C O M P U T E R G R A P H I C S. Computer Graphics. Introduction I. Guoying Zhao 1 / 58

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C O M P U T E R G R A P H I C S

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Computer Graphics

Introduction I

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A Survey of Computer Graphics

• What is computer graphics?

• Interactive computer graphics

• The history of computer graphics

• Computer graphics applications

• Device

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What is Computer Graphics?

• Some possible definitions:

– Approaches, Methods, Technics and Tools for virtual

world visualization

– Generating 2D images of a 3D world represented in

computer

• Main tasks

– Modeling: construct the 3D model of the scene

– Rendering: compute the color of each pixel

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What is Computer Graphics?

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Computer graphics generally means creation, storage and manipulation of

models and images

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Such models come from diverse and expanding set of fields including

physical, mathematical, artistic, biological, and even conceptual (abstract)

structures

Frame from animation by William Latham, shown at SIGGRAPH 1992. Latham uses

rules that govern patterns of natural forms to create his artwork.

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William Fetter coined term “computer graphics” in 1960 to describe new

design methods he was pursuing at Boeing

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Created a series of widely reproduced images on pen plotter exploring

cockpit design, using 3D model of human body.

“Perhaps the best way to define computer graphics is to find out what it is not. It is not a machine. It is not a computer, nor a group of computer programs. It is not the know-how of a graphic designer, a

programmer, a writer, a motion picture specialist, or a reproduction specialist.

Computer graphics is all these – a consciously managed and documented technology directed toward communicating information accurately and descriptively.”

Computer Graphics, by William A. Fetter, 1966

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What is Interactive Computer Graphics?

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User controls contents, structure, and appearance of objects and

their

displayed images via rapid visual feedback

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Basic components of

an interactive graphics system

– input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus, force feedback device, scanner, live video streams…) – processing (and storage)

– display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based printer, video recorder, non-linear editor…)

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First truly interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT

by Ivan

Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.D. thesis

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Before Sketchpad, output via plotters/printers, input via keypunch, both in

batch

Card punching (left). IBM 704 (right) took up a whole room and was capable of

about 4,000 arithmetic operations/second.

Cool facts

: Whirlwind, built in early 50’s at MIT, cost $4.5 million and could

perform 40,000 additions/second. Mac 512K, list price $3,195 in 1984, could do

500,000.

Batch (1950s – now)

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Modeling

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Modeling

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Modeling

The tree model

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Rendering

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Rendering

“A Rapid Hierarchical Rendering Technique for Translucent Materials”.

Jensen, Siggraph’2002

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Questions

• Graphics Vs. Image ?

- geometric elements and attributes

- pixel arrays

• Computer Graphics Vs. Image

Processing

– CG : 3D Models -> rendering -> images

– I. P : 2D images -> analysis -> models(other

information, special effects...)

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The History of Computer Graphics

Pioneer: Ivan Sutherland

1963: Sutherland’s PhD

Thesis

：

“Sketchpad: A

Man-machine Graphical

Communications System.”,

MIT,1963

First time used “Computer Graphics”. CG started

to be a novel and independent scientific branch.

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Pioneer

：

Ivan Sutherland

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First truly

interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT

by Ivan Sutherland for

his 1963 Ph.D. thesis

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Poineer: Ivan Sutherland

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1962: Pierre Bezier put forward “Bezier curve” for the

representation of space curve

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1967: Wylie added lighting effect in objects representation

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1969: Xerox developed GUI (Graphic User Interface)

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1973: Richard Shoup invented Raster-Scan Display

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The great improvement of graphic techniques

–

Phong lighting model(1973)

；

Texture mapping(1974)

；

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• Industry

– ILM(Industrial Light and Magic):

an Academy Award

winning motion picture visual effects company,

1975

– SGI (

Silicon Graphics, Inc

): 1982

– Pixar 1986

– AutoDesk, Adobe

• Display card

– 1994: the first PC display card --- by 3DLabs

– 1995.11: Voodoo --- by 3DFx

– 1999: Geforce256, the first GPU --- by nVidia

– nVidia and ATI

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• Graphics Standard

– GKS(Germany, 1970’s); PHIGS(ISO,

1986); GKS-3D(1988)

– OpenGL(SGI, 1992); DirectX(Microsoft);

Java3D(Sun)

• Graphics Application Software

– 3DS Max, Maya, LightWave 3D

– Renderman

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Computer Graphics Applications

• Computer Aided Design/Manufacturing

• Entertainment

• Education&Science and Training

• Visualization in Scientific Computing

• Graphical User Interface

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Computer Aided Design/Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)

• Computer aided design in airplane, car, watercraft,

architecture, costume, toy…

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CAD/CAM

• Boeing 777(1990.10 – 1994.4)

– All the designing work is in computer

graphics stations and terminals

– No paper

• Boeing 747(comparing)

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CAD/CAM

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CAD/CAM

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CAD/CAM

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Entertainment

• Movies, Animations

• Games

• NPR (Non-Photorealistic Rendering)

• ……

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Special Effects in Movie

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Special Effects in Movie

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3D Animation Movie

Monster’s Inc. (2001)

Toy story (1995)

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3D Animation Movie

Final Fantasy (2001)

Skin

Hair

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NPR (Non-Photorealistic Rendering)

Calligraphy generated using computers

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Education & Science and Training

• Computer Aided Education and Science

– Computer simulating the phenomenon in

biology, geography, physics, chemistry,

medicine, political social, economy and

other sciences

• Computer Aided Training

– System for training of ship captains, aircraft

pilots …

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NMT Fractal models Aerial views

Computer Graphics in Geography

• Terrain Generation

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Visualization in Scientific Computing

• Producing graphical representations for

scientific, engineering and medical data

sets and processes

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Application --- Hydrodynamic

The air current

around a car

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Application --- Weather

http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/~billh/vis5d.html

The isolines exhibit the

distribution of

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Application --- Medical

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Graphical User Interface(GUI)

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Graphic Devices in Computer System

• CPU

– CPU implements all kinds of computations about

graphics such as description, construction and

modification

• GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)

• Video Display Devices

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Video Display Devices

• Primary Output Device

– Cathode ray tube(CRT) based display

– Liquid-Crystal Display

– Plasma panels

• Steroscopic Display

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•

Transport

3D display system

• built by

Hitachi Human Interaction

Laboratory

(HHIL)

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Graphic Devices in Computer System

• CPU

• GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)

• Video Display Devices: output devices

• Input Devices

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Input Devices

• Primary Input Devices

– Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Spaceball,

Joysticks, Digitizers, Light Pen, Scan

machine, Touch panel, Voice System

– Data Gloves, Sensor, Tracker, Force

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3D mouse

Data glove

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Important conference: