºU=GJ`acW`†EahWVbUW`ahWVb[0d{VbXFEaLbTF\J`y÷÷V?yzbô¡ãWO`acWUW[¡øh:y\F\FV ôÐõMõ ú0åWdKæ5EaU,ãÈ]_iM`ahWcPø%ó VbLb|KVbXFc,ôÐõMõ9>MåWdKï B ã¿ï[MUW`Kd@èI LbiM[M|9d ø $ [ hWg@Vbc†ôÐõ õ 0åF[ XJ\jiEk l1mã¿]ÕE@OLYTJcW|M`ai¡ø n VbUWEHGFVbXôÐõMõ ºåWz

npo ÝBÛ A \_q³Ý < Û 1•A Ü#r ߥÚ5Ý : ÝS] C

Q`cW`a[MhWEÐG®RJ[ R§`ahWc˜U=GJ[ U˜EaIMXFEa`hWX n á;VbX«RFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ,I N¿U=`X«[ RJë R0`a[MhWckUWIrTJcW`ÕVbXFEaIMXFcÅVYcÅU=`XKU{dyEaIMXFN¿TFcWVbXFZ;IMh«VbQSRFhW`EaVYcÅ`ÕU=`hWë QSVbXFIMLYIMZMiKzçàPVYLbL˜EÐGFIKIMcÅ`«[ÕcÅVYQSRJLY`kîFTFU,R§`ahWg{[McWVbgM`«`aò@[MQSë RFLb`ÕUWIrVbLbLYTJcWUWhW[MU=`ÕUWGJ`ÕR0IMVYX@UzçjX UWGFVbckgMIMLYTJQS`ÕIMNRJ[ R0`hWc RFGJhW[McW`accWTFEÐG;[ cY\FIMQS[MVYX;\J`acWEahWVbRFUWVbIMXdbds\JI QS[MVbX;cWR0`EaVYmJë Ea[MUWVYIMXdbdV\FIMQS[MVYX3\F`mFXFVbUWVYIMXdbdV\FIMQS[MVYX3QSIK\J`aLtYdV\FIMQS[MVYX UWGF`aIMhWi[[MXF\écWVbQSRFLYiu\FIMQS[ VbXd[MhW`^TFcÅ`a\z B VbhWcWUWLYi@d¢[ \JVYcÅë UWVYXJEaUWVYIMXd%‹Lb`aUUWGF`v

F

ý•\F`XFIMU=`'UWGF`'hW`a[MLbVYUjiî0`VYXJZ®QSIK\Jë `aLbLb`a\ àPVYUWGFVbX UWGF`ÕEaIMhWhW`acÅR0IMXF\FVbXFZ;RFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ;cWiKcÅUW`aQÕzw?­`aU [MXKi_NÈIMhWQ I N˜cÅiKQ,î§I Lbc³hW`aRJhW`acW`XKUWVYXJZ^RJ[ hWUWc³IMN˜UWGF`S\FIMQS[MVYX î0`ÕE[ LbLb`a\ [x

F

ýwˆûI§üJ-y;NÈIMhk`aò@[ QSRJLY`_[;\FI@Eaë TFQS`XKU,EaIMX@U=[MVbXFVbXFZ_XF[MU=TJhW[ML˜LY[MXFZMTF[MZM`k\F`acÅEahWVbîFVbXFZÕUWGF`k\FIMë QS[MVYXz ÷¡IMQS[MVbX©\F`cWEahWVbRFUWVbI XÆVbc•UWGF`QSIMcWU•g{[MZMTF`^U=`hWQ I N UWGF`³cW`aU{z

cWIMQS`aUWGFVbXFZUWGF[MU5Ea[MX_î0`hW`a[McWIMXF`\_à†VbUWGzçjX_IMU=GJ`ah¡à˜IMhW\Fc{d à˜`^`aòKR§`aEaU•[ \FIMQS[MVYXÆcWR0`EaVbmFEa[MUWVYIMXÆU=I î§`EaIMQSRFLb`aUW`^[ XJ\ RFhW`EaVbcW`Kd§[ XJ\ IMNÈUW`aX N¿I hWQS[ML¢VYX UWGF`•cÅ`aXFcÅ`UWGJ[ Ug{[MLYVb\ VbXFNÈ`hWë `aXJEa`acBEa[MXSî0`QS[ \J`PTJcWVbXFZ³VbUd [Mî0IMTFU‹UWGF`\FIMQS[ VbX®VYUWcW`LYNWzT:yN EaIMTFhWcÅ`QSIMcWUPcÅR0`aEaVbmFE[ UWVbIMXFcPN¿[MVYLVbXU=GJ`acW`³[ cÅR0`aEaUWc}|

ïPGF`'UW`ahWQ~

F

ý

F

ˆûþKVYQSRJLYVb`ac5UWGF[MUà˜`'GJ[{g `,[«hW`aRJë hW`acÅ`aX@U=[MUWVYIMXâUWGF[MU³Ea[MXâî0`STFcÅ`a\âU=IR0`ahWN¿IMhWQ IMR0`hW[ UWVbI XJc³VbX UWGF`«cÅ[ QS`kQS[ XJXF`ah,UWGF[MU,IKEEaTFh,VbXrUWGF`«\JIMQS[ VbXö[MXF\rUWGF[MU UWGF`ahW`ÇVbc[éà˜`aLbLbë°|KXJI{àPXIMR0`hW[ UWVbIMXF[ML³cW`aQS[MX@U=VbEacNÈIMhEI XJë cWUWhWTFEU=cVYX UWGF`_QSIK\J`aL z B TJhWU=GJ`ah{dyUWGF`ÕUW`ahWQQSIK\F`L€‹VbQSë RFLbVb`acUWGF[MUXF[MQS`a\ IMî@ðW`aEaUWcàPVbU=GJVYXâVYUEaIMhWhW`cWR0IMXF\ \JVYhW`EaUWLYi UWI^XF[MQS`a\âI î@ðW`aEaUWc³VYXâU=GJ`•\JI QS[MVbXd§[MXF\âUWGF`ahW`SVYc³[MX IMîFLbVbë ZM[MU=VbIMXÕIMXÕUWGF`,\J`agM`aLbIMR0`ah5UWI«EÐGF`aEÐ|^UWGJ[ U5UWGF`,QSI@\F`aL[MEaEaTJë hW[MUW`aLYiâRFhW`\FVbEaUWc,EHGF[MXFZM`c,VYXrUWGF`«\JIMQS[ VbXzçà˜I TJLY\;[MhWZ TJ` UWGF[MUUWGF`˜U=hW[M\FVbUWVYIMXF[MLKIMR0`hW[ UWIMhWë°îJ[ cÅ`a\,\FIMQS[ VbX,\F`acÅEahWVbRFUWVYIMXJc NÈ[MLbL`aò@[MEaUWLYiVbX@U=I^U=GJVYcLb[ cÅU¡Ea[McW`•ë†U=GJ`ai[MhW`\JIMQS[ VbX QSIK\Jë `aLbc{zçjXÇcÅIMNÈUjà˜[MhW`«`aXJZ VbXF``ahWVbXFZÕU=GJ`ahW`«Vbc,[\FVbg@VY\F`kî0`aUjà˜`a`X VbQSRFLbVYEaVbU5IMh5RFhWIMR0`ahWUji@ë°îF[McÅ`a\ÕNÈIMhWQS[MLcWR0`aEVYmJEa[MU=VbIMXFc¡I X_U=GJ` IMXF`®GF[MXF\d9[MXJ\â`òK`aETFUW[MîFLb`SN¿IMhWQS[ LBcWR0`aEVYmJEa[MU=VbIMXFc'IMXÇU=GJ` IMU=GJ`ah{z«ó GFVbLb`®UWGF`®N¿IMhWQS`ah'QSVbZ G@U'cWUW[MU=`<O@ûÐüJ¿ûI†IMN†U=GJ` \FIMQS[MVYXdKVYU†QS[{i®IMhyQS[{i®XJIMUyEaIMX@U=[MVbXIMR0`ahW[MU=VbIMXF[ML§\J`aUW[MVYLbc{z l5`aXFE`KdK[S\FIMQS[MVYX

F

ˆûþ VbcPhW[MU=GJ`ahPLYVb|M`UWGF`Vb\F`a[SIMN[MX^`aò@ë `aETFUW[ îJLY`³cWR0`EaVbmFEa[MUWVYIMXVYXcWIMN¿U ày[ hW`³`aXJZ VbXF``ahWVbXFZ0z

