Narendra Kumar
Shikha Jain
M. Tech. (IT)
M. Tech. (IT)
Faculty Member
IT Manager, RWD, Patna
Deptt. Of Computer Applications / IT.
Govt. of Bihar.
A M College, Katari Hill Road, Gaya-823001 (India)
[email protected]
(A constituent unit of Magadh University, Bodh Gaya)
[email protected]
www.amcollegegaya.org
ABSTRACT
The presented paper deals with how remotely managed computing and IT resources can be beneficial in the developing countries like India and Asian sub-continent countries. This paper not only defines the architectures and functionalities of cloud computing but also indicates strongly about the current demand of Cloud computing to achieve organizational and personal level of IT supports in very minimal cost with high class flexibility. The power of cloud can be used to reduce the cost of IT - resources and infrastructure with minimum risk and great efficiency.
Cloud computing can be used to host a variety of applications such as vast and complicated business applications, enterprise database, e-commerce applications, payment gateway, software development and testing tools, on-demand applications and many more. Cloud computing enables organizations to increase hardware utilization rates tremendously, and to scale up the business needs instantly, without having to invest in new infrastructure, train new personnel, or license new software products. It also creates several new classes of opportunities to develop a cost effective generation of network services, in a very less amount of time and for less money. Minimization of cost is the prime need of any developing country and the cloud computing provides a full proof way to run on the cheapest technology ever developed. The cloud computing brings a new level of efficiency and economy to deliver Information Technology Resources (ITR) on demand, and in the process it opens new business models, creates new icons to work, creates new business opportunities and open up entire new face of Information Technology in a secure and cost effective environment.
There are several ranges of cloud computing implementations. Cloud computing may be implemented by service providers, that is, Public
clouds or in enterprise datacenters, that is, private cloud that allocate a large number of resources and capabilities so that applications can scale from one to thousands of servers in a short time. Emerging models such as virtual datacenters allow customers to reserve capacity and work with dedicated resource within a cloud, increasing the ability to manage cost and service levels. Hybrid clouds can further optimize benefits to an organization by combining the needed elements of public clouds, enterprise clouds, and enterprise datacenter technology.
The Cloud Computing Architectureof a cloud solution is the structure of the system, which comprises on-premise and cloud resources, services, middleware, and software components, geo-location, the externally visible properties of those, and the relationships between them. The term also refers to documentation of a system's cloud computing architecture. Documenting facilitates communication between stakeholders, documents early decisions about high-level design, and allows reuse of design components and patterns between projects. Architecture of clouds can provide software as a service, platform as a service, infrastructure as a service, and so on. In all the cases, virtualization plays a vital role.
Keywords:
Cloud, cost, public cloud, private
cloud, hybrid cloud, datacenters, virtualization,
software as a service, platform as a service,
infrastructure as a service, ITR
1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is an internet based computing where software, shared resources and information are served to devices such as computers, electricity grid. In this details about how the work is getting done is hidden from its users. It describes a new
consumption, delivery and supplement model for Information Technology Resource (ITR) services. It is kind of by-product that provide access to remote sites accessible through internet. Practically applications area of cloud computing not limited. It is latest technology in market.
The cloud system can be divided into two sections, one is front end and other is backend. They are connected with each other via a network and mostly internet is used for fulfilling the requirement. The front side is the interface for the user and the back end is the cloud section for the whole system.
1.1 THE FRONT END
The front end of the cloud computing system comprises the client’s device (or it may be computer network) and some applications are needed for accessing the cloud computing system. All the cloud computing systems do not give the same interface to users. Web services like electronic mail programs control some existing web browsers such as Firefox, Microsoft’s internet explorer or safari. Other type of systems has some unique application which provides the network access to its clients. Front end is a technical term which refers to the interface though which a user can use some kind of services from cloud servers.
1.2 THE BACK END
Back end refers to the some physical peripherals. In cloud computing back end is cloud itself which may encompasses of various computer machines, data storage systems, servers. Group of these clouds make a whole cloud computing system. Theoretically, any cloud computing system can include practically any type of computer machine program that can be imagined by a human being such as from video games to data processing, software development to entertainment. Usually, every application would have its individual dedicated server for services.
