International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences Impact Factor- 3.866
Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2016 ISSN(O): (2349-4085) ISSN(P): (2394-4218)
© Associated Asia Research Foundation (AARF)
Website: www.aarf.asia Email : editor@aarf.asia , editoraarf@gmail.com
WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR: AN EXCLUSIVE
AWARENESS ON MODERNISATION
Oraganti Yellaiah, Research Scholar,
Dept.of.Public Administration & HRM KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY,Warangal-506009
ABSTRACT
Rural Indian women are extensively involved in agricultural activities. However the
nature and extent of their involvement differs with the variations in agro production systems.
The mode of female participation in agricultural production varies with the landowning
status of farm households. Their roles range from managers to landless labourers. In over all
farm production, women’s average contribution is estimated at 55% to 66% of the total
labour with percentages, much higher in certain regions. The impact of W.T.O rules and
policies of trade liberalization in the agriculture sector on women is distinctive reasons.
Women have been the primary seed keepers, processors. They have been the both experts and
producers of food, from seed to the kitchen. W.T.O impacts women’s expertise and productive
functions throughout the food chain. The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
agreement impacts women’s knowledge of and control over seed. The Agreement on Agriculture impacts women’s livelihood and income security, and also has secondary impacts
in terms of increased violence against women. The sanitary and phyto sanitary agreement
has a direct impact on women’s expertise and economic role in agro processing. The rural
women are normally employed in most onerous area operations like sowing at the back of
and plough, transplanting, weeding, integer-culture, harvesting, threshing and
agro-processing. It could be seen that Women are in large part hired in those operations maximum
of that have not been mechanized in addition to crop manufacturing, women also are
employed in other discipline operations in horticulture, agro – forestry, animal husbandry,
dairying and fisheries. These sectors are least mechanized in India. Nursery elevating, tree
transport, animal feeding, care and cleansing of animals shelter, milking, dairy product
training, fish-fry rearing, cage way of life, net making, fish processing, spices collection,
processing and so on are mostly executed through women.
Key Words: Globalisation, agriculture, women, innovations, awareness etc.
Introduction:
The globalization shifts agriculture to capital intensive, chemical intensive systems,
women bear disproportionate cots of both displacement and health hazards. Women carry the
heavier work burden in food production, and because of gender discrimination get lower
returns for their work. When WTO destroys rural livelihoods, it is women who lose the most.
When WTO rules allow dumping which leads to decline in prices of farm products, it is
womens - already low incomes, which go down further and their position vis-à-vis WTO is
also more vulnerable because as the livelihoods and incomes of farmers in general, and
women agriculturists in particular are eroded, they are displaced from productive roles,
women in agriculture and their status is further devalued, while the patriarchal power of those
who control assets and benefit from asset transfer due to globalisation is increased, other
social processes are triggered which result in increased violence against women. The violence
associated with displacement, devaluation and dis-empowerment takes the form of intensive
violence, increasing incidences of rape, the epidemic of female foeticide, and growth in
trafficking of women. Women also bear the ultimate burden of farm suicides, since they are
left to look after their households without assets but with the burden of indebtedness.
Agriculture in India is the vertical backbone of the country and is regarded as the
most important promote of the country’s economic hobby. Approximately eighty percent of
the Indian populations both at once or in a roundabout way rely upon agriculture. Maximum
of the women perform diverse works for their livelihood and agriculture is considered as the
largest bazaar area where massive variety of Indian rural women takes element actively.
There rural Women who work in the farm take part in a extensive variety of farm activities
via slogging along with men in the subject as well as taking care of the home and children,
there through acting a twin position that of a home maker and of a pattern within the farming
activities outdoor the home.
Women are the molder and builder of any international locations future. They will a
Maximum of the Women perform various kinds of paintings for their livelihood and
agriculture is considered as the largest bazaars ate area wherein big variety of rural Women
takes element actively. About 72.5 percentage of the Indian lady populations are from rural
families, who belonged to the small and marginal farmers and landless agriculture labors.