çjXcÅTFQSQS[MhWiKdFà˜`'Ea[MLYL­UWGJ`³IMTFUWcWVb\F`'hW`[ LbVbUjiU=GJ`'÷¡I QS[MVbXö UWGF`³÷¡I QS[MVbX^÷`acWEhWVYRJU=VbIMX^VbcP[MX@ikcW`aUPIMN\JIKETFQS`aX@UWcP[Mî0IMTFU UWGF`³÷I QS[MVbXd¹R0IMcWcÅVYîJLYiVbXXF[MUWTFhW[ML­LY[MXJZ TJ[ ZM`KöFUWGF`³÷¡IMQS[MVbX DFR0`EaVbmFEa[MUWVYIMXÇVbc'[MXÇ[MîFcWUWhW[MEaU{dNÈIMhWQS[MLbVYcÅ`a\Ç[MEaEaIMTJXKU'I N†U=GJ` ÷¡IMQS[MVYXöM[MXF\®UWGF`÷¡I QS[MVbX®]_IK\J`aLJVbcB['÷¡IMQS[MVYX«DFR0`aEVYmJEa[Më UWVYIMXSà†GJVYEÐG•Vbc¢VbX•[MX•IMR0`hW[ UWVbIMXF[ML¹N¿IMhWQÕdeEaIMXKUW[MVYXJVYXJZ`aò@RFLbVYEaVbU \F`U=[MVbLYcBIMN§\JI QS[MVbX®\Fi@XF[MQSVYEc{d [MXF\®cÅTFVbU=[MîJLY`N¿I hBRFhWI@Ea`cWcWVbXFZ î@i«[SRJLY[MXFXJVYXJZS`aXJZ VbXF`@z

Ù >@>@<5A> 2HÝBÜÆÛ ,A/Õ:\Ú5Ú5ߥÚ7] 8 Ý3rhr < Ú5ß¥Û C èBLY[MXJ`aUc

n

á‚QIM[M\FQS[MR%ãÈ]_EKOLbTFcW|M`aiäûü,ýˆþ’ÿw! D D DºåLbVbcWUWc [ X@TFQ,î§`ah•IMNEaIMXJEa`ahWXFcS[MXF\ÆhW`cW`a[MhWEÐG©EÐGF[MLbLY`aXJZM`acSNÈIMhSU=GJ` NÈTJU=TJhW`SVbXâU=GJ`S[MhW`a[0z,l5`ahW`Sç5LbVYcÅUcÅ`agM`ahW[ML¢îJTFU`òKR0`EaUUWGF[MU QS[MXKikQSIMhW`³à†VbLbL[MhWVYcÅ`[McP[ShW`cWTFLbUPIMNUWGF`³à˜IMhW|@cWGFIMRz o&ƒFqFte„q  se…9†{…9‡‰ˆ[†1…‹Š•tuoŒdŽ0oo†1Žºse†o@o ‚ se†1ŽrpÇo M …LŒ € v