A central server is established which is used for administering the whole system. It is also used for monitoring client’s demand as well as traffic to ensure that everything of system runs without any problem. There are some set of rules, generally called as protocols which are followed by this server and it uses a very special type of software known termed as middleware. Middleware allow computers that are connected on network to make communication with each other.
If any cloud computing service provider has many customers, then there’s likely to be very high demand for huge storage space. Many companies that are service providers need hundreds of storage device with digital in nature. Cloud computing systems require minimum twice the units of storage devices, system needs to keep all the information of its clients.
That is because devices like, computer often break down. The cloud computing system must have a copy of all the data of its client’s. Making copy of data is called redundancy.
2. ARCHITECTURAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF
CLOUD COMPUTING
Depending on the need and environment of enterprise, various kinds of clouds can be implemented. We can categorize the architectural implementations into three heads.
2.1 PUBLIC CLOUDS:
Public clouds are usually run by third parties, and jobs from many different customers may be mixed together on the servers, storage systems, and other infrastructure within the cloud. End users don’t know who else’s job may be me running on the same server, network, or disk as their own jobs.
Typically, enterprises are using public clouds for specific functions or workloads. The cloud is an attractive alternative for:
(a) Development and testing: This is perhaps the easiest cloud use case for enterprises. (b) Functional offloading: We can use the cloud
for specific workloads.
(c) Augmentation: Clouds give us a new option for handling peak load or anticipated spikes in demand for services. This is a very attractive option for enterprises, but also potentially one of the most difficult use cases. Success is dependent on the state-fullness of the application and the interdependence with other datasets that may need to be replicated and load-balanced across the two sites.
(d) Experimenting: In the future, software evaluation can be performed in the cloud, before licenses or support need to be purchased.
2.2 PRIVATE CLOUDS:
Private clouds are usually created and managed by the enterprise for their own need and service demands that require high level of security. Private clouds are a good option for companies dealing with data protection and service-level issues. Private clouds are on-demand infrastructure owned by a single customer who controls which applications run, and where. They own the server, network, and disk and can decide which users are allowed to use the infrastructure
.
Other companies may simply want to build private clouds to take advantage of the economics of resource pools and standardize their development and deployment processes. Private clouds created by individual enterprises certainly have the advantage of offering adherence to corporate standards, but even here the desire for enterprises to be able to mix their private clouds with public-cloud capacity on demand calls for increasing levels of open standards to emerge in the cloud computing environment.
But even those who feel compelled in the short term to build a private cloud will likely want to run applications both in privately owned infrastructure and in the public cloud space. This gives rise to the concept of a hybrid cloud.
2.3 HYBRID CLOUD
A combination of private and public clouds architecture can be referred to as hybrid cloud. In this type of clouds, the enterprise enjoys and can extend services available in both private and public clouds to the clients. However, the architecture of such clouds becomes a little bit more complex.
Hybrid clouds combine the public and private cloud models. We have our own parts and share other parts, though in a controlled way. Hybrid clouds offer the promise of on-demand, externally provisioned scale, but add the complexity of determining how to distribute applications across these different environments. While enterprises may be attracted to the promise of a hybrid cloud, this option, at least initially, will likely be reserved for simple stateless applications that require no complex databases or synchronization.
3. SERVICE LAYERS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:
The clouds service architecture can be divided (not limited) into three layers, that is, software or application as a service, platform as a service and infrastructure as a service. These service layers provides abstracted form of on-demand software resources, application development model, testing model, enterprise database hosting, huge database storage, replicated and fragmented database facility and many more as the client’s needs.3.1 SOFTWARE / APPLICATIONS AS A
SERVICE:
Software/Applications is the top most layer of clouds service and it provides a wide range of on demand software and applications to the clients. At this layer, a single instance of software or application runs on the cloud computing service provider’s infrastructure and serve multiple cloud customers. Some of the prominent examples of such kinds of service providers are:
1. Google.com 2. Salesforce.com 3. Force.com 4. NewServers
In future, the demand and clients of clouds computing will increase and the service providers of clouds will increase accordingly.
