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Manuscript received January 2018, revised March 2018 Copyright © 2018 Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta - All

Energy Efficiency Through Lighting and Cooling System

Approach

Faaris Mujaahid

*1

, Doane Puri Mustika

1

, Ramadoni Syahputra

1

, Karisma Trinanda Putra

1,2

, Kunnu

Purwanto

1

1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Information and Electrical Engineering,

Asia University, Taiwan

*Corresponding author, e-mail: f.mujaahid@umy.ac.id

Abstract – This work reports the implementation of using energy efficient electronic devices to reduce the electricity consumption in Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY). The first step taken by UMY is to replace lighting and cooling system in all its rooms using energy saving devices. This research was conducted in building E4. This research was conducted by surveying the designated building to get data about lighting and air conditioner devices used in the E4 building. If the proposed concept is applied to lighting and cooling system, UMY would be able to reduce electricity consumption by 29.7 MWh, and this can support the breakthrough of turning UMY into a green campus. Keywords: green campus, efficiency, UMY, energy efficient

I.

Introduction

Green campus is a system that is run on a campus that requires all citizens to take concrete actions in the form of efficiency and energy conservation to support an environmentally friendly campus and minimize global warming [1]. The main factor that makes electricity as one of the factors causing global warming because electricity production produced in the world is mostly done from the burning of coal [2]. The results of these combustion create several negative effects for the earth that produce carbon dioxide, become air pollutants and even cause global warming. Some things that should be created by the campus to get to the green campus, one of which is to do electricity energy efficiency and electricity energy conservation. Electricity energy efficiency is a real action in the use of low-power electronic devices, while energy conservation is a behavior or action taken by humans in using the device.

But in fact, there are still many campuses that have not done that, one of which is UMY. This research case study is conducted in E4 lecture building. There are still some electronic devices in the building that have not used LED lights, and none have used Air Conditioner (AC) with inverter

technology. This study attempts to propose an alternate approach in lighting and cooling systems to understand the concept of green campus and its application at UMY. Besides, this research also encourages campus residents to improve their energy-saving properties and reduce the activities of campus residents who do not care about energy efficiency.

II.

Previous Studies

Some preliminaries studies discuss about ECI (Energy Consumption Intensity), this is a term to find out the quantity of energy used per unit or activity in a system (building) [3]. The ECI value is known by comparing the total use of electrical energy with the building area. One example is the ECI that was carried out at Psychiatric Hospital Prof Dr HB Saanin in Padang. The collected data were in the form of the building area, the electricity usage, and the budget spent on electricity. From the calculation results, the value of ECI Electricity in 2013 was 155,857 kWh / m2 per year, the value of ECI in 2014 was 29,291 kWh / m2 per year, and in 2015 it was 33,216 kWh / m2 per year. This result is considered good for the efficient category, because the value is far below the ECI electric standard for hospital buildings of 380 kWh / m2 per year [4].

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Other researchers evaluated the use of LED lamps instead of conventional lamps [5-6]. Production of LED is based on the voltage requirements that are generally used by consumers, namely at a voltage of 220 V. So, the most appropriate LED arrangement is a series of circuits, namely with 25 LEDs. These LEDs will be supplied by a 220V voltage that has been rectified so that it matches the needs of the total LED installed. With a rectifier, the output current from the supply is converted to direct current, thus the voltage also periodically reverses. The results indicated better energy efficiency compared to the use of TL lamps.

Some of the research conducted took an example of the case of electricity usage in the environment of the Public Library and Archives of Malang City, in which the electricity consumption is increasing every year. At that time the use of cooling system, AC, has increasingly been used in almost every room. From the calculation results, the library could save the electricity of 19.69 kWh / day or 590.7 kWh / month. Further savings can be made by minimizing the workings of AC with temperatures according to the standard and the replacement of conventional AC that are more than 5 years old by new AC with inverter technology [7].

III. Method

This study uses observation and interview methods to those who know the electronic lighting and cooling data in the UMY E4 building, such as UMY Facility & Asset division, Faculty staff and students in E4 building, and administration staff for the lecture schedules. From this raw data, it is then calculated using some formulas so that it yields the annual electricity bill for the E4 building. Once obtained, the data is recapitulated using Microsoft Excel. Through this application, the calculation of all loads including lightings and AC can be done. By multiplying the price per kWh, we get the total bill that has to be paid to the electricity provider.

On the other hand, it is necessary to compare the calculation data if the load is replaced using LED lights and AC inverters. The final step is to make an analysis and conclusion through analytical comparisons to determine the cost of electricity tariffs, bill saving and payback periods, as a reference for the university to replace energy-efficient lamps and AC.

