GRADE 12
CIVIL
TECHNOLOGY
LEARNER
’S
G
UIDE
TE
CHNOL
OG
Y
- GR
ADE 12
- L
earner’
s Guide
CAPS
Civil Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN 978-1-77581-016-2 First published 2013
To copy any part of this publication, you may contact DALRO for information and copyright clearance. Any unauthorised copying could lead to civil liability and/or criminal sanctions.
Telephone: 086 12 DALRO (from within South Africa); +27 (0)11 712-8000 Telefax: +27 (0)11 403-9094
Postal Address: P O Box 31627, Braamfontein, 2017, South Africa
www.dalro.co.za Acknowledgement:
The authors would like to thank PERI scaffolding for the use of images.
Published by
Future Managers (Pty) Ltd
final editing. Contact Future Managers for more details on when final copies
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Chapter 1 – Practical Assessment Task ... 1
Chapter 2 – Safety ...51
Chapter 3 – Graphics and Communication ...61
Chapter 4 – Materials ...115
Chapter 5 – Equipment ...125
Chapter 6 – Applied Mechanics ...163
Chapter 7 – Construction ...225
Chapter 8 – Civil Services ...355
Chapter 9 – Quantities ...395
Chapter 10 – Joining ...425
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Chapter 1
The Practical Assessment Task
What is a Practical Assessment Task?
The Practical Assessment Task (PAT) involves the development of a design project that leads to the design and making of a product or model. This task must be in the form of a problem solution.
The PAT consists of a design portfolio, working drawings and a product/model, which must be completed over three terms. The PAT consists of the application and execution of the knowledge, skills and values in the Civil Technology curriculum. The PAT is implemented during the first three terms of the school year and must be undertaken as one extended task broken up into different phases or series of smaller activities making up the PAT.
What is a design portfolio?
A design portfolio is a document containing all information on a particular practical project. It is compiled in a particular sequence and tells the reader everything about that practical project. It is neatly bound and must be completed before the practical project may be constructed. It must contain all information so that any person can make it.
What are working drawings?
These are the drawing instructions needed for making the product or model. They consist of orthographic drawings and section drawings of the product to be made. The final working drawings as indicated in the marking memorandum will be assessed as part of the final product or model. These marks therefore form part of the product or model and count for 75 marks.
Computer-aided drawings must be done under the supervision of the educator.
What is a product or model?
This is the end product that is produced as a solution to the technological process. It can either be a full-scale product or a scale model of a product.
The technological process
The technological process encompasses all aspects of the design process, namely the identification of problems, needs and opportunities and generating possible solutions. It includes all the steps that need to be followed while generating and designing the solutions. The technological process is an interaction between that which is observed and a message that is sent to the brain; the brain finds a solution and the hands perform the task.
What is design?
Design is the art of creating something new out of an existing product, so that its looks and functionality are improved. The designer’s ideas are conceived through experiences in his or her own environment. Many new product ideas are generated
The technological process can be either linear or cyclical. This describe the various stages that the design process goes through. The stages don’t always follow a specific order during this process. However, when compiling a design portfolio, it is easier to follow the stages as set out in this chapter.
Layout of a design portfolio
You can use the following contents list to organise your design portfolio in such a way that it forms an effective, neat and accurate communication piece. All pages should be clearly numbered. The headings and sub-headings should be clearly indicated. The technical maintenance and presentation of the design portfolio is very important.
1. Compiling a design portfolio
1.1 All pages should numbered.
1.2 Every section should have clear headings and sub-headings. 1.3 Sketches can be done by hand, with instruments or by computer.
1.4 Letters, questionnaires and Internet downloads should all be included if they have been used.
1.5 Photos of every step of the manufacturing process could be included.
Stages in the compilation of a design portfolio
Assessment criteria Design process Description
Researching and collecting information
Situation • Can be a description or photo of a real-life problem • Is a brief description, clear and factual
• Is open to interpretation
• Indicates if it is a problem, need or opportunity. Analysis of the
situation • Analyse the situation by asking questions so as to develop a better understanding of the situation. • Identify key words and ideas.
• Analyse the situation to determine if it is a problem, need or opportunity. • Establish what the real problem is.
• Determine whether the situation has any limitations. • Who will use the facility?
• Do special concessions need to be made, for example, for the disabled. • What will the impact be on the environment?
• What safety measures does the design have to comply? Design proposal • Describe the design proposal without limiting creativity.
• Write a simple statement that provides a solution to a problem or opportunity. • It is brief and to the point.
• It reflects the actual problem, need or opportunity. • It indicates at whom the solution is aimed. • It indicates what the solution should be able to do. • Suggest possible solutions.
• Be clear and unambiguous.
Assessment criteria Design process Description Researching
and collecting information
Specifications • Is a detailed description of the criteria with which the product needs to comply with.
• Limitations in certain situations are depicted or indicated by the client – if it is not indicated, it does not necessarily mean it is not a limitation.
• The limitations serve as part of the specifications. • List all the criteria with which the design has to comply.
• Number specifications – it will help with the evaluation of the solution. • Specifications serve as criteria during the development of the design, as well as
for the evaluation and testing of the final product. • Specifications can include:
– aesthetic appearance
– environmental aspects (considerations) – disabled-friendly
– costs
– Is the product safe to use? – How suitable is it for use?
Investigations • Collect photos of the design from books and magazines (these photos form part of the design portfolio).
• Do some research by gathering new knowledge and information about the problem.
• Use a variety of research methods to expand your understanding and knowledge of the subject and ultimately to gain knowledge on how to solve the problem.
• Primary research is information that is derived from the opinions of others – obtained through interviews, questionnaires, correspondence, telephone calls, e-mails, text messages, etc.
• Secondary research is information about the subject that already exists – obtained through consulting books, reference books, encyclopaedias, the Internet, etc.
• Compile a list for the bibliography of all the people and books you consulted.
Generating and/or designing possible solutions
Generation of ideas • Sketch several different solutions for the problem, need or opportunity. • Sketch possible ideas and annotate they sketches (dimensions and notes). • Add explanatory notes to the sketches.
• Evaluate every possible solution to see if it meets the specifications, by listing all the advantages and disadvantages.
• A grading scale can be used on the specifications and other criteria in order to determine the best option.
Development of
the best idea • Decide (and give reasons for) which solution or combination of solutions should be developed as a final idea. • Develop the preferred solution by listing the following details that are needed
to produce the solution:
– main dimensions and other important dimensions – construction details
– materials and where they will be used – what type of finish will be used
– safety measures that should be followed to ensure the safety of workers. • After this step, the orthographic drawings can be produced.
