NEGLIGENCE – BREACH
NEGLIGENCE – BREACH OF DUTY CASESOF DUTY CASES THE REASONABLE MAN
THE REASONABLE MAN “T
“The he rereasasononabable le maman n or or reareasosonanablble e pepersrson on ssan!an!arar! ! "s "s a a lele#a#al l $"$"%%"o"on n hhaa or"#"nae! "n he !e&elopmen o$ he %ommon la'( The reasonable person "s a or"#"nae! "n he !e&elopmen o$ he %ommon la'( The reasonable person "s a h)pohe"%al "n!"&"!*al 'hose &"e' o$ h"n#s "s %ons*le! "n he pro%ess o$ h)pohe"%al "n!"&"!*al 'hose &"e' o$ h"n#s "s %ons*le! "n he pro%ess o$ ma+"n# !e%"s"ons o$ la'( The ,*es"on- .Ho' 'o*l! a reasonable person a% ma+"n# !e%"s"ons o$ la'( The ,*es"on- .Ho' 'o*l! a reasonable person a% *n!er he %"r%*msan%es. per$orms a %r""%al role "n le#al reason"n# "n areas s*%h *n!er he %"r%*msan%es. per$orms a %r""%al role "n le#al reason"n# "n areas s*%h as ne#l"#en%e an! %onra% la'(/
as ne#l"#en%e an! %onra% la'(/
Blyth v Birmingham Wat
Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Coerworks Co (1856) 11 Exch 781(1856) 11 Exch 781
A 'aer %ompan) ha&"n# obser&e! he !"re%"ons o$ he A% o$ 0arl"amen "n A 'aer %ompan) ha&"n# obser&e! he !"re%"ons o$ he A% o$ 0arl"amen "n la)"n# !o'n he"r p"pes "s no respons"ble $or an es%ape o$ 'aer $rom hem no la)"n# !o'n he"r p"pes "s no respons"ble $or an es%ape o$ 'aer $rom hem no %a
%a*s*se! e! b) b) hhe"e"r r o'o'n n nene#l#l"#"#enen%e%e( ( 1T1The he $a$a%%- - hha a hhe"e"r r prepre%a%a**"o"ons ns prpro&o&e!e! "ns*$$
"ns*$$"%"en"%"en a#a"ns he e$$e%s o$ a#a"ns he e$$e%s o$ a '"ner o$ a '"ner o$ e2reme2reme %ol!ness- s*%h as e %ol!ness- s*%h as no manno man %o*l! ha&e $oreseen- "s no s*$$"%"en o ren!er hem l"able $or ne#l"#en%e( 1F"re1 %o*l! ha&e $oreseen- "s no s*$$"%"en o ren!er hem l"able $or ne#l"#en%e( 1F"re1 pl*#s proper
pl*#s properl) %onsr*%e! l) %onsr*%e! ha&"n# been ha&"n# been "nsere! as "nsere! as sa$e) &al&es sa$e) &al&es "n hese "n hese p"pes- p"pes-"n p*rs*an%e o$ he"r A%31- per Bram'ell- B(- ha he %ompan) are no l"able $or "n p*rs*an%e o$ he"r A%31- per Bram'ell- B(- ha he %ompan) are no l"able $or no remo&"n# a%%*m*la"ons o$ "%e "n he srees o&er s*%h pl*#s(
no remo&"n# a%%*m*la"ons o$ "%e "n he srees o&er s*%h pl*#s(
Th"s 'as an appeal b) he !e$en!ans a#a"ns he !e%"s"on o$ he 4*!#e o$ he Th"s 'as an appeal b) he !e$en!ans a#a"ns he !e%"s"on o$ he 4*!#e o$ he Co*n) Co*r o$ B"rm"n#ham( The %ase 'as r"e! be$ore a 4*r)- an! a &er!"% Co*n) Co*r o$ B"rm"n#ham( The %ase 'as r"e! be$ore a 4*r)- an! a &er!"% $o*n! $or he pla"n"$$ $or he amo*n %la"me! b) he par"%*lars( The par"%*lars $o*n! $or he pla"n"$$ $or he amo*n %la"me! b) he par"%*lars( The par"%*lars o$ he %la"m alle#e!- ha he pla"n"$$ so*#h o re%o&er $or !ama#e s*sa"ne! b) o$ he %la"m alle#e!- ha he pla"n"$$ so*#h o re%o&er $or !ama#e s*sa"ne! b) he pla"n"$$ b) reason o$ he ne#l"#en%e o$ he !e$en!ans "n no +eep"n# he"r he pla"n"$$ b) reason o$ he ne#l"#en%e o$ he !e$en!ans "n no +eep"n# he"r 'aer1p"pes an! he appara*s %onne%e! here'"h "n proper or!er(
'aer1p"pes an! he appara*s %onne%e! here'"h "n proper or!er(
The %ase sae! ha he !e$en!ans 'ere "n%orporae! b) sa( 5 Geo( 6- %( %"2( The %ase sae! ha he !e$en!ans 'ere "n%orporae! b) sa( 5 Geo( 6- %( %"2( $or he p*rpose o$ s*ppl)"n# B"rm"n#ham '"h 'aer( B) he 76h se%"on o$ $or he p*rpose o$ s*ppl)"n# B"rm"n#ham '"h 'aer( B) he 76h se%"on o$ he"r A% " 'as ena%e!- ha he %ompan) sho*l!- *pon he la)"n# !o'n o$ an) he"r A% " 'as ena%e!- ha he %ompan) sho*l!- *pon he la)"n# !o'n o$ an) ma"n1p"pe or oher p"pe "n an) sree- $"2- a he "me o$ la)"n# !o'n s*%h p"pe- a ma"n1p"pe or oher p"pe "n an) sree- $"2- a he "me o$ la)"n# !o'n s*%h p"pe- a proper an!
proper an! s*$$"%"en $"re1pl*# "n s*$$"%"en $"re1pl*# "n ea%h s*%h ea%h s*%h sree- an! sho*l! sree- an! sho*l! !el"&er he +e) !el"&er he +e) oror +e)s o$ s*%h $"re1pl*# o he persons ha&"n# he %are o$ he en#"ne ho*se "n or +e)s o$ s*%h $"re1pl*# o he persons ha&"n# he %are o$ he en#"ne ho*se "n or near o he sa"! sree- an! %a*se anoher +e) o be h*n# *p "n he 'a%h1ho*se near o he sa"! sree- an! %a*se anoher +e) o be h*n# *p "n he 'a%h1ho*se "n or near o he sa"! sree( B) se%( 75- p"pes 'ere o be e"#heen "n%hes "n or near o he sa"! sree( B) se%( 75- p"pes 'ere o be e"#heen "n%hes beneah he
beneah he s*r$a%e s*r$a%e o$ he o$ he so"l( B) so"l( B) he 78h he 78h se%"on- he se%"on- he ma"ns 'ere ma"ns 'ere a all a all "mes"mes o be +ep %har#e! '"h 'aer( The !e$en!ans !er"&e! no pro$" $rom he o be +ep %har#e! '"h 'aer( The !e$en!ans !er"&e! no pro$" $rom he ma"nenan%e o$ he pl*#s !"s"n% $rom he #eneral pro$"s o$ he 'hole ma"nenan%e o$ he pl*#s !"s"n% $rom he #eneral pro$"s o$ he 'hole b*s"ness- b*
b* s*%h s*%h ma"nenan%e ma"nenan%e 'as 'as one one o$ o$ he he %on!""ons %on!""ons *n!er *n!er 'h"%h 'h"%h he) he) 'ere'ere perm"e! o e2er%"se he pr"&"le#es #"&en
The ma"n1p"pe oppos"e he ho*se o$ he pla"n"$$ 'as more han e"#heen "n%hes The ma"n1p"pe oppos"e he ho*se o$ he pla"n"$$ 'as more han e"#heen "n%hes belo'
belo' he he s*r$a%e( s*r$a%e( The The $"re1pl*# $"re1pl*# 'as 'as %onsr*%e! %onsr*%e! a%%or!"n# a%%or!"n# o o he he bes bes +no'n+no'n s)sem- an! he maer"als o$ " 'ere a he "me o$ he a%%"!en so*n! an! "n s)sem- an! he maer"als o$ " 'ere a he "me o$ he a%%"!en so*n! an! "n #oo! or!er(
#oo! or!er(
On he 96h o$ Febr*ar)- a lar#e ,*an") o$ 'aer- es%ap"n# $rom he ne%+ o$ On he 96h o$ Febr*ar)- a lar#e ,*an") o$ 'aer- es%ap"n# $rom he ne%+ o$ he ma"n- $or%e! "s 'a) hro*#h he #ro*n! "no he pla"n"$$:s ho*se( The he ma"n- $or%e! "s 'a) hro*#h he #ro*n! "no he pla"n"$$:s ho*se( The appara*s ha! been la"! !o'n 9; )ears- an! ha! 'or+e! 'ell !*r"n# ha "me( appara*s ha! been la"! !o'n 9; )ears- an! ha! 'or+e! 'ell !*r"n# ha "me( The
The !e$!e$en!en!anans< s< en#en#"ne"neer er sasae!e!- - haha he 'aer he 'aer m"m"#h #h ha&ha&e e $or$or%e! %e! "s 'a)"s 'a) hro*#h he br"%+'or+ ro*n! he ne%+ o$ he ma"n- an! ha he a%%"!en m"#h hro*#h he br"%+'or+ ro*n! he ne%+ o$ he ma"n- an! ha he a%%"!en m"#h ha&e been %a*se! b) he $ros- "nasm*%h as he e2pans"on o$ he 'aer 'o*l! ha&e been %a*se! b) he $ros- "nasm*%h as he e2pans"on o$ he 'aer 'o*l! $or%e *p he pl*# o* o$ he ne%+- an! he sopper be"n# en%r*se! '"h "%e $or%e *p he pl*# o* o$ he ne%+- an! he sopper be"n# en%r*se! '"h "%e 'o*l! no s*$$er he pl*# o as%en!( One o$ he se&eres $ross on re%or! se "n 'o*l! no s*$$er he pl*# o as%en!( One o$ he se&eres $ross on re%or! se "n on he =;h o$ >an*ar)- =7;;- an! %on"n*e! *n"l a$er he a%%"!en "n ,*es"on( on he =;h o$ >an*ar)- =7;;- an! %on"n*e! *n"l a$er he a%%"!en "n ,*es"on( An "n%r*sa"on o$ "%e an! sno' ha! #ahere! abo* he sopper- an! "n he sree An "n%r*sa"on o$ "%e an! sno' ha! #ahere! abo* he sopper- an! "n he sree all ro*n!- an! also $or some "n%hes be'een he sopper an! he pl*#( The "%e all ro*n!- an! also $or some "n%hes be'een he sopper an! he pl*#( The "%e ha! been obser&e! on he s*r$a%e o$ he #ro*n! $or a %ons"!erable "me be$ore ha! been obser&e! on he s*r$a%e o$ he #ro*n! $or a %ons"!erable "me be$ore he a%%"!en( A shor "me a$er he a%%"!en- he %ompan):s *rn%o%+ remo&e! he a%%"!en( A shor "me a$er he a%%"!en- he %ompan):s *rn%o%+ remo&e! he "%e $rom he sopper- oo+ o* he pl*#- an! repla%e! "(
he "%e $rom he sopper- oo+ o* he pl*#- an! repla%e! "(
The 4*!#e le$ " o he 4*r) o %ons"!er 'heher he %ompan) ha! *se! proper The 4*!#e le$ " o he 4*r) o %ons"!er 'heher he %ompan) ha! *se! proper %are o pre&en he a%%"!en( He ho*#h ha- "$ he !e$en!ans ha! a+en o* he %are o pre&en he a%%"!en( He ho*#h ha- "$ he !e$en!ans ha! a+en o* he "%e a!her"n# o he pl*#- he a%%"!en 'o*l! no ha&e happene!- an! le$ " o he "%e a!her"n# o he pl*#- he a%%"!en 'o*l! no ha&e happene!- an! le$ " o he 4*r) o sa) 'heher he) o*#h o ha&e rem
4*r) o sa) 'heher he) o*#h o ha&e remo&e! he "%e( The 4*r) $o*n! a &er!"%o&e! he "%e( The 4*r) $o*n! a &er!"% $or he pla"n"$$ $or he s*m %la"me!(
$or he pla"n"$$ $or he s*m %la"me!(
THE OBJECTIVE STANDARD THE OBJECTIVE STANDARD Glasgow Corporation v Muir
Glasgow Corporation v Muir [1943 ! A"" ER 44# HL[1943 ! A"" ER 44# HL ?e
?emmbebers rs o$ o$ a a %h%h*r*r%h %h p"p"%n%n"% "% paparr) ) "n "n @"@"n#n#<s <s 0a0ar+r+- - GlGlasas#o#o'- '- obobaa"n"ne!e! perm"ss"on $rom he mana#eress emplo)e! b) he appellans
perm"ss"on $rom he mana#eress emplo)e! b) he appellans o ha&e he"r eao ha&e he"r ea "n he ea room o'"n# o he *n$a&o*rable 'eaher %on!""ons( I 'as ne%essar) "n he ea room o'"n# o he *n$a&o*rable 'eaher %on!""ons( I 'as ne%essar) o %arr) he ea *rn hro*#h a narro' passa#e on one s"!e o$ 'h"%h 'as a o %arr) he ea *rn hro*#h a narro' passa#e on one s"!e o$ 'h"%h 'as a %o*ner 'here se&eral %h"l!ren 'ere b*)"n# s'ees or "%es( The *rn 'as be"n# %o*ner 'here se&eral %h"l!ren 'ere b*)"n# s'ees or "%es( The *rn 'as be"n# %arr"e! hro*#h he passa#e b) he %h*r%h o$$"%er an! a bo)- he bo) hol!"n# he %arr"e! hro*#h he passa#e b) he %h*r%h o$$"%er an! a bo)- he bo) hol!"n# he $ron han!le an! he o$$"%er he ba%+ one- 'hen $or some *ne2pla"ne! reason he $ron han!le an! he o$$"%er he ba%+ one- 'hen $or some *ne2pla"ne! reason he laer le #o h"s han!le an! s%al!"n# ea es%ape! $rom he *rn- "n4*r"n# laer le #o h"s han!le an! s%al!"n# ea es%ape! $rom he *rn- "n4*r"n# %h"l!ren( I 'as %onen!e! $or he respon!ens ha he mana#eress o$ he ea %h"l!ren( I 'as %onen!e! $or he respon!ens ha he mana#eress o$ he ea room sho*l! ha&e an"%"pae! ha here 'as a r"s+ o$ he %onens o$ he *rn room sho*l! ha&e an"%"pae! ha here 'as a r"s+ o$ he %onens o$ he *rn be"n#
he %h"l!ren $rom he passa#e !*r"n# he rans" o$ he *rn %ons"*e! a brea%h he %h"l!ren $rom he passa#e !*r"n# he rans" o$ he *rn %ons"*e! a brea%h o$ her !*) o a+e reasonable %are o$ he %h"l!ren31
o$ her !*) o a+e reasonable %are o$ he %h"l!ren31 He
Hel!l!3 3 hhe e apappepellllanans s 'e'ere re nono l"l"abable le "n "n ne#ne#l"l"#e#en%n%e e o o hhe e rerespsponon!e!enns( s( AA rea
reasosonanablble e pepersorson n 'o'o*l*l! ! no no haha&e &e anan""%"%"papae! e! !a!an#n#er er o o hhe e %h%h"l"l!re!ren- n- hhee "n&"ees o$ he appellans- $rom he *se o$ he prem"ses perm"e! b) hem( "n&"ees o$ he appellans- $rom he *se o$ he prem"ses perm"e! b) hem( Cases !eal"n# '"h he !*) o$ he o%%*p"er o$ prom"ses o'ar!s an "n&"ee ha&e Cases !eal"n# '"h he !*) o$ he o%%*p"er o$ prom"ses o'ar!s an "n&"ee ha&e *s*all) ar"sen o* o$ some !e$e% "n
*s*all) ar"sen o* o$ some !e$e% "n he repa"r or %on!""on o$ he prem"ses( Herehe repa"r or %on!""on o$ he prem"ses( Here he po"n ar"ses o* o$
he po"n ar"ses o* o$ he *se 'h"%h he o%%*p"er has perm"ehe *se 'h"%h he o%%*p"er has perm"e! a ! a h"r! parh"r! par) o) o ma+e o$ he prem"ses( The same es has o be appl"e! "n ea%h %ase an! he es ma+e o$ he prem"ses( The same es has o be appl"e! "n ea%h %ase an! he es "s
"s 'h'heeheher r s*s*%h %h $o$oreres"s"#h#h as as a a rereasasononabable le mman an 'o'o*l*l! ! e2e2erer%"%"se se hahas s bebeenen e2er%"se! b) he o%%*p"er( The es "s an "mpersonal one an! el"m"naes he e2er%"se! b) he o%%*p"er( The es "s an "mpersonal one an! el"m"naes he personal
personal e,*a"on( e,*a"on( The The reasonable reasonable man man "s "s $ree $ree $rom $rom boh boh o&er1%on$"!en%e o&er1%on$"!en%e an!an! o&
o&er1er1apapprprehehenens"s"onon( ( ThThe e ssanan!a!ar! r! b) b) 'h'h"%"%h h hhe e s%s%opope e o$ o$ hhe e !*!*) ) m*m*s s bebe !eerm"ne! "s 'ha he h)pohe"%al reasonable man 'o*l! ha&e $oreseen( I "s !eerm"ne! "s 'ha he h)pohe"%al reasonable man 'o*l! ha&e $oreseen( I "s help$*l o ha&e a %ase 'h"%h "s no %ompl"%ae! b) ,*es"ons o$ 'heher he help$*l o ha&e a %ase 'h"%h "s no %ompl"%ae! b) ,*es"ons o$ 'heher he "n4*re! par"es are "n&"ees- l"%ensees or mere respassers an! 'here he !*) %an "n4*re! par"es are "n&"ees- l"%ensees or mere respassers an! 'here he !*) %an be !"s%*sse! an! sae! $ree $rom an) s*%h %ompl"%a"on(
be !"s%*sse! an! sae! $ree $rom an) s*%h %ompl"%a"on(
Nettleship v Weston
Nettleship v Weston [1971 3 A"" ER 581# CA[1971 3 A"" ER 581# CA
?rs 'ane! o learn o !r"&e( Her h*sban! 'as ,*"e prepare! o allo' her o ?rs 'ane! o learn o !r"&e( Her h*sban! 'as ,*"e prepare! o allo' her o learn "n h"s %ar( ?rs as+e! a $r"en! o$ he"rs- N- "$ he 'o*l! #"&e her lessons( learn "n h"s %ar( ?rs as+e! a $r"en! o$ he"rs- N- "$ he 'o*l! #"&e her lessons( N 'as no
N 'as no a pro$ess"onal a pro$ess"onal "nsr*%or( He sa"! ha "nsr*%or( He sa"! ha he 'as '"ll"n# o he 'as '"ll"n# o ea%h ?rs ea%h ?rs b*
b* be$ore be$ore !o"n# !o"n# so so 'ane! 'ane! o o %he%+ %he%+ on on he he "ns*ran%e "ns*ran%e "n "n %ase %ase here here 'as 'as anan a%%"!en( ?r an! ?rs ass*re! h"m ha ha he) ha! a $*ll) %omprehens"&e a%%"!en( ?r an! ?rs ass*re! h"m ha ha he) ha! a $*ll) %omprehens"&e "ns*ran%e 'h"%h %o&ere! h"m as a passen#er "n %ase o$ a%%"!en- an! sho'e! "ns*ran%e 'h"%h %o&ere! h"m as a passen#er "n %ase o$ a%%"!en- an! sho'e! h"m he rele&an !o%*mens( On he h"r! lesson ?rs 'as s""n# "n he h"m he rele&an !o%*mens( On he h"r! lesson ?rs 'as s""n# "n he !r"&er<s sea %onroll"n# he seer"n# 'heel an! $oo pe!als( N 'as ass"s"n# her !r"&er<s sea %onroll"n# he seer"n# 'heel an! $oo pe!als( N 'as ass"s"n# her b)
b) mo&"n# he mo&"n# he #ear #ear le&er le&er an! an! appl)"n# he appl)"n# he han!bra+e( han!bra+e( O%%as"onall) he O%%as"onall) he ass"se!ass"se! '"h he seer"n#( The) approa%he! a roa! 4*n%"on an! soppe!( N "nsr*%e! '"h he seer"n#( The) approa%he! a roa! 4*n%"on an! soppe!( N "nsr*%e! ?rs o mo&e o$$ slo'l) ro*n! he %orner o he le$( He oo+ o$$ he han! ?rs o mo&e o$$ slo'l) ro*n! he %orner o he le$( He oo+ o$$ he han! bra+e
bra+e an! an! p* p* he he #ear #ear le&er le&er "no "no $"rs $"rs #ear( #ear( She She le le "n "n he he %l*%h %l*%h an! an! he he %ar%ar mo&e! ro*n! he %orner a 'al+"n# pa%e( N ol! her o sra"#hen o* b* she !"! mo&e! ro*n! he %orner a 'al+"n# pa%e( N ol! her o sra"#hen o* b* she !"! no( She pan"%+e!- hol!"n# he seer"n#1'heel "n a &"%e1l"+e #r"p<( N oo+ hol! no( She pan"%+e!- hol!"n# he seer"n#1'heel "n a &"%e1l"+e #r"p<( N oo+ hol! o$ he han!bra+e '"h h"s r"#h han! an! r"e! o sra"#hen o* he seer"n#1 o$ he han!bra+e '"h h"s r"#h han! an! r"e! o sra"#hen o* he seer"n#1 'heel '"h h"s le$ b* 4*s $a"le! o pre&en he %ar mo*n"n# he +erb an! 'heel '"h h"s le$ b* 4*s $a"le! o pre&en he %ar mo*n"n# he +erb an! sr"+"n# a lamp san!ar!( N %la"me! !ama#es a#a"ns ?rs $or he "n4*r"es sr"+"n# a lamp san!ar!( N %la"me! !ama#es a#a"ns ?rs $or he "n4*r"es 'h"%h he s*$$ere! "n he a%%"!en(
'h"%h he s*$$ere! "n he a%%"!en( H$"%
H$"% 1 " N ha! a #oo! %a*se o$ a%"on "n ne#l"#en%e a#a"ns ?rs $or he1 " N ha! a #oo! %a*se o$ a%"on "n ne#l"#en%e a#a"ns ?rs $or he $ollo'"n# reasons1
a per Lor! Denn"n# ?R an! ?e#a' L> he !r"&er o$ a moor %ar o'e! a a per Lor! Denn"n# ?R an! ?e#a' L> he !r"&er o$ a moor %ar o'e! a !*) o$ %are o persons on or near he h"#h'a) o !r"&e '"h he !e#ree o$ s+"ll !*) o$ %are o persons on or near he h"#h'a) o !r"&e '"h he !e#ree o$ s+"ll an! %are o be e2pe%e! o$ a %ompeen an! e2per"en%e! !r"&er see p ;7 b an! an! %are o be e2pe%e! o$ a %ompeen an! e2per"en%e! !r"&er see p ;7 b an! % an! p ;86 $- pos l"+e'"se- *nless he !e$en%e o$ &olen" non $" "n4*r"a 'as % an! p ;86 $- pos l"+e'"se- *nless he !e$en%e o$ &olen" non $" "n4*r"a 'as a&a"lable- he !r"&er- ho'e&er "ne2per"en%e! an! 'hae&er h"s !"sab"l""es- o'e! a&a"lable- he !r"&er- ho'e&er "ne2per"en%e! an! 'hae&er h"s !"sab"l""es- o'e! he same san!ar! o$ %are o an) passen#er "n he %ar- "n%l*!"n# an he same san!ar! o$ %are o an) passen#er "n he %ar- "n%l*!"n# an "nsr*%or-$or o hol! oher'"se 'o*l! lea! o &ar)"n# san!ar!s appl"%able o !"$$eren $or o hol! oher'"se 'o*l! lea! o &ar)"n# san!ar!s appl"%able o !"$$eren !r"&ers an! hen%e o en!less %on$*s"on an! "n4*s"%e a%%or!"n#l) ?rs 'as !r"&ers an! hen%e o en!less %on$*s"on an! "n4*s"%e a%%or!"n#l) ?rs 'as pr"ma $a%"e "n brea%h
pr"ma $a%"e "n brea%h o$ her !*) o$ her !*) o$ %are o o$ %are o N !"sappro&e! $*rhermore a N !"sappro&e! $*rhermore a !r"&er!r"&er 'as no en"le! o %la"m he !e$en%e o$ &olen" merel) on he #ro*n! ha h"s 'as no en"le! o %la"m he !e$en%e o$ &olen" merel) on he #ro*n! ha h"s passen#er
passen#er +ne' +ne' o$ he o$ he r"s+ r"s+ o$ o$ "n4*r) or "n4*r) or 'as 'as '"ll"n# o '"ll"n# o a+e ha a+e ha r"s+ r"s+ " m*s " m*s bebe sho'n ha he passen#er a%%epe! $or h"msel$ he r"s+ o$ "n4*r) ar"s"n# $rom he sho'n ha he passen#er a%%epe! $or h"msel$ he r"s+ o$ "n4*r) ar"s"n# $rom he !r"&er<s la%+ o$ s+"ll an! e2per"en%e "n he presen %ase here 'as no e&"!en%e !r"&er<s la%+ o$ s+"ll an! e2per"en%e "n he presen %ase here 'as no e&"!en%e ha N a%%epe! he r"s+ o$ "n4*r) on he %onrar)- h"s en,*"r) %on%ern"n# he ha N a%%epe! he r"s+ o$ "n4*r) on he %onrar)- h"s en,*"r) %on%ern"n# he %omprehens"&eness o$ ?r <s "ns*ran%e pol"%) 'as a pos""&e "n!"%a"on ha he %omprehens"&eness o$ ?r <s "ns*ran%e pol"%) 'as a pos""&e "n!"%a"on ha he ha! no !one so
ha! no !one so
b per Salmon L> alho*#h "n #eneral a !r"&er o'e! o a
b per Salmon L> alho*#h "n #eneral a !r"&er o'e! o a passenpassen#er "n #er "n h"s %arh"s %ar he same !*) as he !"! o he #eneral p*bl"%- "e o !r"&e '"h reasonable %are he same !*) as he !"! o he #eneral p*bl"%- "e o !r"&e '"h reasonable %are an! s+"ll- meas*re! b) he san!ar! o$ %ompeen%e *s*all) a%h"e&e! b) he an! s+"ll- meas*re! b) he san!ar! o$ %ompeen%e *s*all) a%h"e&e! b) he or!"
or!"narnar) ) !r"!r"&er&er- - hehere re m"#m"#h h be be spespe%"a%"al l $a%$a%s s %rea%rea"n"n# # a a spespe%"a%"al l relrela"a"onsonsh"ph"p 'h"%h !"spla%e! h"s san!ar! or e&en ne#a"&e! an) !*)- alho*#h he on*s 'h"%h !"spla%e! h"s san!ar! or e&en ne#a"&e! an) !*)- alho*#h he on*s 'o*l! be on he !r"&er o esabl"sh s*%h $a%s appro&e! "n mos %ases- s*%h as 'o*l! be on he !r"&er o esabl"sh s*%h $a%s appro&e! "n mos %ases- s*%h as he presen- "n&ol&"n# a learner1!r"&er an! "nsr*%or- he "nsr*%or +ne' ha he presen- "n&ol&"n# a learner1!r"&er an! "nsr*%or- he "nsr*%or +ne' ha he !r"&er ha! pra%"%all) no !r"&"n# e2per"en%e or s+"ll an! ha he 'o*l! he !r"&er ha! pra%"%all) no !r"&"n# e2per"en%e or s+"ll an! ha he 'o*l! here$ore almos %era"nl) ma+e m"sa+es 'h"%h %o*l! 'ell %a*se he "nsr*%or here$ore almos %era"nl) ma+e m"sa+es 'h"%h %o*l! 'ell %a*se he "nsr*%or "n4*r) a%%or!"n#l) he rela"onsh"p 'as *s*all) s*%h ha he be#"nner !"! no "n4*r) a%%or!"n#l) he rela"onsh"p 'as *s*all) s*%h ha he be#"nner !"! no o'e he "nsr*%
o'e he "nsr*%or a or a !*) o !r"&e '"h he s+"ll an! %ompee!*) o !r"&e '"h he s+"ll an! %ompeen%e o be n%e o be e2pe%e2pe%e!e! o$ an e2per"en%e! !r"&er $or he +ne' ha he !r"&er !"! no possess s*%h s+"ll o$ an e2per"en%e! !r"&er $or he +ne' ha he !r"&er !"! no possess s*%h s+"ll an! %ompeen%e alerna"&el) " %o*l! be sa"! ha he "nsr*%or &ol*nar"l) an! %ompeen%e alerna"&el) " %o*l! be sa"! ha he "nsr*%or &ol*nar"l) a#ree! o r*n he r"s+ o$ "n4*r) "n s*%h %"r%*msan%es see p ;8 e o #- pos a#ree! o r*n he r"s+ o$ "n4*r) "n s*%h %"r%*msan%es see p ;8 e o #- pos a%%or!"n#l)- on he $a%s o$ he presen %ase- ?rs 'o*l! no ha&e been l"able a%%or!"n#l)- on he $a%s o$ he presen %ase- ?rs 'o*l! no ha&e been l"able o N b* $or he $a% ha be$ore N *n!eroo+ o #"&e her !r"&"n# "nsr*%"on he o N b* $or he $a% ha be$ore N *n!eroo+ o #"&e her !r"&"n# "nsr*%"on he so*#h he ass*ran%e abo*
so*#h he ass*ran%e abo* :s "ns*ran%e pol"%) h"s $a% :s "ns*ran%e pol"%) h"s $a% %ompl%ompleel) !"spose!eel) !"spose! o$ an) poss"ble !e$en%e o$ &olen" an! moreo&er he ass*ran%e be%ame an o$ an) poss"ble !e$en%e o$ &olen" an! moreo&er he ass*ran%e be%ame an "ne#ral par o$ he rela"onsh"p be'een he par"es an! alere! "s na*re "n s*%h "ne#ral par o$ he rela"onsh"p be'een he par"es an! alere! "s na*re "n s*%h a 'a) ha " be%ame one *n!er 'h"%h ?rs !"! "n $a% a%%ep respons"b"l") a 'a) ha " be%ame one *n!er 'h"%h ?rs !"! "n $a% a%%ep respons"b"l") $or an) "n4*r) 'h"%h N m"#h s*$$er as a res*l o$ an) $a"l*re on her par o $or an) "n4*r) 'h"%h N m"#h s*$$er as a res*l o$ an) $a"l*re on her par o e2er%"se he or!"nar) !r"&er:s san!ar!s o$ reasonable %are an! s+"ll
e2er%"se he or!"nar) !r"&er:s san!ar!s o$ reasonable %are an! s+"ll
"" ?e#a' L> !"ssen"n# Ho'e&er N 'as onl) en"le! o re%o&er hal$ he "" ?e#a' L> !"ssen"n# Ho'e&er N 'as onl) en"le! o re%o&er hal$ he a#ree! !ama#es "n &"e' o$ h"s o'n %onr"b*or) ne#l"#en%e $or a he "me he a#ree! !ama#es "n &"e' o$ h"s o'n %onr"b*or) ne#l"#en%e $or a he "me he 'as parl) "n %onrol o$ he %ar an! "$ he ha! a%e! more ,*"%+l) o appl) he 'as parl) "n %onrol o$ he %ar an! "$ he ha! a%e! more ,*"%+l) o appl) he
han! bra+e he a%%"!en 'o*l! ha&e been a&o"!e! per Lor! Denn"n# ?R a han! bra+e he a%%"!en 'o*l! ha&e been a&o"!e! per Lor! Denn"n# ?R a learner1!r"&er an! "nsr*%or 'ere boh %on%erne! "n he !r"&"n# an! 'ere boh learner1!r"&er an! "nsr*%or 'ere boh %on%erne! "n he !r"&"n# an! 'ere boh "n %onrol o$ he %ar "n he absen%e o$ an) e&"!en%e enabl"n# he %o*r o !ra' a "n %onrol o$ he %ar "n he absen%e o$ an) e&"!en%e enabl"n# he %o*r o !ra' a !"s"n%"on be'een hem- he) sho*l! be re#ar!e! as e,*all) o blame $or an !"s"n%"on be'een hem- he) sho*l! be re#ar!e! as e,*all) o blame $or an a%%"!e
a%%"!en ha 'o*l! no n ha 'o*l! no ha&e o%%*rre! '"h a ha&e o%%*rre! '"h a %are$*l !r"&e%are$*l !r"&er he r he res*l 'as hares*l 'as ha he one 'ho 'as "n4*re! %o*l! oba"n !ama#es $rom he oher b* h"s !ama#es he one 'ho 'as "n4*re! %o*l! oba"n !ama#es $rom he oher b* h"s !ama#es 'ere re!*%e! b) one1hal$ o'"n# o he %onr"b*or) ne#l"#en%e on h"s par(
'ere re!*%e! b) one1hal$ o'"n# o he %onr"b*or) ne#l"#en%e on h"s par( &N'ORESEEABLE HARM
&N'ORESEEABLE HARM Hall v Brooklands Auto Racing C
Hall v Brooklands Auto Racing Clublub [1933 1 B !5# CA[1933 1 B !5# CA
Cera"n persons 'ere he o'ners o$ a ra%"n# ra%+ $or moor %ars( The ra%+ 'as Cera"n persons 'ere he o'ners o$ a ra%"n# ra%+ $or moor %ars( The ra%+ 'as o&al "n shape an! meas*re! 'o m"les or more "n
o&al "n shape an! meas*re! 'o m"les or more "n %"r%*m%"r%*m$eren%e$eren%e( I ( I %ona"%ona"ne! ane! a lon# sra"#h sre%h +no'n as he $"n"sh"n# sra"#h- 'h"%h 'as o&er = $ee lon# sra"#h sre%h +no'n as he $"n"sh"n# sra"#h- 'h"%h 'as o&er = $ee '"!e an! 'as bo*n!e! on "s o*er s"!e b) a %emen +erb "n%hes "n '"!e an! 'as bo*n!e! on "s o*er s"!e b) a %emen +erb "n%hes "n he"#h- be)on!
be)on! 'h"%h 'h"%h 'as 'as a a sr"p sr"p o$ o$ #rass #rass 6 6 $ee $ee ; ; "n%hes "n%hes "n "n '"!h '"!h en%lose! en%lose! '"h"n '"h"n anan "ron ra"l"n# 6 $ee "n%hes h"#h( Spe%aors 'ere a!m"e! on pa)men o &"e' "ron ra"l"n# 6 $ee "n%hes h"#h( Spe%aors 'ere a!m"e! on pa)men o &"e' he ra%es- an! san!s 'ere pro&"!e! "n 'h"%h he) %o*l! !o h"s "n sa$e)- b* he ra%es- an! san!s 'ere pro&"!e! "n 'h"%h he) %o*l! !o h"s "n sa$e)- b* man
man) ) perspersons ons prepre$err$erre! e! o o sasan! n! aloalon# n# an! o*s"an! o*s"!e !e he ra"l"he ra"l"n#( n#( AmAmon# on# hehe %ompe"n# %ars "n a lon# !"san%e ra%e on h"s ra%+ 'o %ars 'ere r*nn"n# alon# %ompe"n# %ars "n a lon# !"san%e ra%e on h"s ra%+ 'o %ars 'ere r*nn"n# alon# he $"n"sh"n# sra"#h a a pa%e o$ o&er = m"les an ho*r an! 'ere approa%h"n# he $"n"sh"n# sra"#h a a pa%e o$ o&er = m"les an ho*r an! 'ere approa%h"n# a sharp ben! o
a sharp ben! o he le$ he %ar "n $ron an! more o he le$ he %ar "n $ron an! more o he le$ *rne! o he r"#hhe le$ *rne! o he r"#h he oher %ar !"! he same- b* "n so !o"n# o*%he! he o$$ s"!e o$ he $"rs he oher %ar !"! he same- b* "n so !o"n# o*%he! he o$$ s"!e o$ he $"rs men"one! %ar- '"h he sran#e res*l ha he $"rs men"one! %ar sho "no he men"one! %ar- '"h he sran#e res*l ha he $"rs men"one! %ar sho "no he a"r o&er he +erb an! he #rass mar#"n an! "no he ra"l"n#- +"ll"n# 'o spe%aors a"r o&er he +erb an! he #rass mar#"n an! "no he ra"l"n#- +"ll"n# 'o spe%aors an! "n4*r"n# ohers( The %o*rse 'as opene! "n =85( No a%%"!en l"+e h"s ha! an! "n4*r"n# ohers( The %o*rse 'as opene! "n =85( No a%%"!en l"+e h"s ha! e&er happene! be$ore(
e&er happene! be$ore(
In an a%"on b) one o$ he "n4*re! spe%aors a#a"ns he o'ners o$ he ra%"n# In an a%"on b) one o$ he "n4*re! spe%aors a#a"ns he o'ners o$ he ra%"n# ra%+ he 4*r) $o*n! ha he !e$en!ans 'ere ne#l"#en "n ha ha&"n# "n&"e! he ra%+ he 4*r) $o*n! ha he !e$en!ans 'ere ne#l"#en "n ha ha&"n# "n&"e! he p*bl"%
p*bl"% o o '"ness '"ness a a h"#hl) h"#hl) !an#ero*s !an#ero*s spor spor he) he) ha! ha! $a"le! $a"le! b) b) no"%es no"%es oror oher'"se o #"&e 'arn"n# o$- or proe%"on $rom- he !an#ers "n%"!en oher'"se o #"&e 'arn"n# o$- or proe%"on $rom- he !an#ers "n%"!en hereo-an! o +eep spe%aors a a sa$e !"san%e $rom he ra%+( >*!#men ha&"n# been an! o +eep spe%aors a a sa$e !"san%e $rom he ra%+( >*!#men ha&"n# been #"&en $or he pla"n"$$ on hese $"n!"n#s3 1
#"&en $or he pla"n"$$ on hese $"n!"n#s3 1
Held
Held - ha " 'as he !*) o$ he appellan s o see ha he %o*rse 'as as $ree- ha " 'as he !*) o$ he appellan s o see ha he %o*rse 'as as $ree
$rom !an#er as reasonable %are an! s+"ll %o*l! ma+e "- b* ha he) 'ere no $rom !an#er as reasonable %are an! s+"ll %o*l! ma+e "- b* ha he) 'ere no "ns
"ns*re*rers rs a#aa#a"ns"ns a%%a%%"!e"!ens ns 'h"'h"%h %h no no reareasonasonable ble !"l!"l"#e"#en%e n%e %o*%o*l! l! $ore$oresee see oror a#a"ns !an#ers "nheren "n a spor 'h"%h an) reasonable spe%aor %an $oresee a#a"ns !an#ers "nheren "n a spor 'h"%h an) reasonable spe%aor %an $oresee an! o$ 'h"%h he a+es he r"s+- an! %onse,*enl
an! o$ 'h"%h he a+es he r"s+- an! %onse,*enl) ha here 'as no- e&"!en%e o) ha here 'as no- e&"!en%e o s*ppor he &er!"% o$ he 4*r)(
s*ppor he &er!"% o$ he 4*r)(
'ACTORS TO BE *EI+HED IN ESTABLISHIN+ BREACH, 'ACTORS TO BE *EI+HED IN ESTABLISHIN+ BREACH,
1-1- 'OR'ORESEESEEABEABILIILIT. T. O' O' HARHARMM
!-!- MAMA+N+NITIT&T&TE OE O' H' HARARMM
3-3- B&B&RDRDEN O' /EN O' /RERECACA&T&TIOIONN
4-4- DEDE'E'ENDNDANANT0T0S /&RS /&R/O/OSESE