A. Electric Energy Usage

Electrical energy consumption is the total load (in

Watt) used in a building from the number of electronic device and multiplied by total time in minutes the electronic device is used. To calculate the use of electrical energy can be calculated in the following way.

𝐸 = 𝑃𝐿×𝑃𝐶×𝑡

1000 (1) Where,

E : electricity consumption (KWh) PL : Total power of lighting system (Watt) PC : Total power of cooling system (Watt) t : Time consumption (minutes)

B. Electricity Basic Tariff

Electricity bill is one component of cost analysis that is taken into consideration when determining the type of load. Basic electricity tariffs in Indonesia have been determined in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 104 of 2013 which states that the basic electricity tariff is Rp 1.060,00 for the power subscription of 150 KVA.

𝐵𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑇 × 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑓 (2)

Where,

Bill : Total cost of electricity (Rupiah or Rp) ET : Total electricity consumption (KWh) Tariff : Electricity price per Kwh according to the subscription rate (Rp/KWh)

C. Time Value of Money

The time value of money or TVM is a very important concept for an organization that states that the value of money now is more valuable than the value of money in the future. The difference in currency values is due to time differences. It is assumed that the interest rate of 1.02% is obtained from the average increase in PLN's electricity tariff in the last 5 years. This time value of money can be calculated using the following formula:

𝐹 = 𝑃 × (𝐼 + 𝑖)𝑛 (3) Where,

F : Money value in the future (Rupiah or Rp) P : Money value at present (Rupiah or Rp) I : Interest Rate (constant: 1.02%)

n : Number of year after the year of money value at present

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D. Energy Savings

Energy efficiency is important to catch more benefits to save electricity bill by focusing on equipment or machines that consume less energy.

𝐸𝑆 = 𝐸𝐶 − 𝐸𝑃 (4)

Where,

ES : Energy saving, a potential saving that can be made after implementing the energy-efficient devices (KWh)

EC : Energy consumption from the current devices (KWh)

EP : Energy consumption after using the energy-efficient devices (KWh)

With the implementation of electrical energy efficiency, the obtained bill saving from the results of the electrical energy efficiency is then multiplied by the price of electrical energy per Kwh, see equation (2). The resulting bill saving can be used to replace an existing product with a new product with specifications that are more efficient than before. The payback period from the bill saving results to meet the purchase of new products can be calculated by:

𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐶 ÷ 𝐵𝑆 (5)

Where:

PP : Payback period, time required to recoup the break-event point (month or year)

IC : Incremental cost or marginal cost, the total money needed with respect to the cash inflow and outflow (Rupiah or Rp)

BS : Bill saving, potential saving that can be made during a certain period (Rupiah or Rp). Result of equation (2)

IV. Result and Discussion

This study utilizes reference data that already exists at Facility & Asset division of UMY. The observations are presented in several tables as follows.

TABLE1

The use of air conditioner at E4 ground floor

Room AC brand Power

HP Watt E4.001 Panasonic 2 2090 E4.002 Samsung 1.5 1120 Samsung 1.5 1120 E4.003 Samsung 1.5 1120 Samsung 1.5 1120 E4.004 Panasonic 1.5 1110 Panasonic 1.5 1170 E4.005 Panasonic 1.5 1170 E4.006 Panasonic 1.5 1170 Panasonic 1.5 1170 TABLE2

The use of air conditioner at E4 1st floor

Room AC Brand Power

(Watt)

Class room 101 Panasonic 2090

Seminar room (Dept. of International Relation)

Panasonic 1920

Panasonic 1920

Lab. (Dept. of International Relation)

Panasonic 2090

National 2090

Administrative office (Dept. of International Relation)

Midea 1910

Midea 1910

Research room Panasonic 2090

Panasonic 2090

TABLE3

The use of air conditioner at E4 2nd floor

Room AC Brand Power

(Watt)

SLC room Panasonic 2090

Daikin 1650

Daikin 1650

Lecturer room (Dept. of Economics)

Panasonic 1950

Panasonic 2090

Dept. of Economics office Daikin 1650

Stock Exchange practical room

Panasonic 2040

Panasonic 2040

Sharp 1290

Administrative office Panasonic 840

Accounting lab Panasonic 1750

Panasonic 1950 Lab Ucida 1700 Samsung 800 Panasonic 840 Panasonic 840 TABLE4

The use of lamp at E4 ground floor

Room Type Power

(Watt) E4.001 TL LED 96 E4.002 TL LED 96 E4.003 TL LED 96 E4.004 TL LED 96 E4.005 TL LED 96 E4.006 TL LED 64 Rest room (woman) TL Ring 88 TL Fluerescent 36 Rest room (man) TL Ring 88 TL Fluerescent 36 Corridor TL Ring 44 LED BULB 36