Working drawings • Working drawings are the instructions from the draughtsman to the artisan and should contain all the information necessary to make the product. • Working drawings are usually done orthographically.
• They are not marked as part of the design portfolio.
• The standard of the learners’ orthographic drawings should be such that they can be handed in to the municipality for approval.
Assessment criteria Design process Description Developing best/
preferred solution Materials list and bill of quantities • Identify the materials that should be used.• Use working drawings to compile a bill of quantities.
Work procedure
and time schedules • Specify the tools and equipment needed to create the structure in a real-life situation. • Pay attention to the construction and safety processes that need to be followed
during manufacturing.
• Briefly describe the steps that should be followed to make the scale model. The steps should follow a logical sequence and should be clearly set out.
• Use the correct terminology. • Compile a time schedule per quarter. Product
manufacture • Convert the final idea into a product.• Sometimes the processes and constructions don’t go according to plan. Record these changes and the reasons for them and apply these changes to the product. • Use core tasks (short, practical, focused activities) to acquire the necessary
knowledge and skills needed to make the product.
Evaluating product
or model Evaluation • Apply the formative evaluation to every step in the development of the solution.
• Apply summative assessment of the final product by evaluating each design specification.
• Evaluate the final product against the needs and specifications by asking questions. The questions and answers must be meaningful so that they can be used in future evaluations.
• Identify deficiencies in the process, strengths and weaknesses in the design, which problems were experienced and how they were resolved.
• Is the product effective for use as well as cost-effective?
• Evaluate how appropriate the materials, procedures, techniques and processes were that were used to build the scale model.
• Was the planning effective? • Was time used efficiently?
• What lessons were learnt and how can they be applied to improve the product if it should be made again?
Testing • Apply summative assessment of the end product by testing the product to determine whether it does what it is supposed to do.
Assessment criteria Design process Description Presenting design
portfolio Communication media • Communicate the problem-solving process in text form by writing it out by hand or typing it up on a computer.
• Communicate the problem-solving process graphically through sketches, instrument drawings, photos, photocopies and stencils.
• Communicate the problem-solving process through a scale model of the product.
Title page Is usually completed last. Should indicate the following: • Name of school
• Name of learner • Grade
• Year • Suitable title
• Suitable title page illustration Contents page Is completed second-last.
• Is done on a separate page • Shows all sections • Shows all subsections • Shows all page numbers
• Ensure that the page numbers on the contents page correspond with those in the document
Source list/
bibliography • Also needs to be completed on a separate page.• Reference/source lists should be done completely and correctly. At least three of the following sources, recorded correctly, should be listed: • At least four reference books
• At least two personal interviews with, for example, a teacher, client, architect, quantity surveyor, etc.
• Websites • Magazines • Newspaper articles • Video recordings • Television • Radio programmes
Researching and collecting information
You will achieve this when you are able to:
• identify a need or problem in a real-life situation • describe a situation
• analyse a situation
• give a brief description of what the best solution is to the problem (design proposal)
• gather information through research
• analyse the problem and compile specifications and limitations.
Every product that exists today is a result of a need or problem that had to be solved. When compiling a design portfolio, you first need to identify the problem or need. Then you need to describe the problem (situation), which is followed by the design proposal. The design proposal is a brief description of what needs to be
Research methods could include:
• Information obtained from books, magazines, the Internet, television, etc. • Questionnaires
• An interview with your teacher or any other knowledgeable person • Observation and experimentation
• Correspondence with companies where you ask for free brochures and other relevant information
• Market research.
After the problem has been analysed, you need to determine the specifications for the product design, taking into consideration any limitations on the design. The specifications and limitations are detailed descriptions of the criteria that product needs to conform to and can be used later to test and evaluate the product.
Example of a letter Construction School 12 Plaster Street CEMENT TOWN 4935 1 January 2012 Free House Plans
P.O. Box 345 HOME TOWN 3589
Dear Sir/Madam
BROCHURE: PLANS
I receive weekly e-mails from you, allowing access to your website where building plans for different types of houses are available free of charge.
As a Civil Technology learner, I find the articles about the building industry and the building plans which you provide most informative. We, as Grade 12 learners, have to design and make a structure up to wall plate height as our Practical Assessment Task.
I would like to inquire whether you have examples of such building plans on your web pages, in books or on CD. Should you have such examples, I would like to request that you make them available to our school, free of charge, to be used as a research source.
Your kind consideration of this request would mean the world to us as learners.
Thanking you in anticipation. Yours sincerely
The technological process
The technological process involves all the steps to be taken in designing and manufacturing or completing a product or project. In this Learning Outcome you will expand the knowledge and skills you have already gained in previous grades. This year you are going to identify and investigate, design, manufacture and evaluate relevant Civil Technology products and/or projects and then
communicate your results using various media and appropriate terminology. Example:
The drawing shows a bedroom. Study the drawing and: • describe the situation that exists here
• write a suitable design brief
• indicate some basic specifications and limitations • write to a firm for information.
Solution:
What did you see in the bedroom? The bedside lamp, alarm clock, mug and book are all on the ground next to the bed. These items are difficult to reach and make the floor look untidy.
Now design and make an object that can house the bedside lamp, alarm clock, mug and book. Base your design on information obtained by letter for instance.
Example of a letter:
Your address Company’s address
Dear Sir/Madam
FREE FURNITURE BROCHURE
Your address Wall Book Alarm clock Coffee mug Bedside lamp Wall Pillow Duvet/blankets Bed
Specifications and limitations
Now compile a list of specifications and limitations that describe the bedside cabinet more clearly. What should the cabinet look like?
• It should be about as high as the bed.
• There must be sufficient space on top for a lamp, alarm clock and mug. • It must have a drawer to hold books.
• The type of timber and finish must match the bedroom cupboard.
• The maximum dimensions are to be: 500 mm tall, 450 mm wide and 400 mm deep.
• It must be able to be finished in five days.
• Material and fittings must not cost more than R300,00.
Activity 1
1. Name all the types of research you can do.
2. As a draughtsperson, you have to design a house for a client. Compile a questionnaire that you would use to gather the necessary information. 3. Collect pictures from books and magazines of a house you would like to
build for yourself one day and arrange them in order of preference. 4. The drawings below show various situations. Study them and:
4.1 describe the needs depicted there
4.2 write a suitable design brief – indicate some specifications and limitations only.
5. Identify a problem or need at your home or school and write a design brief for solving it.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Generating design ideas
You will achieve this when you are able to:
• develop innovative and original solutions based on the specifications • generate alternative solutions/designs for solving a problem
• convey your solutions graphically
• critically analyse proposed solutions by naming their advantages and disadvantages
• identify and motivate the best solution in relation to the design brief • develop the preferred solution in detail.