3.2 PLATFORMS AS A SERVICE:
This is the middle service layer that mainly deals with the development environment. This layer provide platform for the software development, testing and packaging the developed software. This layer takes care every phase of software development and its processes. However, the job of this layer is not limited to the platform for software development only rather this layer provides other sorts of services too such as content development and management, migration service and management, etc. Example of such clouds providers are:
1. Google App Engine 2. Microsoft Azure 3. SAVVIS 4. Terremark
3.3 INFRASTRUCTURES AS A SERVICE:
This is the bottom level service layer that provides required storage capabilities, computing resources, network resources, security services, etc. At this layer, servers, storage systems, routers, network switches, etc. are installed to handle specific types of works. Virtualization of resources at this layer play very important role to serve the standard service to the clients through cloud network. The best examples of such service providers are:
1. Amazone Web Services 2. Rackspace 3. Joyent
.
4. GoGrid 5. Net4India 6. IBMAPPLICATIONS
SERVICES
⃝ CLOUD RUN-TIME ⃝
STORAGE
INFRASTRUCTURE Fig. 1 BASIC CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
4. VIRTUALIZATION - THE BACK BONE OF
CLOUD COMPUTING:
Virtualization is the stone of all sorts of cloud computing architectural environment. Virtualization allows servers, storage devices, and other hardware to be treated as a pool of resources rather than discrete systems, so that these resources can be allocated on demand. Through virtualization a single resources can be treated as multiple resource while multiple resources can be treated as a single resource as needed.
Resource virtualization leads to several benefits in cloud computing environment. Some of the important benefits are:
(a)
Higher utilization rates:
Through virtualization, workloads can be encapsulated and transferred to idle or underused systems that mean existing systems can be consolidated, so purchases of additional server capacity can be avoided. Hence, cost is automatically minimized.(b)
Resource consolidation:
Virtualization allows for consolidation of multiple IT resources. Beyond server and storage consolidation, virtualization provides an opportunity to consolidate the systems architecture, application infrastructure, data and databases, interfaces, networks, desktops, and even business processes, resulting in cost savings and greater efficiency.(c) Lower power usage/costs
: Usingvirtualization to consolidate makes it possible to cut total power consumption and save significant money.
(d) Space savings
:
Using virtualization server space requirement can be greatly minimized. Server space and datacenters deployment and implementation require a lot of money and it is the most costly issue of cloud architecture. Virtualization can solve the problem to have several physical systems in cloud architecture.(e) Consistent service and disaster recovery
:
Virtualization can help availability of the services to the CLIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
M
A
N
A
G
E
M
E
N
T
S
E
C
U
R
I
T
Y
Software as
service
Platform as
service
Infrastructure
as service
client consistently and also useful in the recovery of unforeseen disaster.
(f) Reduced operational cost:
Through virtualization of cloud platform and resources up to 80 percent of operational cost can be reduced.5. APPLICATIONS
Massive scale (computation, storage, development, etc).
High reliability and availability - heavy load variations.
World-wide distribution - non- deterministic life-time.
Collaboration across company boundaries.
Application do not fit to company core business can be migrated to cloud platform.
Can be used as secured datacenters.
6. BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:
1. Great lower cost that suits for every level of enterprise
2. Minimize infrastructure risk. 3. Reduce run time and response time. 4. Rapid application development.
5. Help to deploy new product quickly and at low cost. 6. Highly beneficial for smaller companies to reduce their overall operating cost of Information Technology Resources (ITR).
