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学校编码:10384 分类号 密级 学号:18420141150630 UDC

硕 士 学 位 论 文

金融资产减值模型在我国商业银行的应用

及影响分析

The Application and Impact Analysis of Financial Asset

Impairment Model in China’s Commercial Banks

林芸

指导教师姓名: 林朝南 副教授

专 业 名 称: 会计专业硕士

论文提交日期: 2017 年 3 月

论文答辩时间: 2017 年 5 月

学位授予日期: 2017 年 6 月

答辩委员会主席:

评阅人:

2017 年 5 月

厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

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摘要

2008年金融危机的爆发,使得现行金融资产减值的已发生损失模型因诸多 缺陷而受到质疑,金融工具会计准则的修订刻不容缓。2009年,IASB和FASB 联合成立金融危机咨询小组,共同致力于金融资产减值准则的改革工作,主要针 对金融资产减值的顺周期性以及递延确认所带来的悬崖效应。经过多番修订, IASB于2014年7月推出最新研究成果——预期信用损失模型,以替代现行的已 发生损失模型,纳入IFRS 9正式准则中,并在国际上于2018年1月1日起实施。 2017年3月31日,基于会计准则的国际趋同路线,我国修订了《企业会计准则 第22号——金融工具的确认与计量》,预期信用损失模型在我国的实施已成为必 然,而这也将对我国商业银行造成巨大影响。基于上述背景,本文采取规范研究、 模拟案例、实际估算等相结合的方法,研究商业银行金融资产减值的相关问题。 本文由六个部分构成。首先,本文在第一、第二部分对金融资产减值的国内 外研究现状和理论基础进行了概述,从而引出了本文的研究内容,即商业银行金 融资产(尤其是贷款和垫款)的减值。其次,本文在第三、第四部分研究分析了 现行金融资产减值的已发生损失模型以及IASB和FASB自2009年起联合改革 的相关金融资产减值模型,其中,主要对理想化的预期现金流量模型和最新成果 预期信用损失模型进行了理论分析和模拟应用,并基于当前金融环境评价了这两 个模型的先进性和局限性。最后,本文重点在第五部分对预期信用损失模型在我 国商业银行的实施,分别选取一家国有行、股份行和城商行的财务报告数据进行 实际测算,估算分析商业银行应用新模型将对其金融资产减值准备和盈利能力等 方面造成的影响。在此基础上,本文在第六部分对我国商业银行实施新模型将面 临的挑战以及应对措施提出相关建议。 关键词:金融资产减值,预期信用损失模型,商业银行

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Abstract

In 2008,the outbreak of the financial crisis has brought the current financial asset impairment model——Incurred Loss Model into question for its defects, and the revision of financial instruments accounting standards have become urgent. In 2009, IASB and FASB jointly set up a financial crisis advisory group to work together on the reform of financial asset impairment standards, mainly for the pro-cyclicality of financial asset impairment and cliff effect of the deferred confirm. After repeated revisions,IASB launched the latest research result——Expected Credit Loss Model in July 2014 to replace the current Incurred Loss Model. In addition, it has been incorporated into IFRS 9 and implemented internationally on 1 January 2018. Based on the international convergence of accounting standards, China revised the "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 22 - the recognition and measurement of financial instruments" on March 31, 2017,the implementation of Expected Credit Loss Model in China will be inevitable,which will also bring great impact to China’s commercial banks. Based on the above background, this paper adopts the method of normative research, simulation case and actual estimation to study the related problems of financial assets impairment in commercial banks.

This paper consists of six parts. First of all, In the first and second part of this paper, research status at home and abroad of the impairment of financial assets and some theoretical basis are summarized, which leads to the research content, that is the impairment of financial assets in commercial banks, especially loans and advances. Secondly,this paper discusses and analyzes the current Incurred Loss Model and some relevant financial asset impairment models jointly reformed by IASB and FASB, focusing on the theoretical analysis and simulation applications of the

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idealized Expected Cash Flow Model and the latest Expected Credit Loss Model,and its advancements and limitations in the current financial environment are also evaluated. Finally,in the fifth part of this paper, I focus on the implementation of the Expected Cash Flow Model in China’s commercial banks,and select financial report data of a state-owned bank, joint-stock commercial bank and city commercial bank as the sample to estimate and analysis the effects of commercial banks using the new model will be on the financial assets impairment, profitability and so on. On this basis, in the sixth part of this article, I put forward the relevant suggestions on the challenges and countermeasures of the implementation of the new model of China's commercial banks.