Keep the following aspects in mind when you generate and/or design solutions:
• Find ideas in photos, drawings and reference books.
• Hold group discussions and brainstorming sessions for discussing ideas. • Make sure that the ideas meet the design brief.
• See if the ideas meet the predetermined specifications. • See if the ideas are feasible in practice.
• Are the ideas financially viable?
• Evaluate ideas by listing the advantages and disadvantages of each.
• Decide which idea will best meet the design brief and motivate the final choice. • Develop the preferred solution in more detail.
• Draw a sketch showing the final dimensions, appearance, materials, etc.
During this process, you must put down any idea that occurs to you. An apparently simple or impossible idea may lead to a useful design. The more possible solutions you can put down, the bigger the chance of a good final solution. Remember to insert notes explaining all the ideas. Dimensions for the ideas are also indispensable as they will determine whether the design is both viable and attractive.
The sketch may be in two or three dimensions (2D or 3D) and done freehand, mechanically or as a computer-aided design (CAD).
To pick the preferred solution, the best solution (idea) from all the ideas generated is considered. This can be done by weighing up all the advantages and disadvantages of each or comparing the ideas with each other, using a set of criteria. A motivation for justifying the preferred solution must be part of the process.
The working drawings, i.e. the detailed setting-out of the design for the artisan by a draughtsperson, is then made from the best idea.
The table below can be used for comparing various solutions.
Criteria Idea
1 Idea2 Idea3
Best solution for the problem Meets the specifications/limitations Affordability
Appearance Size Modelling
Total
Use the following rating: Excellent: 5 Good 4 Average 3 Poor: 2 Very poor 1
The idea scoring the highest mark is the idea that should be developed.
Example:
The following sketches show various designs for a bathroom cabinet designed by a student for his/her flat. He/she approaches you for the best solution. Complete the following table to see which idea provides the best solution.
Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3
Mirror on inside of door Mirror which moves
Use the following rating: Excellent 5 Good 4 Average 3 Poor 2 Very poor 1
Criteria Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3
Best solution for the problem 2 4 4
Appearance 2 3 4
Size 3 4 4
Degree of difficulty to make 2 3 4
User-friendly 4 3 4
Affordable 4 3 3
Total 17 20 23
Idea 3 is the preferred solution to be developed.
Activity 2
1. The security guard, who controls the entry of visitors at the school gate, has nowhere to sit. Design a structure that will provide shelter and protection. 2. Name the sources you would use to find ideas.
3. Identify the specifications and limitations to be considered in designing the solution.
4. Sketch three possible solutions and show the advantages and disadvantages of each idea. Attach captions and dimensions to the sketch.
5. Pick the best solution and motivate your final choice.
6. The sketches below show three wall units for displaying ornaments. Complete the following table and determine which idea offers the best
solution.
Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3
Criteria Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3
Best solution for the problem Appearance
Size
Degree of difficulty to make User-friendly
Affordable
Total
Use the following rating: Excellent 5
Good 4 Average 3 Poor 2 Very poor 1
7. The owner of a dwelling asks you to convert his existing double garage into a flat. The outside dimensions of the garage are 6 440 mm × 6 440 mm.
• Identify the required specifications for the owner. • Develop various design ideas.
• Name the advantages and disadvantages of each design. • Show your preferred solution.
• Motivate your choice.
8. The floor plan of an RDP house is provided. The owner wishes to use dry walls (stone walls) to divide the house into separate rooms. Design and draw one possible solution that would make provision for a kitchen, bathroom, living room and two bedrooms.
During this stage of the design process, planning the manufacturing of the product is addressed. The detailed working drawings are used to compile bills of materials, quantities and costs. All tools that will be used in practice must also be indicated. The manufacturing process must also be set out in logical steps and must include an estimate of the time required for each step.
A start can now be made with manufacturing the products. Photos, sketches or descriptions can be used to show the product at various stages.
The realisation of the product is assessed separately.
Example of quantity list
The external measurements of a building is 10 800 mm × 6 500 mm and it has a hipped roof. Calculate the quantity of bricks needed for the beam filling. The beam filling is 225 mm high.
Solution:
Steps: A B C D
Calculate the centre line of the beam filling. Beam filling: Centre line: 2/10 800 = 21 600 2/6 500 = 13 000 Total = 34 600 Minus: 4/110
Centre line is 34,16 m long Calculate the area
of the beam-filling wall by multiplying the centre line by the height of the beam filling.
1/ 34,16
0,225 7,69 m2 Area of beam filling:Height of beam filling = 225 mm
Area of wall for beam filling = 7,69 m2
Multiply the area of the beam-filling wall by the number of bricks per square metre for a half-brick wall.
1/ 7,69 m2
50 384,3 bricks Number of bricks:50 bricks per m² for a half-brick wall Thus 385 bricks are required for the beam filling.
Example of a table for indicating work procedure Name of part/ item Procedure Pl anne d c om pl et io n d at e Act ua l c om ple tio n d at e Pl anne d no . o f p eri ods Ac tu al p eri ods Comments/ remarks
Activity 3
1. The framework of a bathroom cabinet is shown. The dimensions of the cabinet are: height = 535 mm, width = 435 mm,
depth = 240 mm. The drawer opening is 65 mm and all timber thicknesses are 16 mm.
1.1 Compile a bill of materials and costs for the timber needed for making only the
framework. The price of meranti is R556,00 per square metre.
1.2 Draw up a working procedure with time schedule for making the framework.
Evaluation
You will have reached this assessment standard when you are able to:
• evaluate and test the product to see if it meets the design brief • suggest improvements to the product.
To determine whether a product satisfies the purpose for which it has been designed, the product must be evaluated and tested. During evaluation, critical questions are raised around the procedures required for manufacturing the product. The answers to these questions must be honest and meaningful.
The following questions must be asked:
• Does the design meet the specifications and limitations? • What are the product’s strong points?
• What are the weaknesses and shortcomings of the design and how can they be solved?
• How suitable were the materials, procedures, techniques and processes used? • Has the time been productively used?
Certain tests must be conducted to see if the design meets its intended purpose. For example, to ensure that all the specified items fit into the product, they must all be physically placed into it.
Evaluation and testing must be done at all stages. In this way problems can be identified timeously and corrected.
Use your question and answer brainstorming sessions to suggest improvements to the product.
Activity 4
1. Evaluate the layout of your Civil Technology centre and identify its strengths, shortcomings and any problems you have experienced.
To present solutions with a variety of
communication media
You will have reached this assessment standard when you are able to:
• select and apply suitable technologies for combining graphics and text.