lI{à \FI,à˜``age[ LbTF[MUW`|@XFI{àPLY`\FZM``aXJZ VbXF``ahWVbXFZ,QS`aUWGFI@\Fc{d U=I@IMLYc[ XJ\ UW`aEÐGFXFVbêKTJ`ac= O[McW`ÕcÅU=TJ\FVb`ack[MXF\ìEaIMXKUWhWIMLbLY`a\ `aòKR§`ahWVbQS`aXKUWc5[ hW`,gM`ahWi^`aòKR0`XFcWVbgM`'EI QSRJ[ hW`\UWI«`ag{[MLbTF[Më U=VbIMXIMN[•RFLb[MXFXJ`ah†[MZM[ VbXFcÅU†[•cW`U†I Nî0`aXJEHGJQS[ hW|@c{zçjcPU=GJ` VYX@UWhWIK\FTJEaUWVYIMX^IMNCM`ˆýˆþ¿þû}¹ûIIMh( F ¹ûüJÈüJINÈ`[McWVbîFLY`IMh \F`acÅVYhW[MîFLb`³U=ISRJhWI QSIMUW`³U=GJVYc[MhW`a[ sup’‘ ‚ …‹ƒ0o&Œ ‚ o‘ ‚ o € o&†  q  se…9† tuq#†1Ž9„qŽºo € v èBhW[MZMQS[ UWVbE [ cÅR0`aEaUWcIMNRFhWIMZ hÅ[ QSQSVbXFZ3LY[MXFZMTF[MZM`ac©ã¿IMî@ð=`aEaUWcedUji@R0`ac{d QSIK\JTFLY`c{å[MhW` gM`ahWi%ày`aLYLk\J`agM`aLYIMR0`\ UWIäGF`aLbR IMXF` UWI RFhWIMZMhW[ QÕz“:˜XñUWGF` I UWGF`h;GJ[MXF\d«VbU;Ea[MXñî0`ì[MhWZMTF`\ U=GJ[ UèB÷¡÷V? VYc[MUUWGF`%Lb`agM`aLâIMNr[”QS[MEHGFVbXF` EaI@\F`& NÈIMh;\JI QS[MVbXñ\F`cWEahWVbRFUWVbI Xz ó GF[MU;|@VbXF\ñIMNcWUW[ XJ\F[MhW\d RFhW[MZMQS[ UWVbEycWUWhWTFEU=TJhW`ac[MhW`yXJ`a`a\F`\VbX\FIMQS[MVYX•QSIK\F`LYLbVbXFZ LY[MXFZMTF[MZM`ac} ‡€„ ‚{* o ‚k€ q#†1Œq ‚ Œs € q  se…†v

ïPGF`ahW` [MhW` QS[ X@i"hW`a[McÅI XJc àPGKircWUW[MXF\F[MhW\FVbcW[MUWVbI XÆEa[MX©GJ`aLbR©[M\Fg{[MXFE`[ mF`aLb\©ëI XJ` VYXäRJ[ hWUWVbEaTFLb[Mh_VYc_UWI GJ`aLYRäTJc_\F`agM`aLbIMRäEaIMQSR0IMXF`aX@UWc_I N [·RJLY[MXJXFVbXFZ cWi@cWUW`aQ•"F`òKVbîFLbiKz DFGFIMTFLb\ à˜`3î0`3\J`agM`aLbë

UyVYgM`XSUWGF`R0IMUW`aXKUWVb[MLJNÈIMh‹[MRJRFLYi@VbXFZ³RJLY[MXFXJVYXJZ³UW`aEÐGFXFIMLbI ZMi U=GJhWIMTFZMG UWGF`_VYX@UW`ahWXF`aU{d†cWGFIMTFLb\ìà˜`ÕXFIMUkî0`_\F`agM`aLbIMRFVbXFZ à˜`aîFë›NÈhWVb`aXF\JLYi–cW`aQS[MX@U=VbE&˜QS[MhW|@ë°TFRLb[ XJZMTF[MZ `c^N¿IMh^UWGFVbc RFTFhWR§I cÅ`& …9†  …0t…Žºsuo € v

