Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) desalination by thin film composite membrane—Current development, challenges and future prospects
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![Fig. 1. Comparison between membrane desalination capacity and thermal desalinationcapacity from 1980 to 2016 [5].](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_us/8777042.902036/2.595.46.290.574.730/fig-comparison-membrane-desalination-capacity-thermal-desalinationcapacity.webp)
![Fig. 4. Orton rearrangement of an aromatic amide with active chlorine [39].](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_us/8777042.902036/3.595.327.523.52.203/fig-orton-rearrangement-aromatic-amide-active-chlorine.webp)
![Fig. 5. (a) Permeability and (b) salt rejection of RO TFC membrane under active andpassive conditions [40].](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_us/8777042.902036/4.595.85.246.425.719/fig-permeability-salt-rejection-membrane-active-andpassive-conditions.webp)
![Fig. 6 depicts a newly developed surface nano-structured polyam-ide thin-hydrophilic polymer brush layerfilm composite (SNS-PA-TFC) membranes with end-grafted [77,78]](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_us/8777042.902036/5.595.318.535.569.719/developed-surface-structured-hydrophilic-polymer-layerlm-composite-membranes.webp)
![Fig. 7. (a) Salt rejection and (b) water permeability of silane-coated TFC membranesusing either methyltriethoxysilane (MeTES), octyltriethoxysilane (OcTES), octade-cyltrimethoxysilate (OdTMS), phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES) or vinyltriethoxysilane(VTES) as coating reagents [91].](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_us/8777042.902036/6.595.326.545.299.703/rejection-permeability-membranesusing-methyltriethoxysilane-octyltriethoxysilane-cyltrimethoxysilate-phenyltriethoxysilane-vinyltriethoxysilane.webp)
![Fig. 8. Conceptual illustration of TFN membranes by embedding (a) zeolite-A nanoparticles [92] and (b) carbon nanotubes in polyamide layer [93].](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_us/8777042.902036/7.595.67.519.625.729/conceptual-illustration-membranes-embedding-zeolite-nanoparticles-nanotubes-polyamide.webp)
![Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of hybrid membrane [97].](https://thumb-us.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok_us/8777042.902036/8.595.134.471.54.211/fig-schematic-diagram-of-hybrid-membrane.webp)
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