The technological process is described in the design portfolio. Suitable technologies such as computers, photocopiers, drawing and writing templates and audio-visual aids can be used for communicating text and drawings.
The following technologies can be used for presenting your design portfolio in a tasteful manner:
• hand-written text with photocopies
• computers for written text, drawings and photographs
• computers for written text and drawings and photos that are then photocopied • audio-visual recordings combining text and graphics
• drawing and writing templates can be used to ensure that freehand drawings and writing have a neat, professional appearance.
Setting out a design portfolio
Organising a design portfolio in such a way that it becomes an effective, neat and correct communication can be simplified with the use of the following index. All pages must be clearly numbered and headings and sub-headings must be clearly indicated. The technical editing and presentation of the design portfolio is very important, 1. Title page 2. Index 3. Problem/need 3.1 Identification of problem 3.2 Design brief 3.3 Investigations 3.4 Specifications 3.5 Limitations 4. Ideas
4.1 Ideas are generated 4.2 The best idea is selected 4.3 Working drawings 5. Manufacturing the product
5.1 Bill of materials, quantities and costs 5.2 Working procedure and time schedule 6. Evaluating the product
6.1 Evaluation 6.2 Testing 7. Bibliography
General hints:
• All sources must be included in one list. • All sources must be arranged alphabetically. • Books are listed according to the authors (writers).
• Other sources are listed according to the title or name of the source.
• The titles of books, magazines, television or radio programmes and videos are always underlined, when the assignment is handwritten or otherwise typed in italics.
• Guidelines to listing sources:
Please note where the full stops (.), commas (,), colons (:), &, inverted commas (“ ”) and brackets (< >) are placed when the source is listed.
• Book that has one author
Surname, name or initials. Year of publication. Title. Place: Publisher.
• Book that has two authors
Surname, name or initials & surname. Year of publication. Title. Place: Publisher. • Book that has more than two authors
Surname, name or initials & et al. Year of publication. Title. Place: Publisher.
• Magazine article or a newspaper report
Surname of journalist, name or initials, year of publication, newspaper heading. Name of magazine/newspaper and date: page references.
• Personal interviews
Surname of interviewee, his/her name or initials. Job description, name of firm, subject of interview, date of interview, contact number, city or town.
• Website
Title, website <electronic address> [date downloaded]
Example of bibliography
Barker, B.J. 1993. The South African Book Of House Plans. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
De Villiers, L. 2006. South African House Plans. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. Free house plans <http://www.smartdraw.com> [12 February 2011].
Free house plans <http://ezinearticles.com> [18 February 2011].
Gelderblom, E. Parents. Tesnasdal, 25 January 2011. 023 348 2000. Worcester. Grobbelaar, A. 2006. Building Construction and Graphic Standards. Jeffereys Bay: Anglo Rand.
Huisamen, T. Siviele Tegnologie Onderwyser, Building Focus Secondary School. Compilation of a Design Portfolio, 14 February 2012, 079 234 5678. Builder’s Hope.
Activity 5
1. Design a title page for your design portfolio for a carport.
2. Compile a technically correct bibliography to indicate the following sources that were used for research purposes:
• Two books: one has one author and one has more than one author • One magazine
Grade 12 Civil Technology 201... Practical Assessment Task (PAT)
Instructions to the learner Time allowed: 1st–3rd terms
Name of learner:
NB: This document and assessment matrices must be bound into the design portfolio.
Instructions to the learner:
• This Practical Assessment Task counts 25% towards your final promotion mark. • All work that you deliver must be your own.
• All sources used must be acknowledged.
• Calculations must be clear and must include units. • Calculations must be rounded off to THREE decimals.
• Drawings may be hand-drawn (use drawing instruments) or done in CAD. No photocopies or scanned information or drawings are allowed.
• Photographs in black and white or colour may be used, scanned photos may be used. • SI units must be used.
• The use of recycled material is allowed.
• Changes made during the simulation of the product are to be noted and placed in the design portfolio. • The instructions to the learner and assessment instruments must be included in the back of the design
portfolio.
• Study your assessment matrices for the design portfolio and product as well as the marking memorandum for the working drawings so that you are aware of how your work is to be assessed.
• The marking memorandum for the working drawings must be stapled to your working drawings. • Learners may use electronic equipment, i.e. cellphones, digital cameras and the like, where available for
documenting their progress.
• Drawings or sketches can be drawn on the same writing page or on a separate drawing sheet. • Use captions and explanatory notes to explain the sketches.
• The product/model may not be removed from the classroom and must be stored in a safe place when
not being worked on.
What is a Practical Assessment Task?
The Practical Assessment Task (PAT) comprises the development of a design project that leads to the design and production of a product or model. This assignment must involve problemsolving.
The PAT comprises a design portfolio, working drawings and a product/model that must be completed over a period of three terms.
Design portfolio
A design portfolio is a document that contains all the information regarding a particular, practical project. It is compiled in a particular sequence and it provides the reader with all the details regarding the practical project. It must be neatly bound and completed before the practical project may be constructed. It must contain all the necessary information to enable anyone who reads it to produce the product.
Mark allocation:
Design portfolio: 25% 62½ marks Orthographic drawings: 25% 62½ marks Product/model: 50% 125 marks TOTAL: 100% 250 marks Scenario
A recent graduate, who has just entered the labour market, decides to build an apartment rather than rent one. The apartment must be designed in a way that allows it to be developed into a complete, medium-sized dwelling at a later stage. The design of the apartment must include the developments/expansions intended for the finished dwelling. As a Grade 12 Civil Technology student, you are approached to design the apartment, draw the plans and build a scale model.
1. Specifications
• The plot is 25 × 25 metres.
• The apartment must have a bedroom, open-plan kitchen, living-room and bathroom.
2. Develop and compile a design portfolio by following the technological processes which include the following:
2.1 Describe the situation/need/opportunity. 2.2 Write a design brief.
2.3 List the specifications. 2.4 List the limitations.
2.5 Do research by conducting interviews, compiling questionnaires, making use of correspondence, the Internet, books, magazines, etc.
2.6 Generate at least three floor plans, with explanatory notes, of the apartment. Evaluate each floor plan, choose the best one and motivate your choice.
2.7 Develop the preferred plan by further expounding one of the following options: 2.7.1 Option one:
• Set out the selected floor plan of the apartment. • Draw the four views of the apartment.
• Compile a list of materials required to build the actual apartment.
• Compile a list of the tools and equipment required to build the actual apartment. • Set out the steps and time schedule needed to construct the simulated apartment. • Use the four-column method (dimension paper) and calculate:
– The number of bricks needed for the construction of the building. 2.7.2 Option two:
• Set out the selected floor plan of only the apartment. • Draw a sectional elevation of the dwelling.