UyVbgM`aX.UWGF` `aQSRFGJ[ cÅVYc IMX:˜X@UWI LbIMZMVY`ac VbX n XFI{àPLb`a\JZ `ë°îF[McW`\âDJiKcWUW`aQSced9cWGJI TJLY\Çà˜`Sî0`®\F`agM`aLbIMRFVbXFZ è‹Lb[MXFXFVbXFZ—:yXKUWIMLYIMZMVb`ac{d[MXF\rVbN†cWI0d­VbXràPGJ[ U,NÈIMhWQA·ïPGJ` [{g{[ VbLb[ îJVYLbVbUjiIMNLYVbîFhW[MhWVb`acIMNEaIMQSR0IMXF`aX@UWcN¿hWIMQùàPGFVbEÐGUWI [ cÅcW`aQîFLb`˜RFLb[MXFXJVYXJZ5|KXJI{à†Lb`a\JZ `yîF[McÅ`ac[MXF\RFLb[MXFXJVYXJZ5cWi@cWë U=`QSccW`a`QScgM`ahWi^\F`acÅVYhW[MîFLb`ã˜UyVbLYLø LbiKUWGF`(!D D D0å=dJîFTFU GFI{à\JIà˜`éZMI[Mî0IMTJUâNÈTJXF\FVbXFZ·[MXF\ `ag{[MLbTF[MU=VbXFZ·UWGFVbc à˜IMhW|L l`hWU=xî0`ahWZ·VbX UWGF`3Lb[ cÅUÇcW`EaUWVYIMX IMNhW`aN¿`ahW`aXJEa` ãÈl5`ahWUWxaî0`hWZìôÐõMõ ú0å\F`aELY[MhW`ac«UWGF[MU®UWGF`hW`VYc«[ÇLb[MEH|©IMN¡[ gMI@Ea[MîFTFLb[MhWiâNÈIMh\F`acÅEahWVbîFVYXJZÕUWGF`kEHGJ[ hÅ[ EU=`hWVYcÅU=VbEacIMNP\FIMë QS[ VbXFced§RFLb[ XJc«zzaz*bz³çjXâU=GJ`•EaIMX@U=`òKUIMN n XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`Sá‹XJë Z VbXF``ahWVbXFZ0dFUWGF`,RFTJhWcWTFVbUIMN¢cWTFEÐG[«ELY[McWcÅVYmJEa[MUWVYIMXÕcWi@cWUW`aQ [ XJ\#™MIMhgMI@Ea[MîFTJLY[MhWi^Vbc5cWUWVbLYLI XÕUWGF`,UWIMë°\FIkLYVbcWU{dJ[MXF\Õà˜`LYL à˜IMhWU=G@ikIMN[MEaUWVbI Xz

1R,5Axš Ý‹Ü ?†>, Ý 68 \ 6'A Ü >

æ5iKLb`aUWU©[MXF\ ÷¡IMXJVY[MU©UW[MEH|@Lb` U=GJ`ìgM`ahÅi \FV›)SEaTFLbU©[MhW`a[%IMN |@XFI{àPLY`\FZM`,[MEaê@TFVbcWVbUWVYIMXÕN¿IMh5RFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ0dJTJcWVbXFZk[MXÕ[MRFRFhÅI [MEÐG VbXFcWRJVYhW`\,î@iUWGF` n D,EI QSQ,TJXFVbUjiKzïPGJ`aVbhNÈI@EaTFcVbcIMX,GJ`aLYRJë VbXFZ'['\FIMQS[MVYX«`aò@R0`ahWUBhW[ UWGJ`ahBUWGF[MX®['RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZ'`òKR0`hWU‹R§`ahWë NÈIMhWQ cÅTFEHGÇ[^UW[McW|zïPGF`S[MVYQ IMNyDFVbQSRFcWIMXâ`U[MLtc'à˜I hÅ|ÕVbc [MLYcÅI|@XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`¡[MEaêKTJVYcÅVYUWVbIMXdKîFTFU†[ U†[QSIMhW`5\J`aUW[MVYLb`a\cWR§`aë EaVbmFE5LY`g `LºàPGJ`ahW`LbVbîFhW[MhWVY`c˜IMNZ `XF`ahWVbEUji@R0`acyEaIMTFLb\«î0`5TFcW`\ UWIS[MVY\UWGF`³[MEaê@TFVbcWVbU=VbIMXIMNXF`aà·\FIMQS[ VbXFcez]ÕTFhWhÅ[i[cPRJ[MR0`ah UWIKI•EaIMXFE`ahWXFc†ZM`aXJ`ahWVbE¡UjiKR0`c{dKîFTFU†hW[MU=GJ`ah†UWGF[MXNÈIMh†\FIMQS[MVYX cWUWhWTFEU=TJhW`KdFGJ`'[MU=UW`aQSRJU=c5UWI®TJcW`'UWGJ`aQ[Mc[MîFcWUWhW[MEaUEaIMX@U=hWIML hWTFLb`acUWGF[MUPEaIMTFLb\^N¿IMhWQ[SZM`aXF`hWVYE³EaIMXKUWhWIMLhWTFLb`LbVbîFhW[MhWiKz