7. Cloud computing help to reduce time to deploy applications of clients.
8. On demand availability of all sorts of IT resources in secured environment.
9. Pay according to use of cloud services.
10. Pure abstraction of Information Technology Resources (ITR).
11. Help enterprise customers develop their own clouds at low cost.
12. Offer new value-added capabilities such as analytics.
13. Provide new routes to market for startups and Web application developers.
7. LATEST REASERCH IN CLOUD COMPUTING:
High Resource Utilization in a cost effective way have always been the cherished goals for enterprise data centers. Various clouds computing models, data center models and virtualization techniques have been proposed over the years to achieve these fairly elusive goals. A number of top IT giants across the world are engaged in the innovative research and development in the field of clouds computing architecture and models. Some of the companies are:7.1 Boston University:
The Researchers at Boston University are exploring the merits of "Co-location Games” as a novel, economically-sound framework upon which emerging cloud architectures could be implemented. This work is funded by a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant.7.2
Carnegie Mellon University:
Carnegie MellonUniversity is actively involved in several cloud computing research programs and is one of the test sites for the Open Cirrus program. Their research includes studies on Multi-Tier Indexing for Web Search Engines, Integrated Cluster Computing Architecture, and others.
7.3 Duke University:
The researchers at Duke University are conducting research funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in collaboration with NCSU, UNC Chapel Hill, and NCAT State University to explore and test Trustworthy Virtual Cloud Computing.7.4 Florida International University:
FloridaInternational University (FIU) researchers are leveraging cloud computing, using a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant on the Google/IBM Cloud, to analyze aerial images and objects to help support disaster mitigation and environmental protection.
8. RISKS:
There is always a chance of risks, error and hazards in the ever changing field of Information and Communication Technology so in the design and architecture of clouds computing must be carefully evaluated and alleviate, or the risk factors must be minimized at optimum level. The assessment of risks might prevent an enterprise to migrate their applications or services over the cloud computing environment. Migration of applications into clouds faces several hurdles such as service level agreements,
architectural and technical difficulties, compliance and regulatory issues, security policies, etc.
Optimization of applications is another pitfall of clouds environment because not all the application can be executed through the clouds and to make them efficient to run over the cloud they must be optimized for that environment. Cloud services are especially difficult to investigate, because logging and data for multiple customers may be co-located and may also be spread across an ever-changing set of hosts and data centers. There are also several problems related with security, implementations and migration of enterprise applications that may arise in future with increasing development and demand of clouds architectures.
9. FUTURE OF CLOUDS COMPUTING:
The future of cloud computing is unanimously bright and it will bring the IT services and resources to a new horizon. The new researches and trends clearly indicate that the cloud environment will be the next door-step of every small, medium and large enterprise. In future, cloud computing approaches will spread because of the following reasons:
(a) Lower operational cost and higher business and technical flexibility.
(b) Cloud computing will massively change the future of IT business and services in a way that many standard IT services will offered by big IT providers.
(c) Cloud computing platforms commoditize native Internet scale application development and operation. (d)Computing architecture aspects will be integrated in cloud platforms as framework, process, templates, guidance to lower the business, legal, and technical burden for application developers.
10. REFERENCES:
[1] John Rhoton, Cloud Computing Explained: Implementation Handbook for Enterprises., 1st edition, Recursive Press (November 2, 2009). [2] Tim Mather, Subra Kumaraswamy, Shahed Latif :
Cloud Security and Privacy: An Enterprise Perspective on Risks and Compliance (Theory in Practice), O'Reilly Media; 1 edition (October 5, 2009)
[3] George Reese, Cloud Application Architectures: Building Applications and Infrastructure in the Cloud (Theory in Practice), O'Reilly Media; 1 edition (April 10, 2009).
[4] Judith Hurwitz, Robin Bloor, Marcia Kaufman, Fern Halpe, Cloud Computing For Dummies For Dummies (November 16, 2009).
[5] David S. Linthicum Cloud Computing and SOA Convergence in Your Enterprise: A Step-by-Step Guide.
[6] Toby Velte, Toby J. Velte, Robert Elsenpeter, Cloud Computing, A Practical Approach (2009) PP-102-123
[7] Behind the Cloud, Marc Benioff, Carlye Adler, Jossey-Bass; 1st edition October 2009-PP-201-230