• Set out the steps and time schedule needed to construct the roof of the apartment. • Compile a list of the tools and equipment needed to construct the actual roof. • Use the four-column method (dimension paper) and calculate:
– The number of bricks needed for the construction of the building. 2.7.3 Option three:
• Set out the selected floor plan of only the apartment.
• Draw the site plan and include the layout of the sewage system of the dwelling. • Provide a sectional drawing of the sewage system.
• Set out the steps and the time schedule needed to complete the sewage layout and the construction of the external walls of the apartment.
2.10 Proof of research: e.g. letters received; quotations of costs, Internet research, etc.
2.11 Learner’s assignment and assessment tools used for evaluation of the design portfolio, scale drawings and product/model.
2.12 Design a cover for your design portfolio. 2.13 Compile an index/table of contents. 2.14 Complete the statement of authenticity.
2.15 Present the design portfolio – include the assignment and the assessment tools. 3. Draw the final work drawings for the option that you have chosen to expound. Option one:
Design and draw, using an appropriate scale: • The floor plan of the apartment
• The north, south, west and east elevations of the apartment
• Using the correct colour codes, as prescribed by the National Building Regulations/SANS 10400, colour code all the elevations appropriately.
Option two:
Design and draw, using an appropriate scale: • The floor plan of the apartment
• The vertical sectional view of the apartment
• Using the correct colour codes, as prescribed by the National Building Regulations/SANS 10400, colour code the elevation appropriately.
Option three:
Design and draw, using an appropriate scale: • The floor plan of the apartment
• The site plan, including the sewage plan and a sectional drawing of the sewage system • The vertical sectional view of a manhole that illustrates its construction and details
• Using the correct colour codes, as prescribed by the National Building Regulations/SANS 10400, colour-code the elevation appropriately.
All your drawings should preferably be executed on A3 drawing paper and provided with measurements, labels, notes and scales.
Drawings must also meet the minimum requirements determined by the SANS/SABS 10400 (National Building Regulations) and SANS/SABS 0143 Building Drawing Practice.
Use the criteria provided in the marking memorandum applicable to your option as guideline for your drawings.
4. After completing the working drawings, build a scale model of the option you have selected. Option one:
4.1 Build a scale model of the apartment. The scale model must include the following:
• All the walls, windows and doors of the apartment • All the floor and wall cabinets
• The complete layout of the kitchen. Option two:
4.2 Build a scale model of the upper section of the roof. The scale model must include the following:
• A section of the walls beneath the roof of the apartment
Example of a design portfolio
CIVIL TECHNOLOGY
DESIGN PORTFOLIO FOR AN APARTMENT
NAME: GABRIELLE FRANSMAN GRADE: 12 B
YEAR: 2012
SCHOOL: BUILDING SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATOR: MR T HUISAMEN
South elevation
Scale 1:100 West elevationScale 1:100 East elevationScale 1:100
North elevation Scale 1:100 Floor plan Scale 1:100 Kitchen Bedroom Lounge Window schedule
CONTENTS
1. PRESENTATION 1.1 Title page
1.2 Contents
1.3 Learner’s recording sheet for the design portfolio 1.4 Statement of authenticity
2. DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROPOSAL
2.1 Situation 1
2.2 Design brief/proposal 1 2.3 Specifications and limitations 1 3. INVESTIGATION AND ANALYTICAL INFORMATION
3.1 Variety of research methods:
3.1.1 Interviewing the client 2
3.1.2 Questionnaire 2
3.1.3 Interviewing educator 4 3.1.4 Relevant photos of design 4
3.1.5 Research – books 5
3.1.6 Brief 5
3.1.7 Internet research 6
3.1.8 Building regulations – local authority 6 4. DEVELOPING DESIGN IDEAS
4.1 Possible solutions 8
4.2 Evaluation of possible solutions 8 4.3 Motivation of preferred choice 9 5. COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS
5.1 Developing the preferred solution 10
5.2 Material list 11
5.3 List of tools and equipment 12 5.5 Steps for constructing the product 14
5.6 Time schedule 14
5.7 Quantity list 15
6. EVALUATING THE PRODUCT OR MODEL
6.1 Evaluation: questions and answers 17 6.2 Results of testing the product or model 17 7. Bibliography 19 8. Addendum
8.1 Internet resources 8.2 Instructions to learners
8.3 Matrix for assessment of the design portfolio 8.4 Matrix for assessment of the final product
Grade 12 Civil Technology 201... Record sheet: Design portfolio
Place this sheet in the front of the design portfolio.
Name of student:
Term 1
Assessment criteria Design process Comment Mark out
of 7 Marks achieved
Development of
design brief: Describe situation
Write design proposal Specifications and limitations
Investigation and analytical information:
A variety of research methods such as:
Interviews Questionnaire
Find suitable photographs and mount them Explain purpose of photos
Write a letter to request information References, e.g. building regulations, etc.
Development of
design ideas: Sketch at least three ideas of possible solutions
The advantages and disadvantages of each idea Pick the best idea and motivate your choice (first choice)
Communication of
ideas: Develop the preferred solution by furnishing more details
Compile a list of materials that will be needed to produce the solution in real life
Compile a list of materials and equipment for the actual production
Describe the steps needed for making the scale model Draw up a time schedule for making the scale model Calculating quantities
Term 2
Working drawings: Front, left and top view
Cross-section view West view East view
Term 3 Evaluation of
production of model:
Evaluate the scale model by asking questions whether the aspects indicated in these criteria have been achieved
Evaluate the product and see whether it meets the criteria
Presentation: Title page
Contents page Bibliography Addendum
Total for design portfolio out of ...: Converted total out of 25
STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY CIVIL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK
NAME OF SCHOOL: NAME OF LEARNER: NAME OF EDUCATOR:
I hereby declare that the Practical Assessment Task submitted by me for assessment is my own original work and that it has not been submitted for moderation before.
SIGNATURE OF LEARNER:
DATE:
To my knowledge, the above statement by the candidate is true and I accept that the work submitted is her/ his own work.
Developing a design proposal
1. Situation/Need
A single graduate has decided to include the construction of an apartment in his financial planning. Since he has only just entered the labour market, he does not qualify for a home loan. He can provide security for a personal loan in order to build the apartment.
As a Grade 12 Civil Technology student, I was approached to design the apartment, draw the plans and build a scale model of the apartment.
2. Design brief
Design an affordable apartment to meet the requirements of a graduate. The apartment must be large enough to for him/her to receive his/her parents, family and friends.