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TABLE5

The use of lamp at E4 1st floor

Room Type Power

(Watt)

Class room 101 TL LED 96

Seminar room (Dept. of International Relation) TL LED 96 Lab. (Dept. of International Relation) TL LED 96 Administrative office (Dept. of International Relation) TL LED 64

Research room TL LED 64

Rest room (woman) TL Ring 88

TL Fluorescent 36

Rest room (man) TL Ring 88

TL Fluorescent 36

Corridor TL Ring 22

LED Bulb 60

Stairs TL.Ring 88

TABLE6

The use of lamp at E4 2nd floor

Room Type Power

(Watt)

SLC room LED BULB 108

LED BULB 24

Lecturer room (Dept. of Economics) TL LED 160 Dept. of Economics office TL LED 64 Stock Exchange practical room TL LED 160

Administrative office TL LED 64

Accounting lab TL LED 160

Lab TL Ring 72

Rest room (woman) TL Ring 88

TL Fluorescent 36

Rest room (man) TL Ring 88

TL Fluorescent 36

Corridor TL Ring 44

LED BULB 36

Stairs TL.Ring 88

TABLE7 The use of room every week

Room Time (hour/ week) E4.001 50.67 E4.002 50.67 E4.003 50.67 E4.004 50.67 E4.005 52.17 E4.006 50.67 Class room 101 50.67

Seminar room (Dept. of International 50.67

Relation)

Lab. (Dept. of International Relation) 44

Administrative office (Dept. of International Relation)

44

Research room 44

SLC room 44

Lecturer room (Dept. of Economics) 44

Dept. of Economics office 44

Stock Exchange practical room 44

Administrative office 44 Accounting lab 47 Lab 46 Rest room 84 Corridor 84 Stairs 28

Each floor in the E4 building has different amount of energy from lighting and cooling system. See table 8 below for the total energy consumption per room in every floor, lamp and AC are written in separate column.

TABLE8

Energy consumption at E4 per week

Room Power Time

(hour) Energy (KWh) Lamp AC E4.001 (GF) 96 2090 50.67 110.8 E4.002 (GF) 96 2240 50.67 118.4 E4.003 (GF) 96 2240 50.67 118.4 E4.004 (GF) 96 2280 50.67 120.4 E4.005 (GF) 96 1170 52.17 66 E4.006 (GF) 64 2340 50.67 121.8 Rest room (woman) (GF) 124 84 10.4 Rest room (man) (GF) 124 84 10.4 Corridor (GF) 80 84 6.7 Class room 101 (1F) 96 2090 50.67 110.8 Seminar room (Dept. of International Relation) (1F) 96 3840 50.67 199.4 Lab. (Dept. of International Relation) (1F) 96 4180 44 188.1 Administrative office (Dept. of International Relation) (1F) 64 3820 44 170.9 Research room (1F) 64 2090 44 94.8 Rest room (woman) (1F) 124 84 10.4 Rest room (man) (1F) 124 84 10.4 Corridor (1F) 82 84 6.9 Stairs (1F) 88 28 2.5 SLC room (2F) 132 5390 44 3 Lecturer room (Dept. of 160 4040 44 184.8

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Economics) (2F) Dept. of Economics office (2F) 64 1650 44 75.4 Stock Exchange practical room (2F) 160 5370 44 243.3 Administrative office (2F) 64 840 44 39.8 Accounting lab (2F) 160 3700 47 181.4 Lab (2F) 72 4180 46 195.6 Rest room (woman) (2F) 124 84 10.4 Rest room (man) (2F) 124 84 10.4 Corridor (2F) 80 84 6.7 Stairs (2F) 88 28 2.5

Total energy consumption/ week 2670.8

Thus, to find out the amount of electrical energy used in the E4 building of UMY, it can be calculated using equation (1). From table 8, PL and PC refer to Lamp and AC respectively, t is the time (in hour). Then, the total electricity consumption in one year for lamps and AC in the E4 building is the total energy consumption in a week (2.67 MWh) multiplied by 521

7, equals to 139.3 MWh. 52 1 7 is the

total week in a year; 52 weeks and 1 day (1

7 week).

If all the non-LED lightings are replaced by LED and all the old ACs are replaced by the inverter-AC, there is huge electricity saving that can be made. Using equation (2) and (4), a potential reduction of 28.1 MWh/ year can be reached. If the electricity tariff is 1040 rupiah/ KWh, then the saving will be about 29.2 million rupiah/ year.

