dot point chemistry HSC investigation
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(2) Thanks to Oatley campus of Georges River College for the use of equipment to photograph.. © Science Press 2009 First published 2009 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 sales@sciencepress.com.au www.sciencepress.com.au. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861.
(3) Contents Introduction. v. Verbs to Watch. vi. Dot Points Production of Materials. vii. The Acidic Environment. ix. Chemical Monitoring and Management. xi. Industrial Chemistry. xiii. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation. xv. Investigations Production of Materials. 1. The Acidic Environment. 63. Chemical Monitoring and Management. 137. Industrial Chemistry. 197. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation. 261. Appendix Answers. 312. Data Sheet. 318. Periodic Table. 319. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. iii. Contents.
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Science Press. Contents. iv. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations.
(5) Introduction This book contains all the instructions and other information needed for you to carry out the mandatory firsthand investigations listed in column 3 of the Board of Studies Chemistry syllabus. In some cases more than one experiment has been suggested. The syllabus requires 35 hours of practical work, but this need not all be experimental work. First-hand investigations include research to gather, process and analyse information, the presentation of information in written or spoken format and the solving of problems. In completing the activities in this book, you will have satisfied these aspects of the practical work required by the syllabus as detailed in column 3 of the syllabus document. Note that answers to practical and research exercises have not been provided as this would void the experimentation and research that you need to do in order to get these answers. Additional extension questions have been provided, where applicable, to encourage higher-order thinking and enable deeper understanding of chemistry concepts. Further examples of questions relevant to firsthand investigations in column 3 of the syllabus are included in two other books in this series, Dot Point HSC Chemistry and Dot Point HSC Chemistry Multiple Choice. The dot point numbers allocated to each experiment reflect the numbers allocated to that dot point in the other books in this series. Remember that these numbers are author derived and do not appear in the syllabus. Wherever possible, allowance has been made for variations in experimental method. This is necessary because schools have access to different resources and teachers often wish to design their own activities specific to their resources. Also, you are expected to develop skills in the planning of experiments and if you are always given ‘recipes’ you will never learn to do this. However, as many students struggle when it comes to planning and writing up experiments and research, many hints are provided. Experimental and research work is an integral part of the study of Chemistry. It is not meant to stand alone. You should always look for the relevance of your experimental and research work to the topic being studied. Thus it is recommended that after you carry out these activities, and your teacher has checked your work, the completed sheets should be inserted in the appropriate place in your notes. This book is NOT a series of ‘chemical recipes’ or a ‘how to do it’ manual. It is designed to help you record and evaluate experimental procedures that you will design and carry out during the Chemistry course and to encourage you to see the significance of information obtained from practical activities and research. Before you carry out any experimental procedure it is essential that you consult Safety Data Sheets and information from your teacher and textbooks in order to find out the risks associated with using any chemicals involved and precautions needed to deal with these risks. Before commencing any practical work, you must discuss with your teacher the necessary precautions for dealing with the chemicals and equipment to be used. All aspects of your experimental design must be approved by your teacher.. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. v. Introduction.
(6) Verbs to Watch account/account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions.. distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things.. analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications.. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine Inquire into.. apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.. explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how.. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something.. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.. assess Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size.. extrapolate Infer from what is known.. calculate Determine from given facts, figures or information.. identify Recognise and name.. clarify Make clear or plain.. interpret Draw meaning from.. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.. investigate Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about.. compare Show how things are similar and different.. justify Support an argument or conclusion.. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments.. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.. contrast Show how things are different or opposite.. predict Suggest what may happen based on available data.. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge and understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to an analysis or evaluation.. propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action.. deduce Draw conclusions.. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.. define State the meaning of and identify essential qualities.. recommend Provide reasons in favour.. demonstrate Show by example.. recount Retell a series of events.. describe Provide characteristics and features.. summarise Express concisely the relevant details.. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against.. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole.. Science Press. Verbs to Watch. vi. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations.
(7) Production of Materials Dot Point 1. 1.3. Page. Page. 4.. Energy from redox reactions. 4.1. First-hand investigation: Galvanic cells.. 41. 4.2. First-hand investigation: Potential difference of metals in an electrolyte.. 45. 11. 4.9. Calculations using the redox table.. 49. 4.10 Chemistry and uses of batteries compared.. 53. Energy and raw materials from fossil fuels First-hand investigation: Alkanes and alkenes with bromine.. 3. 1.7. Modelling polymerisation.. 9. 2.. Materials from biomass. 2.2. Development and use of a biopolymer.. 3.. Ethanol – use and manufacture. 3.3. Modelling the dehydration and hydrolysis of ethylene.. 15. 3.4. Industrial production of ethanol from sugar cane.. 19. First-hand investigation: Molar heats of combustion of alkanols.. 23. 3.8. Dot Point. 3.10 Ethanol as a car fuel.. 31. 3.12 First-hand investigation: Fermentation of glucose.. 35. 5.. Nuclear chemistry. 5.2. Recent discoveries of elements.. 57. 5.8. Radioisotopes – benefits and problems.. 59. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. vii. Production of Materials.
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Science Press. Contents. viii. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations.
(9) The Acidic Environment Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 4.. Acid/base theories. 4.1. Using secondary sources.. 107. 4.6. First-hand investigation: pH of salt solutions.. 109. 1.. Indicators. 1.1. First-hand investigation: Natural indicators.. 65. 1.2. Indicators – colour changes.. 71. 1.5. Acidic/basicity of household substances.. 73. 4.11 First-hand investigation: Titrations.. 113. 4.12 First-hand investigation: Titration of a domestic substance using computer-based technology.. 125. 4.13 Neutralisation in accidents.. 129. 2.. Acidic oxides and the atmosphere. 2.7. First-hand investigation: Decarbonation of a soft drink.. 75. 2.12 Industrial origins of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.. 81. 3.. Acids and pH. 3.1. First-hand investigation: Using pH meters or probes. 85. 3.4. Naturally occurring acids and bases.. 91. 3.7. Strong and weak acids.. 93. 3.8. Ionic equations for acid ionisation.. 97. 3.9. Modelling acids – molecular nature and ionisation.. 99. 3.13 Strong and weak acids – calculating pH.. 101. 3.14 Acids as food additives.. 105. 5.. Esterification. 5.7. First-hand investigation: Preparation of an ester by reflux.. 131. 5.9. Esters – uses in foods and cosmetics.. 135. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. ix. The Acidic Environment.
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Science Press. Contents. x. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations.
(11) Chemical Monitoring and Management Dot Point 1.. The work of chemists. 1.1. Researching the work of chemists.. 2.. Monitoring in industry – the Haber process. Page. Dot Point. 139. 2.9. Development of the Haber process and its significance.. 141. 3.. Chemical analysis. 3.1. First-hand investigation: Flame tests.. 143. 3.2. Monitoring ions in substances we use.. 157. 3.4. First-hand investigation: Sulfate content of lawn fertiliser.. 161. 3.5. Analysing reliability of results.. 167. 3.7. Interpreting data from AAS analysis.. 169. Page. 4.. Atmospheric chemistry and ozone. 4.9. Modelling haloalkanes.. 173. 4.12 Destruction of atmospheric ozone.. 175. 4.14 Replacements for CFCs.. 177. 5.. Monitoring the water supply. 5.3. First-hand investigation: Water testing.. 179. 5.4. Monitoring water for heavy metals and eutrophication.. 187. 5.5. The local water supply.. 193. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. xi. Chemical Monitoring and Management.
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Science Press. Contents. xii. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations.
(13) Industrial Chemistry Dot Point 1.. Resources and replacements. 1.1. A natural resource (not a fossil fuel).. 2.. Equilibrium and the equilibrium constant. 2.1. Page. Dot Point. 199. Page. 5.. Saponification. 5.1. First-hand investigation: Saponification.. 235. 5.2. Saponification.. 239. 5.5. First-hand investigation: An emulsion, properties and uses.. 241. 5.6. First-hand investigation: Soap as an emulsion.. 245. First-hand investigation: Modelling an equilibrium reaction.. 201. 2.2. First-hand investigation: Analysing an equilibrium reaction.. 207. 2.5. Calculating the equilibrium constant (K). 213. 5.11 Environmental impacts of soaps and detergents.. 3.. Sulfuric acid. 6.. The Solvay process. 3.4. Transport and storage of sulfuric acid.. 219. 6.5. 253. 3.9. Industrial production of H2SO4 – chemistry and output.. 221. First-hand investigation: The Solvay process.. 6.6. Calculations involving the Solvay process.. 257. 6.7. Location of a chemical plant using the Solvay process.. 259. 3.10 First-hand investigation: Reactions of H2SO4.. 225. 4.. Sodium hydroxide. 4.2. First-hand investigation: Electrolysis of sodium chloride.. 229. 4.3. Electrolysis of molten and aqueous sodium chloride.. 233. 249. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. xiii. Industrial Chemistry.
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Science Press. Contents. xiv. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations.
(15) Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 5.. Corrosion in a sunken ship. 5.5. First-hand investigation: Rate of corrosion.. 291. 5.6. Predicting corrosion rates at depth.. 301. 267. 6.. Corrosion at depth. First-hand investigation: Corrosion of iron and steel.. 269. 6.1. First-hand investigation: Rate of corrosion and acidity.. 2.4. Composition and properties of steel.. 273. 7.. 3.. Electrolytic cells. Salvage, conservation and restoration of artefacts. 3.3. First-hand investigation: Rate of electrolysis.. 275. 7.6. Restoration techniques used in Australian projects.. 4.. Corrosion in a marine environment. 4.1. History of ship construction – materials used.. 279. 4.2. First-hand investigation: Corrosion rate of metals and alloys.. 281. 4.4. First-hand investigation: Prevention of corrosion.. 285. 4.8. Applications of cathodic protection.. 289. 1.. The ocean as an electrolyte. 1.4. Impact of Galvani, Davy, Faraday and electron transfer reactions.. 2.. Ships of metal. 2.2. Conditions for rusting.. 2.3. 263. 303. 307. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. xv. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation.
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Science Press. Contents. xvi. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations.
(17) DOT POINT *À`ÕVÌÊvÊ >ÌiÀ>Ã. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry Investigations. 1. Production of Materials.
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