3. Specifications
3.1 Single-storey house
3.2 Must be aesthetically pleasing
3.3 Area of the apartment must not exceed 60 m2
3.4 Size of plot: 25 m × 25 m
3.5 Apartment must have the following rooms: • 1 Bedroom
• Open-plan kitchen with living area • Bathroom
• Toilet
3.6 Municipal water and sewage connections are available 3.7 ESKOM electricity connection is available
3.8 The type of soil – good quality gravel 3.9 Must be environmentally friendly 3.10 Must be accessible to disabled persons
4. Limitations
4.1 Must be affordable for the graduate 4.2 Only municipal sewage system available
Investigation and analytical information
Selection of research methods:
Interviews Questionnaires
Research: books, magazines, Internet, etc. Letter
Building regulations
1. Research: Interviewing client
The following questions were put to my client during an interview:
Question: How much are you willing to spend on the construction of this apartment? Answer: Up to R160 000,00.
Question: The estimated building cost per square metre is approximately R3 500,00. That means that the area of the house will be approximately 45m2 square metres. Would it be all right if the house
were designed according to these figures? Answer: Yes.
Question: Does the Surveyor-General have a diagram of the premises? Answer: No.
Question: May I request it? And who is the surveyor?
Answer: Yes. The surveyors are ABC Surveyors, located at 146 Land Street.
Question: Do you want to convert the apartment to a full, medium-sized dwelling in the future? Answer: No.
Question: Do you have any suggestions regarding the apartment, as well as ideas for expanding? Answer: No.
Question: Do you have any specific needs that have to be addressed? Answer: No.
2. Research by means of a questionnaire for client to complete
The client completed the questionnaire provided here in order to provide more information regarding the design of the apartment.
Questionnaire regarding the design of the apartment
Please complete the questionnaire in as much detail as possible
Interviewer: G. K. Fransman Date: 25 January 2012
2.1 Personal details of client Client: Miss T. Sanetha
2.2 Information regarding planned apartment
Indicate your choice by ticking in the relevant spaces.
Shape of the dwelling:
Rectangular L-shaped Other (specify) Open-plan (specify which rooms): Kitchen and living room Single-storey Double-storey
Clay stone Face brick Cement brick Cement blocks Flat roof with parapet walls Pitched roof Closed eaves Closed eaves Open eaves
Roof tiles Corrugated sheet IBR Thatch Other (specify)
Steel window frames Wooden window frames Aluminium window frames Single garage Double garage Carport
Adjoining garage/carport Separate garage/carport Wooden garage doors Steel garage doors Wooden stairs Concrete stairs
Plastic gutters and downpipes Fibre-cement gutters and downpipes
Laminated wood fascia boards Fibre-cement fascia boards Other (specify) Fibreglass swimming pool Concrete swimming pool
Outdoor braai Indoor braai Fireplace
2.3 Planning of flat
Description Internal
measurements in mm Area Type of floor cover Number of wall plugs Fixed fittings per room
Bedroom 1 4 000 × 3 670 14,68 m2 Laminated floors 1 Built-in cupboards
Kitchen 4 000 × 2 500 10,0 m2 Tiles 4 Built-in cupboards/
Sink/breakfast nook Living room 4 000 × 3 280 13,12 m2 Tiles 3 None
Bathroom and
toilet 4 000 × 1 000 4,0 m
2 Tiles None B/WB/SH/WC
Total area of internal measurements 41,8 m2
Total area of external measurements 52,9 m2
Total area of plot 625 m2
3. Research: conversation with teacher
I will consult my teacher continuously during the development of the proposal, compilation of the design portfolio, the working drawings and the construction of the scale model. After consulting my teacher, the
Corrugated zinc sheet Rafter Purlin Fascia board Bargeboard Parapet wall
Flashing to make walls moist on the inside of the three parapet walls
4. Research: newspapers, magazines, catalogues, etc.
Research includes photos of the following, which will be included in my design portfolio. 4.1 Apartments that have flat roofs without parapet walls.
Flat roof without finish at eaves
The roof does not appear aesthetic because the purlins and rafters are visible. Strong winds can loosen the roofsheets.
Flat roof with eaves
The roof looks attractive because the purlins and rafters are covered by barge boards and fascia boards.
4.2 Photos of open-plan kitchen interiors
Please note: Photos have not been included in this portfolio due to the Copyright Act.
5. Research: books used
In order to design the rooms, it would be a good idea to consider the standard measurements of furniture. 5.1 Master bedroom
Queen-size bed: 1 800 mm long and 1 520 mm wide Headboard of the bed is 2 370 mm long
Built-in cupboards are 600 mm deep and 3 000 mm long 5.2 Living room
Couches: Three separate couches seating six
Dining-room suite: Table and six chairs need 2 800 mm floor space 5.3 Open-plan kitchen: Double sink: 1 500 mm × 500 mm Four-plate stove: 1 200 mm × 600 mm × 600 mm Refrigerator: 1 920 mm × 600 mm × 600 mm Dishwasher: 850 mm × 600 mm × 600 mm Microwave oven: 500 mm × 400mm × 320 mm Built-in cabinets in kitchen: 570 mm deep Breakfast nook
5.4 Bathroom and toilet
Flush lavatory: 500 wide and 760 mm deep Wash basin: 585 mm wide and 410 mm deep Bath: 1 703 mm × 712 mm × 370 mm Shower: 900 mm × 900 mm
35 Design Street PAT CITY 7834 25 January 2012 ABC Surveyors P.O. Box 398 PAT CITY 7834 Dear Sir/Madam
COPY OF SURVEYOR-GENERAL’S DIAGRAM
I am a Grade 12 learner at Building Secondary School. Civil Technology is one of my subjects and for the Practical Assessment Task I have to design an apartment for a client, complete the working drawings and build a scale model of my design.
My client, whose details are provided below, has given me permission to request a copy of the Surveyor-General’s diagram. Here are the details:
Client: Miss T. Sanetha Plot number: 24328 Street: 30 Sixth Lane City/Town: PAT CITY
Enclosed, please find a cheque (number 20355) to the value of R100.00 to cover the costs as indicated.
Thank you.
Yours faithfully
... G K Fransman (Miss)
7. Research: Internet
The properties of gravel soil were researched in order to determine its suitability for the development of the project.
Properties of gravel soil
• It is a mixture of soil and broken rocks. • Will not shift because of broken rocks.
• Gravel is usually solid, which makes it ideal soil on which to build structures. • It will not shift or move.
• Resists pressure well.
• Suitable for drainage, e.g. dry stone or French drain.