Women plaid a prime function in decision making process in conventional
agriculture, however they may be surely not diagnosed as producer within their very own
proper because of socio-cultural traditions, the rural women have subordinate function inside
the society. They have inaccessibility to trendy era, credit, schooling and other facilities to be
had to male workers and farmers. Their function has emerged as passive because of lack of
understanding of modern inputs and methods of cultivation. Their regain electricity is spent
in shopping gas, fodder, food and has little time to enhance their competencies inside the
process they have lagged behind their male colleagues in the usage of improved crop
production and processing gear and equipment. Except hand equipment and progressed
bullock drawn implements, greater 240,000 tractors and 7, 00,000 irrigation pumps are being
added every 12 months for mechanization of Indian agriculture. But those improved
implements are completely treated via male people. The women retain to carry out farm
operations which are full of drudgery including transplanting, weeding winnowing, shelling,
bazaars moves, milling and many others.
The research and improvement establishments have evolved gender neutral easy
devices / equipments for crop manufacturing and processing. These can without problems be
adopted through women, however most effective constrained infrastructures for schooling of
women are to be had on current crop production and processing generation. There may be a
want to create attention and provide training on such technology. Keeping their body
structure, women precise ergonomically relaxed device additionally desires to be evolved.
Involvement of women in Agriculture
The rural women are normally employed in most onerous area operations like sowing
at the back of and plough, transplanting, weeding, integer-culture, harvesting, threshing and
agro-processing. It could be seen that Women are in large part hired in those operations
maximum of that have not been mechanized in addition to crop manufacturing, women also
are employed in other discipline operations in horticulture, agro – forestry, animal husbandry,
dairying and fisheries. These sectors are least mechanized in India. Nursery elevating, tree
planting, pruning, potato planting, earthling, digging, fruit and vegetable harvesting and
transport, animal feeding, care and cleansing of animals shelter, milking, dairy product
processing and so on are mostly executed through women. It’s far usually seen that women
employee from socially ahead groups opt to paintings on their own farm. Simplest in
exquisite situations they work on their own farm. Only in awe some occasions they work on
deferent’s farm. However Women workers from schedule tribes have on such reservation and
work on their own farms and farms of deferent farmers.
Women in publish Harvest and Agro – Processing
Almost complete put up harvest and agro – processing activities are achieved by using
women. The operations cleaning, grading, drying, parboiling milling; grinding, bazaars
actions and garage are executed by way of Women out of necessity, which is socially
customary, irrespective of economic status of the women. The male people seldom perform
these operations, even though they've idle time. Fortunately robotically powered easy
equipment and devices are available in rural regions on custom for a lot of these operations
and consequently Women’s drudgery has been decreased to a extremely good quantity. The
custom services of rice milling, flour grinding and oil expelling are quite not unusual in rural
regions.
Women and Agricultural Modernization
Due to adoption of cutting-edge inputs and cultural practices the agricultural
productiveness has increased drastically. The preparation of tractors in few states for tillage
and sowing and agro delivery have eased the women’s drudgery to a tremendous quantity in
some states, most people of different area operations are nonetheless achieved manually.
Tractors are hardly ever used for weeding and harvesting. Mechanical threshing of wheat,
paddy and few oil seeds and pulses has additionally helped in reducing the drudgery of males
and females. integrate harvesting has been introduced in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra for wheat and paddy,
mostly on custom hiring foundation. Harvesting of different crop is completed manually.
Tractor operated potato and groundnut diggers are commercially available and farmers have
followed wherein these are grown on commercial scale. On small holdings these are
manually performed.
Generation and Gender issues
The advanced technology package has been evolved within the use of agriculture and
agro-processing however these have selectively been adopted specially by means of male
persisted to undertake conventional practices. The motives may additionally range from
technological to marketing and social barriers. Those troubles may be grouped into:
Technological Education and skill
Passive attitude toward modernization Credit score facilities
Advertising device Social barrier
Technological boundaries
The equipment for agriculture manufacturing processing and fee addition are evolved
keeping ergonomic design factors of male operators. For Women these are scaled down in
size but their physiological responses underneath lengthy duration of labor are infrequently
investigated he physical strength, working posture and environment beneath which lady
people are employed varies from place to vicinity, which influences the adoption of
technology. The studies institutions have hardly appointed girl researchers and technicians for
evaluation of Women specific era.