V.

Conclusion

Based on the results and comparative analysis between the use of conventional devices and energy saving devices, it can be concluded that:

1. From the results of the analysis conducted, the cooling and lighting system in the E4 building still use conventional AC (all) and TL lamps (partially). This resulted in higher electricity energy consumption in the building.

2. Through calculations, the electrical energy used by UMY for cooling and lighting in E4 building every year is 139.3 MWh.

3. If you make a switch to AC with inverter technology and LED lights, the energy savings in the UMY E4 building is 28.1 MWh annually

and has the potential to save costs as much as 29.2 million rupiah.

References

[1] Asnal Effendi dan Ahsanul. 2013. “Analisis Audit Energi Untuk Pencapaian Efisisensi Energi Di Gedung AB Kabupaten Tangerang” https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id.

[2] Firdaus Pratama,dkk. 2014, ”Analisis Audit Energi Untuk Pencapaian Efisisensi Energi Listrik PT. Intan Pariwara Klaten” https://dspace.uii.ac.id. [3] Jati Untoro, dkk. 2014, “Audit Energi dan Analisis

Penghematan Konsumsi Energi pada Sistem Peralatan Listrik di Gedung Pelayanan Unila” https://electrician.unila.ac.id.

[4] Jawoto Tri, dkk. 2017. “Audit Energi Listrik Untuk Meningkatkan Efisisensi di Gedung FISIP Universitas Brawijaya”. https://elektro.studentjournal.ub.ac.id.

[5] Surihajanto dkk. 2013. “Melakukan Evaluasi Penggunaan Lampu LED Sebagai Lampu Konvensional ” http:// journal.unisla.ac.id.

[6] Jimmy, dkk. 2013. “Analisa Penggunaan Lampu

LED Pada Penerangan Dalam Rumah”

https://ejournal.undip.ac.id.

[7] Yoga Prasetya, 2014, ”Analisis Peningkatan Pada Keefisienan Penggunaan Energi Listik Pada Sistem Pencahayaan dan AC Di Gedung Perpustakaan Umum dan Arsip Daerah Kota Malang” https://elektro.studentjournal.ub.ac.id.

[8] Joko Prihartono, dkk. 2016. ”Audit Energi dan Analisis Peluang Penghematan Energi Listrik Gedung Mahkamah Konstitusi Jakarta” https://e-journal.upp.ac.id.

[9] Rahmat Adiprasetya. 2015. “Analisis Dampak Konsevasi Energi Pada Permintaan dan Penyediaan Energi Listrik di Jawa Timur”, https://repository.umy.ac.id.

[10] Yadi Mulyadi, dkk. 2013. “Analisis Audit Energi Untuk Pencapaian Efisiensi Penggunaan Energi di Gedung FPMIPA JICA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia”. http://ejournal.upi.edu.

Authors’ information

Faaris Mujaahid Hold a bachelor degree in 2010 from Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands. He received a master degree in Sustainable Energy Technologies in 2016 from University of Southampton, UK. ing. Faaris Mujaahid, M.Sc is currently a lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia. His main research interest is in LabVIEW and renewable energy (mainly in solar cell material and fabrication technologies).

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Doane Puri Mustika is a bachelor student of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, expected to finish his study in 2019.

Ramadoni Syahputra received B.Sc. degree from Institut Teknologi Medan in 1998, M.Eng. degree from Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2002, and Ph.D degree at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia in 2015. Dr. Ramadoni Syahputra is a Lecturer in Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia. His research interests are in computational of power system, artificial intelligence in power system, power system control, the application of fuzzy logic in power system, optimization, distributed energy resources, and renewable energy.

Karisma T. Putra born in Bondowoso on June 19, 1990. Graduated from elementary to senior high school in Bondowoso until 2008. Studied bachelor degree program in Surabaya, precisely in Electronics Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (EEPIS) until 2012. He got scholarship program to continue master degree in Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya. Now, he is doing a doctorate degree in Asia University Taiwan. Karisma is also a lecturer at Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The main focus of research is the intelligent systems and controls. He engaged in joint research related to the development of food commodity tracking systems and integrated intelligent systems. He was involved in several competitions in developing smart devices. Pursue the field of electronics and software development since college. Mr. Putra joined in Indonesian’s engineer union organization (PII) in 2016. Mr. Putra is also active in writing publications on IEEE society.

Kunnu Purwanto is a lecturer and researcher in Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY). He received bachelor degree from UMY and M.Eng degree from Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). Kunnu Purwanto is actively involved in national robotic contest and activities as a delegate from UMY.

References

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