8. Research: visiting local authority
During a visit to the local authority, the following Building Regulations
Regulations regarding manholes:
• Any existing or proposed drainage system must meet the applicable specifications of the Building Regulations Act and any other standards prescribed by the Act.
• No person may initiate any development on any premises before the Engineer has installed a sewage connection pipe.
• No rainwater or stormwater and no wastewater, other than wastewater approved by the Municipality, may be released into the drainage system.
• The Municipality may determine the position of the sewage pipe and the underground depth at which any drainage system must be installed. • The owner must maintain the drainage system at his/her own expense.
• The owner of the premises must ensure that all manholes and sanitary outlets on the premises are permanently visible and accessible.
• A drainpipe or part thereof, may only pass through or under a building if written approval has been obtained from the Engineer in accordance with the conditions as determined by him/her.
Developing design ideas
Possible solutions
Evaluation of possible solutions
Motivation of preferred choice
Generating designs for a one-bedroom apartment
The floor plans provided below show three ideas that were generated as possible designs for a one-bedroom apartment.
Idea 1:
This is a good, pleasing design with spacious rooms. Breakfast nook or counter serves to divide the kitchen and living room. Open-plan between living room and kitchen makes rooms look spacious. The kitchen without the counter is L-shaped. It can be changed to a U-shape by building cabinets against the open wall. The bathroom has two separate doors, which make it easily accessible. The bathroom is next to the master bedroom and serves as an en suite to provide privacy. There are enough built-in cupboards in the bedroom. A double bed will fit in easily, while larger beds may confine the space.
A mirror can be mounted on the side of the cupboard. Children running in and out when guests are received may cause a disturbance. A kitchen door can easily be installed. The apartment has five external angles/coin walls and one interior angle. Work surface in the kitchen is more than sufficient. There are many possibilities when it comes to extensions. A second bedroom can be added at minimal cost if the cupboard in the passage is removed.
Bathroom with shower and bath is ideal for someone who likes to bath and shower. However, it increases the area of the apartment.
Idea 2: Bathroom Tiles Main bedroom Wooden floor Kitchen Tiles Living room Tiles Passage Tiles Bathroom Tiles Kitchen Tiles
The design of the apartment is pleasing, with spacious rooms. It is functional and the construction should be economical. Serving counter serves to divide the kitchen and living room. Using an open plan between the living room and kitchen makes the rooms appear more spacious. The kitchen without the counter is ideally suited for an L-shaped layout. The two external doors do not restrict access, which is very functional. It is inexpensive to build since it has only coin walls/external angles.
The bathroom is modern, compact and economical with one door to allow visitors and residents access. It is ideal for someone who prefers to shower. The bathroom and bedroom are not visible from the living room, which ensures privacy. The spacious bedroom offers space for additional built-in cupboards. It can accommodate either a king-size or a queen-size bed.
More rooms can be added on. A garage or additional bedroom can be added next to the master bedroom. There are sufficient work surfaces in the kitchen.
Idea 3:
This is a good, pleasing design with spacious rooms. Breakfast nook or counter serves to divide the kitchen and living room. The open plan between the living room and kitchen makes the rooms look spacious. The kitchen without the counter top is U-shaped. The apartment has only one door in the living room. The position of the door, which serves as entrance, is not ideal since it is far from the road. Another door that provides entrance should be considered in the kitchen. The apartment has five external angles/coin walls and one internal angle, which increases the building costs. There is enough work surface space in the kitchen. Any adding on to the existing structure will require extensive structural changes. To add an additional bedroom, the cupboard in the passage as well as the shower would have to be removed in order to provide passage to the second bedroom. The bathroom, with a shower and a bath, is ideal for someone who likes showering and bathing. However, it increases the area of the apartment. The bathroom and bedroom are separated from the kitchen and living room, which offers privacy.
Preferred choice:
Idea Two meets all the specifications and will be developed. Though the design is plain, the apartment looks
Bathroom Tiles
Main bedroom
Wooden floor Kitchen Tiles Living room Tiles
Communication of ideas
Developing the preferred idea
Material list
List of tools and equipment
Steps for constructing the product
Time schedule
Quantity list
Communicating the preferred idea 1. Developing the preferred idea
The drawing below illustrates my preferred choice which will now be expounded.
1.1 Kitchen layout
To facilitate unrestricted movement between the sink, refrigerator, oven, the appliances a triangular layout is preferred. Make sure that there is enough workspace next to the appliances. Position the equipment or appliances to ensure that the walking distance between them does not exceed seven metres.
The oven, refrigerator and sink are
South elevation
Scale 1:100 West elevationScale 1:100 East elevationScale 1:100
North elevation Scale 1:100 Floor plan Scale 1:100 Kitchen Bedroom Lounge Window schedule Fridge
The distance from AB to BC to CA of the work traingle must not exceed 7 metres
1.2 Specifications relating to house plans that must be considered 1.2.1 Areas:
Area of plot: 625 m2
Area of apartment: 52,9 m2
% building area on plot: 8,46% 1.2.2 Floor plan:
Floor cover according to owner’s specifications.
Sanitary layout of bathroom and kitchen according to the owner’s choices and specifications.
Built-in cupboards according the design and specifications of a specialist.
1.2.3 Elevations:
Provide damp-proof coursing in walls at floor level and at windowsills.
All the external walls must be plastered.
Plastered internal and external walls must be painted according to the owner’s choice of colour and type of paint.
Walls in kitchen and bathroom are tiled up to the ceiling. Tiles are chosen by the owner.
Internal and external doors must be meranti with a varnish finish. Steel window frames with a high-gloss, white finish.
Fascia boards are varnished.
External doors have three-lever locks and internal doors two-lever locks.
100-litre, horizontal geyser must be installed in the ceiling.
2. List of materials needed should the house actually be built Substructure
River sand Brickforce Lime 19 mm concrete stone DPC Clay bricks
Superstructure
Construction of walls Doors Windows Brickforce – with reinforcing
wire External door frame – wood Steel window frames Cement Internal door frame – steel Concrete lintels Paint Internal door – hollow core Window pane 4 mm Clay bricks Solid external door Putty
River sand DPC Fibre-cement windowsills Hinges Galvanised, mild steel
hoop-iron strap Screws Door locks
Roof
Ceilings
6,4 mm Rhino ceiling board Racking/wooden strips 25 mm galvanised clout-headed nails
76 mm Crown list/cornice 76 mm wire nails
Plumbing
Polycop pipes Wall tiles Septic tank Copper pipes Tile cement 100-litre geyser
Taps 110 mm PVC sewerage pipes 40/50 mm PVC sewerage pipes
Electrical work
Wall plugs 15 amp Conduit fittings Light switches Oven isolating switch Wall sockets Conduit Lights Electrical cables Bulb holder
Distribution board: 6-phase with earthing connection and trip switches for wall plugs, lights, stove and geyser
Floor finish
Floor tiles Tile cement Laminated floorboards Tile spacers Panel pins Skirting – wood or vinyl Grout Laminated wood Quarter bead
Sanitary ware
Shower head Sink Wash basin Toilet
Built-in cupboards
Melamine board Handles Genkem Formica tops Screws Nails
Painting
PVA for ceilings Paint – external walls Paint – internal walls Filler (Polyfilla) Sandpaper Wood and metal paint Oil for wood Cleaning solutions
3. List of tools and equipment needed should the house actually be built Tools needed for building foundation and for brickwork
Tape measure Spade Plumb line Steel square Pick Fishing line
Garden hose Tubular spirit level Heavy-duty, latex gloves Square-nose shovel Concrete/builder’s
wheelbarrow Hard broom Brick trowel Pointing trowel Gauging trowel
Tools needed for plastering
Steel square Tubular spirit level Plastering trowel Float Claw hammer Hawk/trowel board Straight edge Angle-grinder Square brush Bucket Pointing trowel
Tools needed for construction of roof
Yankee screwdriver Screwdriver Crowbar
Centre punch Wire pliers Multi-purpose snips (tinman’s shears)
Carving knife Shifting spanner/wrench Cross-cut saw Pencil Multi-purpose knife Back and tenon saw Rafter square Drill, flathead Hacksaw
Adjustable drill bits Stamper for gang nail plates Ratomslag (Hand-drill with double spur/pinion) Bench plane Shifting spanner/wrench Claw hammer Oil stone/whet slate Combination square Circular saw Portable electric drill Morse-spiral bits Reel of fishing line
Tools for installing ceiling
Hacksaw (fine) Pencil Cutting knife Claw hammer Measuring tape Putty knife
Tools for installing gutters
Hacksaw (fine) Pencil Tubular spirit level Screwdriver Measuring tape Rope
Medium file
Tools for electrical work
Wire-nippers Draw wire Multi-speed meter Long-nose pliers Side-cutting pliers Wire stripper Well-insulated screwdrivers
Tools for plumbing work
Hacksaw (fine) Pencil Tubular spirit level Steel square Measuring tape Chalk line Straight edge Portable electric drill Chain pipe tongs Shifting spanner/wrench Masonry Pipe vice
Claw hammer Combination square Copper pipe cutter Trowel Chisel Thread cutter
Tools for installing floors
Ceramic tile cutter Tile nippers Mitre box Grindstone Notched trowel Saw
4. Steps for construction of simulated apartment and a time schedule
The procedure and schedule provided here indicate the steps required to complete my scale model.
Manufacturing
step Second termWeek number Third termWeek number
4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Week ending ... 6
May 13 May 20 May 27 May 15 Jul 22 Jul 29 Jul 5 Aug 12 Aug 19 Aug 26 Aug 31 Aug
Marking out and working on the front of the apartment
Marking out and working on the left side of the apartment
Marking out and
working on the right side of the apartment
Marking out
and working on the back of the apartment
Marking out and
working on the floors
Fitting and
assembling the sides: front, right, left and back
Marking out and working on internal walls Marking out,
making and fitting doors and windows
Designing and
making furniture for kitchen and bedroom
Marking out,
making and fitting roof
Marking out,
making and fitting fascia board, gutters and
5. Quantity list
The quantity of bricks needed to complete the sub- and superstructure is calculated by:
5.1 calculating the area of the substructure 5.2 calculating the area of the superstructure 5.3 calculating the number of bricks.
The following specifications apply:
• The walls of the substructure are 220 mm and built in stretcher bond. • The walls of the superstructure are 220 mm and built in stretcher bond. • The internal walls of the superstructure are 110 mm and built in stretcher
bond.
• Height of the foundation wall is 425 mm.
• Height of the superstructure measured from the foundation is 2 600 mm. • Height of the superstructure measured up to the parapet wall is 4 600 mm. • Openings for doors are 2 000 mm high and 900 mm wide.
• Take 50 bricks per square metre for a half-brick wall. • The total length of the 110 mm internal walls is 10 000 mm. • All bricks are common/stock bricks.
• Allow 5% for waste.
A B C D Substructure:
1/ 28,66 Total centre line = 28,660 mm 0,425 12,181 m² Height of foundation wall = 425 mm
Area of foundation wall = 12,181 m2
Superstructure – external walls:
1/ 28,66 Total centre line = 28,660 mm 4,6 83,114 m² Height of parapet wall = 4 600 mm
Area of 2 900 superstructure wall = 131,836 m2
Superstructure – external walls: Triangular parapet wall
Length of canted wall = 6 220 mm Difference in height of canted wall = 4 600 – 2 600 mm
= 2 000 mm
½ 6,22 Area of canted wall = ½bh 2,0 6,22 m2 Area of one canted wall = 6,22 m²
2/ 6,22 12,44 m2 Total area of canted sections of walls
Area of two canted sections of wall = 12,44 m2
Superstructure – internal walls:
1/ 10,0 Total length of internal walls = 10 000 mm 2,6 26,0 m2 Height of internal walls = 2 600 mm
Area of internal walls = 26,0 m2
Windows:
2/ 2,0 Window 1 = 2 000 × 1500 1,5 6,0 m² Area of 2 windows 1 = 6,0 m² 1/ 0,6 Window 2 = 600 × 900
0,9 0,54 m² Area of window 2 = 0,54 m²
2/ 1,2 Two windows without measurement = 1 200 × 1 500 (own discretion)
1,5 3,6 m² Area of two windows = 3,6 m²
Total area of windows = 6,0 + 0,54 + 3,6 m2
= 10,14 m2
Doors:
4/ 2,0 Door = 2 000 mm × 900 mm
0,9 7,2 m² Area of 2 external doors and 2 internal doors = 7,2 m² Total area of brickwork:
Area of wall – area of windows – area of doors = 143,76 m2 – 10,14 – 7,2 = 126,42 m2
Total bricks for external walls
2/ 126,42 Number of bricks = area of wall × number of bricks per m² 50 12 642 50 bricks per m² for a half-brick wall
220 mm superstructure is 2 half-brick walls
Thus 12 642 bricks are needed for the external walls Total bricks for internal walls
1/ 26,0 Number of bricks = area of wall × number of bricks per m² 50 1 300 50 bricks per m² for a half-brick wall
Thus 1 300 bricks are needed for the external walls
Total number of bricks