Keywords: Financial Assets Impairment; Expected Credit Loss Model; Commercial Bank

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目录

1.

绪论

... 1

1.1 研究背景及意义 ... 1

1.1.1 研究背景 ... 1 1.1.2 研究意义 ... 1

1.2 文献综述 ... 2

1.2.1 国外研究现状 ... 2 1.2.2 国内研究现状 ... 4 1.2.3 简要评述 ... 5

1.3 研究思路与方法 ... 5

1.3.1 研究思路 ... 5 1.3.2 研究方法 ... 6

1.4 研究创新点与不足 ... 6

2.

金融资产减值研究基础 ... 8

2.1 金融资产概述 ... 8

2.1.1 金融资产定义 ... 8 2.1.2 金融资产分类 ... 8

2.2 金融资产减值理论概述 ... 9

2.2.1 金融资产减值 ... 10 2.2.2 金融资产减值的确认和计量 ... 10 2.2.3 顺周期效应和悬崖效应 ... 10

2.3 我国商业银行金融资产特征及其现行减值制度 .... 11

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2.3.1 商业银行金融资产特征 ... 11 2.3.2 商业银行现行减值制度 ... 12

3.金融资产减值模型的回顾与评价 ... 14

3.1 已发生损失模型 ... 14

3.1.1 已发生损失模型的主要内容 ... 14 3.1.2 已发生损失模型存在的问题 ... 14

3.2 预期现金流量模型 ... 17

3.2.1 预期现金流量模型的主要内容 ... 17 3.2.2 预期现金流量模型的模拟应用 ... 18 3.2.3 对预期现金流量模型的应用及其影响的评价 ... 25

3.3 其他金融资产减值模型 ... 25

3.3.1 好账户和坏账户模型 ... 25 3.3.2 三组别模型 ... 26 3.3.3 当前预期信用损失模型 ... 26

4.

预期信用损失模型的概述及其模拟应用... 28

4.1 预期信用损失模型的主要内容 ... 28

4.1.1 预期信用损失模型的适用范围 ... 28 4.1.2 预期信用损失模型的运用方法 ... 28

4.2 预期信用损失模型与已发生损失模型的比较 ... 29

4.3 预期信用损失模型的模拟应用 ... 30

4.3.1 第一阶段金融资产 ... 30 4.3.2 第二阶段金融资产 ... 32

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4.3.3 第三阶段金融资产 ... 33 4.3.4 模拟结论 ... 34

4.4 预期信用损失模型的评价 ... 36

4.4.1 预期信用损失模型的优点 ... 36 4.4.2 预期信用损失模型的缺点 ... 37

4.5 预期信用损失模型在我国商业银行的应用 ... 39

5.

预期信用损失模型的应用对我国商业银行的影响 ... 40

5.1 我国商业银行金融资产减值现状 ... 40

5.2 运用预期信用损失模型测算减值准备 ... 42

5.2.1 测算减值准备的参数选择 ... 42 5.2.2 减值准备的简化测算思路 ... 42

5.3 运用预期信用损失模型简化测算减值准备的结果分析

... 44

5.3.1 三家样本银行减值准备的简化测算结果 ... 44 5.3.2 样本银行预计信用损失简化测算结果的对比 ... 47

5.4 运用预期信用损失模型的影响分析 ... 49

5.4.1 银行或将面临更大的资本补充压力、调整产品定价策略 ... 49 5.4.2 银行或将调整信贷资产结构、审慎放贷 ... 49 5.4.3 对银行长期财务状况的影响或将有限 ... 50

6.

我国商业银行实施新模型面临的挑战及应对措施 ... 51

6.1 我国商业银行实施预期信用损失模型面临的挑战 ... 51

6.1.1 建立健全的信用风险内部评价系统丞待解决 ... 51

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6.1.2 数据库的建设刻不容缓 ... 51 6.1.3 给银行风险管理与金融监管带来挑战 ... 52 6.1.4 新模型实施前的准备工作量大、时间紧迫 ... 52

6.2 我国商业银行的应对措施 ... 53

6.2.1 推进信贷资产结构调整 ... 53 6.2.2 以利率市场化为契机,健全信贷资产定价系统 ... 53 6.2.3 加强风险管理水平,实现信用风险量化分析 ... 54 6.2.4 强化内部控制,完善内部监督机制 ... 54 6.2.5 提升专业人员的综合素质 ... 54

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Contents

1.

Intruduction

... 1

1.1 Research background and significance ... 1

1.1.1 Research background ... 1

1.1.2 Research significance ... 1

1.2 Literature review ... 2

1.2.1 Status of foreign research ... 2

1.2.2 Status of domestic research ... 4

1.2.3 Brief Comment ... 5

1.3 Research ideas and methods ... 5

1.3.1 Research ideas... 5

1.3.2 Research methods ... 6

1.4 Research innovation and defects ... 6

2 Fundamentals of Impairment of Financial Assets ... 8

2.1 Overview of financial assets ... 8

2.1.1 Definition of financial assets ... 8

2.1.2 Classification of Financial Assets ... 8

2.2 Overview the theory of financial assets impairment ...

9

2.2.1 Impairment of financial assets ... 10

2.2.2 Recognition and measurement of impairment of financial assets ... 10

2.2.3 procyclical and cliff effects ... 10

2.3 Characteristics of Financial Assets and their current system ofimpairment in China and Their Current Impairment ... 11

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2.3.1 Characteristics of financial assets of commercial banks . 11

2.3.2 Current impairment system of commercial banks ... 2

3 Review and evaluation of financial asset impairment model

... 4

3.1 Incurred loss model ... 4

3.1.1 The main content of incurred loss model ... 4

3.1.2 The problems of incurred loss model ... 14

3.2 Expected cash flow model ... 17

3.2.1 The main content of expected cash flow model ... 17

3.2.2 Simulation application of expected cash flow model .... 18

3.2.3 Valuation of the application and impacts of expected cash flow model ... 25

3.3 Other financial asset impairment models ... 25

3.3.1 Good account and bad account model ... 5

3.3.2 Three-group model ... 26

3.3.3 Current expected credit loss model ... 26

4 Overview and simulation application of expected credit loss

model ... 28

4.1 The main content of expected credit loss model ... 28

4.1.1 The applicable limits of the expected credit loss model 28 4.1.2 The method of expected credit loss model ... 28

4.2 Comparison of expected credit loss model with Incurred loss model ... 29

4.3 Simulation application of expected credit loss model ... 30

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4.3.1 The first phase of the financial asset ... 30

4.3.2 The second phase of the financial asset ... 32

4.3.3 The third phase of the financial asset ... 33

4.3.4 Simulation conclusions ... 34

4.4 Evaluation of expected credit loss model ... 6

4.4.1 Advantages of expected credit loss model ... 6

4.4.2 Weaknesses of expected credit loss model ... 7

4.5 The Application of Credit Loss Model in China‘s Commercial Banks ... 9

5 Impact of the application of credit loss model to China's

commercial banks ... 40

5.1 Current status of financial asset impairment of China’s commercial banks ... 40

5.2 Use the expected credit loss model to measure impairment ... 42

5.2.1 Selection ofr the parameter of impairment calculation . 42 5.2.2 The method of simplified calculation of impairment .... 42

5.3 Analysis of the results of the applying the expected credit loss model to simply calculate impairment ... 44

5.3.1 Simplified calculation results of impairment for three sample banks ... 44

5.3.2 Comparision of the simplified calculation results of impairment ... 7

5.4 Analysis of the impact of using the expected credit loss model ... 9

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5.4.1 Banks will face greater capital replenishment pressures and adjust product pricing policy ... 9

5.4.2 Banks will adjust the credit asset structure and make loans carefully ... 9

5.4.3 The impact on the financial position of the bank will be limited ... 50

6 Challenges and countermeasures of implementing new model of

commercial banks in China ... 51

6.1 Challenges faced by China's commercial banks in implementing the expected credit loss model ... 51 6.1.1 Establishing a sound credit risk internal evaluation system need to be resolved ... 51

6.1.2 The construction of the database is urgent ... 51

6.1.3 Challenges for risk management and financial regulation in banks ... 52

6.1.4 The preparation of the new model before the implementation is difficult and urgent ... 52

6.2 Restrictions on China 's Commercial Banks ... 53 6.2.1 Advancing the restructuring of credit assets ... 53

6.2.2 Improving credit asset pricing system with interest rate marketization ... 53

6.2.3 To strengthen the risk management level and realize the credit risk quantitative analysis ... 54

6.2.4 Strengthening internal control and improving internal supervision mechanism ... 54

6.2.5 improving the overall quality of professional staff .... 54

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第一章 绪论

第一章

绪论

1.1 研究背景及意义

1.1.1 研究背景 2008 年全球金融危机爆发,公允价值计量和金融资产减值会计广受批判和 质疑,金融机构及金融监管部门认为现行的金融资产减值模型——已发生损失模