Training and ability
The training facilities available for Women, in decided on trades, are in large part
placed in cities and rural women. Can hardly avail these possibilities. Agriculture production
associated schooling centers (agricultural machinery and system) are not anywhere to be had
to cater to the rural Women desires. The programme confine especially to demonstration of
equipment and Women rarely get chance to address those machines. This doesn't improve the
ability of Women but creates recognition and therefore, present day machinery does not
generate interest among women worker.
Passive mind-set towards Modernization
In traditional agriculture Women farmers had been equally involved in decision
making system in the absence of expertise of present day agriculture, generation, men alone
take the choice for modernization of agriculture and the female contributors are left behind as
passive spectators. They give their percentage of labour via traditional tools and equipment.
The mind-set of women toward accepting contemporary equipment can be modified most
effective through right schooling and demonstration.
Credit score facilities
The cutting-edge agriculture, together with advanced equipment, requires higher
aren't conversant with Banking system and technique for availing loan and thus, are deprived
of credit score centers for purchase of machinery and different agricultural inputs.
Advertising machine
Buy of improved machinery or sale of agro-produce calls for knowledge of industries
dealing in machinery and organized advertising network device for agro-produce. The
women employee seldom handles such troubles outdoor their village boundaries, though they
may be worried in exchange in village or neighborhood Bazaars. Since advertising and
marketing requires movement far away from their villages, it'll be appropriate to arrange,
organization societies, to appearance after such troubles. Community can be hooked up like
contact farming, franchise buying and selling deliver to prepared cooperatives / stores for fee
brought products for confident marketing.
Social Barrier
Women are equally ready to perform any mechanical tool as seen in urban regions. in
lots of Asian nations including in Japan, Korea, China, Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia,
women equally participate in operation of area equipment. But the rural women workers in
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal have restricted to using hand gear and there are social
reservations in dealing with machinery. This will take sometimes and there's no quick cut.
Handiest persuasion, motivation, patience and social recognition to their area work with use
of equipment will encourage them to adopt mechanical gadgets.
Women in selection making in Agriculture
Women’s function in agricultural operations, animal husbandry and other
economically effective sports could be very substantial. They make contributions about 60-70
percent of the labour required for these activities are very extensive. The selection making
procedure is an important section of each household because it makes implementation of a
plan or programme pretty smooth.
In rural areas of the country, both husband and wife are at the same time responsible
for making choices on topics like own family duties, specific housing charges and buy of
family articles. But, Women’s tips are not given due attention inside the selections relating
agricultural sector and vital circle of relatives topics. It is due to the fact the majorities of
Women are illiterate, have little time to recognize about the state-of-the-art strategies of
farming and limited mobility because of numerous cultural forbidden.
Usually, Women have much less access to records approximately technology through
virtue in their negative educational fame and relative isolation from public life. Consequently,
knowledgeable rural Women are neglected or aren't taken severely because historically guys
had been predominant lawmakers of society. Many rules and decisions neglect women and
undermine their skills and roles. The undesired restrictions imposed via aged humans within
the society on their daughters and daughters – in – law ought to be at ease to facilitate their
mobility so as to have clean get admission to the outside global.
Conclusion:
Most significantly, the women must have a penchant for self – empowerment thru
improving their expertise and capabilities. Empowerment without any trade in men’s attitude
or without their willingness will only aggravate family problems, increasing dissatisfaction
and ensuring that women will stay on the receiving cease.
Authority’s policies ought to be framed to provide legal help and instill self assurance
in women. Programs ought to be evolved exclusively for women; to construct leadership
skills for managing agricultural community based totally development sports get admission to
of generation, inputs and credit score must be ensured predominantly thru women extension
people. They ought to learn in farm control talents and made able to taking even complicated
decisions like transferring from subsistence farming to assorted agriculture, with stand
opposition from marketplace forces improvement in work or farm performance et. The
quantity of participation inside the selection – making activities in house keep and agriculture
associated and different socio-way of life affairs displays the reputation of women inside the
family in addition to society.
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