ïPGF`'RF[MR0`ahWcîKiÇOhW`cWcWà˜`LYL­`U[ L[ XJ\ + [MhWhW`aX@U=hW[MRFR`aU[ L î0IMUWG,EaIMXJEa`ahWXcWTFRJR0IMhWUU=I@IMLYcezïPGF`ymFhWcWU\F`[MLYcàPVYUWG[5Q,TFEÐG XF``a\F`\k`aò@U=`aXJcWVbIMXkUWI,[MXk`aò@VbcWUWVYXJZ,\JIMQS[ VbXk[MXF[MLbiKcÅ`ah{dˆàPGFVbLb` UWGF`cW`aEI XJ\R0IMcWUWTJLY[MUW`acP[ X^IMR0`aX^`aX@gKVbhWIMXFQS`aX@U†cWR0`EaVbmFEa[MLbLYi NÈIMhP`g{[MLYTJ[ UWVbXFZSRJLY[MXFXJ`ahWcTFcWVbXFZS\JiKXF[MQSVbE³U=`cWUWVYXJZºz

ïPGF`à˜IMhW|IMN B `ahWXJ[MXF\F`ax`U‹[MLJN¿[MLYLbcBVbXKUWI'U=GJ`Ea[MU=`Z IMhWi•I N TFcÅVYXJZ_Lb`a[MhWXFVbXFZ UW`aEÐGFXFVbêKTJ`ac•UWI U=TJXF`RJLY[MXFXJVYXJZ_GJ`aTFhWVbcWUWVbEac{z :˜N9XFIMU=`VbcBUWGF`aVbhBTFcW`IMN§[E`TFhW[ML5`aUjà˜IMhW|[McBUWGF`Lb`a[MhWXFVbXFZ UW`aEHGJXFVbêKTJ`Kd@hW`acWTJLYUWVbXFZSVbX^VbXKUW`ahW`acÅUWVYXFZSEIK\JVYXJZ•VbcWcÅTF`acEa`aX@U=`hWë VbXFZkI X_U=GJ`,hW`aRFhW`cW`aX@UW[ UWVbIMXÕIMN¢cWUW[MU=`c5[MXF\ÕZMIM[ Lbc5[Mc5VbXFRJTFUWc UWIScWTFEÐG^[SXJ`aUjà˜IMhW|z

[MhWUW[ |[cRF[MR0`h,Vbc[MQ,îJVYUWVbI TJcVbX;UWGF[MUVYURFhWIMR0IMcW`ac•U=GJ` EahW`[ UWVbI XìIMN³[©QSIK\F`LYLbVbXFZ;N¿hW[MQS`aà˜IMhW|éàPGFVbEHGìcÅRF[MXFcî0IMUWG RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZÕ[MXF\rcWEÐGF`a\JTFLbVYXJZ0d­[MXF\ràPGFVbEHGrhW`Z [MhW\Jc'hW`cWIMTFhWEa`c [MXF\ [MEaUWVbgKVbUWVY`c^àPVYUWG \JTFhW[MUWVYIMXFc[ cNÈTFXJ\F[MQS`aX@U=[MLjz çjX#"FTJë `aXJEa`a\ îKiÆcÅEHGF`\FTFLbVbXFZr[MRFRJLYVbEa[MUWVYIMXFced [ hWUW[M|Lckà˜IMhW|ÆRFhWIMë g@VY\J`ac[«ZMIKI@\EaIMTJXKUW`ahWR0IMVbXKUUWI«`aQS`ahWZMVbXFZ«QSIK\J`aLbLYVbXFZ«RJLY[MUWë NÈIMhWQSc[MVYQS`a\[MUPæ5ç˜RFLb[MXFXFVbXFZ0z

B

VYXJ[ LbLbiKd

$

OIMQSQ,TFXJVYUjiÕàPVbLYL¢cWRJLYVbUTFRâ[ LbIMXFZ^UWGF`acÅ`•LbVYXJ`ac{d§àPVbUWG [^ZM[MR `aQS`hWZ VbXFZ^î0`aUjà˜``aX æ5çcWEVY`XKUWVYcÅU=ced0VbXKUW`ahW`cWUW`a\ VbX RFLb[ XJXFVbXFZ Ea[MRF[MîJVYLbVYUWVb`ac«R0`ah®cÅ`KdB[MXF\éæ5çèBLb[ XJXFVbXFZÇ`XFZMVYXJ`a`ahWced‹VbX@U=`hWë `acÅU=`\VbX`aò@RFLbIMVYUWVbXFZ•UWGF`¡UW`aEÐGFXJI LbIMZ i@zïPGJ`acW`VYcÅcWTF`c†àPVYLbL9XFI \FIMTFîJUPî0`\JVYcÅEaTFcÅcW`a\[MUPU=GJ`è[MXF`aL­cW`acWcÅVYIMX1|

Z A 2 A Ü A Ú 79A>

æçjèBDJë°õ *è‹Lb[MXFXFVbXFZùOIMQSR0`aUWVbUWVYIMX OI QSQSVbUWU=``Kz ôÐõMõ0z èB÷¡÷V?ìëïPGJ`®èBLb[MXFXFVbXFZÕ÷¡IMQS[ VbXr÷¡`amJXFVbU=VbIMXœ?­[MXFZMTF[MZM`Kz ï`EHGJXFVYE[ML—Q`aR0IMhWUO + O ïCQë°õ MëJD D ™M÷®ODïsQëHôMôÐúž0d

Ÿ

[MLb`«O`aX@UW`ahPN¿I hOI QSRJTFUW[MU=VbIMXF[ML

+

VYcÅVYIMX[MXF\;OIMX@U=hÅI Ljz O`acWUW[0d†æSzYdP[ XJ\ :y\F\FVjd†æSz ôÐõMõMúºzä÷¡÷V?†zYô % æ B I hÅQS[ L ÷¡`acÅEahWVYRJUWVYIMXIMN¢[ OI XJcWUWhW[MVYX@UcQ`RFhW`acÅ`aXKUW[MUWVYIMXK?[MXFZMTF[MZM` NÈIMh«èBG@iKcÅVYE[ L5÷¡I QS[MVbXFc{z çjXgU†GF[MLYLb[Mîdy]Æzbd˜[MXF\ ]ÕVbLY[MXJV d æ•zbd`\Fc{zbd1¡•û{¢5¥ûüJIPA£c¤¦¥5þ’ý}@zç*:yD;è‹hW`cWc{z  §ºôy  ž!0z

UyVbLYLjd Ÿ zbdº[MXF\ LYi@U=GJ`Kd $ zc!D D D0zèS?­æ7áBï(%º[kcWGJ[MhW`a[MîFLb` [MXF\ÕhW`aTFcÅ[ îJLY`,IMXKUWIMLYIMZMi^N¿I h5hW`aRFhW`cW`aX@UWVYXJZ«RFLb[ XJc{zyçjX;¥Vt

ÅûHû}‹I¨©ˆüJ` ¤=Jü°ûJýˆüJJýˆþ«ªd­¬{û¥ûMHû¦5£c¤z l`hWUWxaî0`ahWZ0d $ z­ôÐõMõMúºzd:yX TJVYLb\FVbXFZ³[èBLb[MXFXFVbXFZ³ïI@IML I{ò9z çjXXUyGF[MLbLY[Mîd§]Æzbd0[MXF\ ]ÕVbLY[MXFVjd0æSzbd0`a\Jc{zbd¡•û®¢P¥ûüJI

P£c¤c¥¡þý}Kz@ç*:yD^èBhW`acÅc{z1 yºô0z ]ÕEKOLbTFcÅ| `iKd§ï'z?yzbd0[MXF\

n

VbU=EÐGFVbXd§÷®zºá¡z«ôÐõMõ ºz³æ ïIKIMLbë DFTFRJR0IMhWU=`\æRJRFhWIM[MEHGUWIÆáBXFZMVbXF`a`hWVYXJZÆl5ïC èBLb[ XJXFVbXFZ ]ÕI@\F`aLbc{z çjXu¥7OHûÅû}‹IK€¬œ¨¯ˆüJ`;¤b°S°3°±¤Jü°ûJýˆüJJýˆþ

ªd­¬û¥ûHû@W²MˆþNIV_¿üJ`E£EÐüJfCÈýˆþ¤=Jü°ûþÈþN¹ûÅûz ]ÕEKOLbTFcÅ| `iKd,ï'z7?yzbö®æ5Lb`ah{d(Qzbö IMhWhW[{ðWIºd,÷®zbö®l5[McWLbTFQÕd è‹zbö $ [MhWg@VYcedÆè‹zböä[MXF\ DFEÐGFIMLYx@d f z ! D D Dºz n XFI{àPLbë `a\FZM` áBXJZ VbXF``ahWVbXFZ NÈIMh è‹Lb[MXFXJVYXJZ QE:‹æ÷¡]_æ5è5z

`ˆü°üH³´´I

F

ÿ`aˆÿÈýÿab´§þýJûüH´0z

]ÕTFcÅEa`aUWUWIMLY[0d•zbö5[{iM[M|9d0è‹zºè‹zbö0è`aLbLjd zYö§[MXF\_ó VbLbLYVb[MQSc{d

z5OPz ôÐõMõ ºzxQ`aQSIMUW`Õæ5ZM`aX@U%_ïI

IMLb\FLbiµUyI;ó GF`hW` I'æçDFi@cWUW`aQ l5[McVUyI XJ` `aN¿IMhW`Kz9£EÐüJfCÈýˆþ¤Jü°ûþ¿þH¹ûMHû ôD0ãWôÐëJ!0åb%ž y§ 0z

]ÕiM`ahWced n zbd†[ XJ\ óìVYLb|@VYXFcedy÷®zñôÐõMõ9>Mz·ïPGF`_æEU=ë›á‹\JVYUWIMh f cÅ`ah=c¦UyTJVY\J`&%‹æ%]Õ[MXKTJ[ML­N¿I h + `ahWcWVbIMX#!0z!ºz˜DQç†çjX@U=`hWXF[Më U=VbIMXF[MLjd@æhWUWVbmFEaVb[MLçjX@U=`aLbLbVYZM`aXJEa`kO`aXKUW`ahez

`à˜`aLbL d†æSzñôHõ !0z·ïPGF` n XFI{àPLb`a\FZM`;?­`g `L z/£(ÐüJfC¿ýˆþ ¤Jü°ûþ¿þH@ûHû³ô%>7yÕô!>Mz

èBLY[MXFN¿I hÅQÕzìôÐõMõ õ0zræXéI R§`aXÆ`aX@gKVbhWIMXFQS`aX@USNÈIMhSîFTFVbLb\FVbXFZ RFLb[MXFXF`ahÅc{zGKUWUWRd%™ ™ cÅEaIMQÕzG@TF\z[MEKzTF|™MRFLY[MXJNÈIMhWQÕz

ï[MUW`Kd§æSzYö9÷¡hW[MîFîJLY`Kd zbö9[MXF\ ÷¡[MLbU=IMXd $ z«ôÐõMõMú0zj:˜ë›è‹Lb[MXd% [ n XFI{àPLb`a\JZ `\Fë [ cÅ`a\éè‹Lb[MXFXF`hS[MXF\ÆVbUWcSæ5RFRFLbVbEa[MU=VbIMXÆUWI ?­IMZMVYcÅU=VbEac{zæ5çjæ5çad

f

XFVYgM`hWcWVbU ikIMNáB\FVbXKîFTJhWZMGz

ï[MUW`Kdæ•zbö¡èIMLbi [M|dPDzBï,zbö¡[MXF\ $ [MhWg@VYcedPè‹z"ôHõMõ 0z%ï B ]Õ`aUWGFI@\d% æ5X çjXJVYUWVb[ L

B

hW[ QS`à˜IMhW|%NÈIMh;]ÕI@\F`LYLbVYXJZä[ XJ\ æXJ[MLYi@cWVbXFZ^è‹Lb[MXFXFVbXFZ^÷¡IMQS[MVYXJc{zï`EHGFXJVYE[ L¢hW`aR0IMhWU{d f XFVbë gM`ahWcWVbUjikI NáB\FVbXKîJTFhWZMGz

ï[MUW`Kd­æ•z ôHõMõ 0zPQI@IMU=c,IMNycÅRF[Mh'ëcWGJ[ hW`\ÇRFLb[MXFXJVYXJZ[ XJ\ [MEaUWVYg@VYUjiShW`aRJhW`acW`XKUW[MU=VbIMXzL¶P†þ’û@ûs°7}‹¿ûÅû} ·¡ûM¿û ô9%bô!ºôVyÕô!0z

ó VbLY|@VbXFc{dM÷®zôHõMõMõ0z f cÅVYXJZ³UWGF`DFçjèBáBëJ!³èBLb[MXFXFVbXFZ'DFi@cWUW`aQA% æ ]Õ[MXKTJ[MLNÈIMh¡DFçjèBáBëJ!0d

+