型(Incurred Loss Model,简称ILM)具有明显的“顺周期效应”。因此,为应对

社会公众的质疑、缓解金融危机,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)和美国财务会

计准则委员会(FASB)决定共同探索金融资产减值新模型,以解决“已发生损失

模型”的顺周期、递延确认等问题。

2009年5月,IASB和FASB启动IFRS 9项目以替代IAS 39准则,包括分

类和计量、减值以及套期会计三个部分,并于同年 11 月公布第一次征求意见稿

《金融工具:摊余成本和减值》,提出了预期损失模型(Expected Loss Model, ELM)的概念。2014年7 月24日,IASB确定了金融资产减值模型的最新成果 ——预期信用损失模型(Expected Credit Loss,ECL),正式纳入《国际财务报告 准则第9号金融工具》(IFRS 9)准则,并在国际上于2018年1月1日起实施。 在稳步推进我国企业会计准则持续国际趋同以及充分考虑发展我国实际情 况的基础上,2017年 3月 31日,我国财政部修订了《企业会计准则第 22号— —金融工具确认和计量》,内容与IFRS 9基本无异,并要求在境内外同时上市的 企业以及在境外上市并采用国际财务报告准则或企业会计准则编制财务报告的 企业,自2018年1月1日起施行;其他境内上市企业自2019年1月1日起施行; 执行企业会计准则的非上市企业自2021年1月1日起施行,同时,鼓励企业提 前执行。而对于金融资产占比很高的我国银行业,随着其信贷资产规模的不断扩 大,金融资产减值模型的更替将对我国银行业产生较大冲击。 1.1.2 研究意义 截至 2016年末,我国共有 16家商业银行(占上市商业银行的 61.54%)在 香港上市或同时在香港和内地上市,这部分银行具有自 2018 年 1 月 1 日起落 实企业会计准则第22号的实际压力,而22号准则的实质内容与IFRS 9无异。 目前,对于IFRS 9准则的研究比较充分且在境外或境内外同时上市的商业银行 已按照IFRS 9着手准备金融资产减值新模型的实施。但IFRS 9对金融资产减值

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金融资产减值模型在我国商业银行的应用与影响分析 2 模型的运用仅作了基础介绍,缺乏具体且切实可行的操作指南,在实际操作中将 存在较多不确定性,这已经在我国各商业银行的前期准备工作中显现。因此,深 入研究金融资产减值模型理论、应用以及实际运用后对我国商业银行的影响,具 有重要的指导意义: 一方面,为我国落实修订的金融资产减值准则、实现国际趋同奠定了理论基 石。随着金融产品的不断丰富,相关的计算准则逐渐显现出滞后性,而金融资产 预期信用损失模型则是 IASB 为适应当前金融环境研究的最新产物。跟踪 IASB 的最新研究成果,并结合我国国情提出建设性意见,对我国实施金融资产减值模 型具有重要的现实意义; 另一方面,为我国商业银行运用预期信用损失模型和加强风险管理提供参 考。由2015 年我国上市商业银行年报可知,金融资产中以摊余成本计量的部分 约 89.69%,即将推广的新模型对我国商业银行的影响不容忽视,因此,基于我 国商业银行相关数据,对金融资产减值模型进行深入研究并分析其对我国商业银 行的影响,这将推动我国商业银行的稳健持续发展,并进一步加强风险管理。

1.2 文献综述

1.2.1 国外研究现状 国外学者早期就已发现目前实施的已发生损失模型存在顺周期效应。美国证 券交易委员会(Security and Exchange Commission,SEC)对所研究的样本在2008 年前三季度计提减值准备1,210亿元,减少权益13%,但在2006-2007年计提减 值准备270亿元和620亿元,分别减少权益3%和5%[1]。可以看出,贷款损失准 备的计提数在金融危机爆发前后存在巨大差异,具有明显的顺周期性。因此,在 金融危机之后,IASB 和FASB联合成立金融危机咨询小组,研究改进现行的金 融资产减值模型,以克服其顺周期性等缺陷。 2009 年11 月,IASB 以简化和审慎为目的出台《国际财务报告准则第 9号 ——金融工具》(IFRS 9),对于金融资产减值的改革,准则首次提出了“预期损 失模型”以替代“已发生损失模型”,并指出对以摊余成本计量的金融工具以其未 来现金流量的现值确定其初始账面价值,同时考虑其预期信用损失的影响。 2011年,IASB和FASB达成一致,补充颁布了《金融工具:减值》准则, 指出金融资产减值应剥离利息部分,并使用特定的方法将预期信用损失平均分摊

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