VPN – Lesson 2:
VPN Implementation
Notations
• VPN client (ok)
• Firewall
• Router
• VPN firewall
• VPN router
• VPN server
• VPN concentrator
Basic Questions
1. VPN implementation options for remote users or sites 2. VPN implementation options for corporate main network 3. How does a remote access VPN work? – How to implement the VPN client and the VPN server? – When the remote user sends a message to the corporate network, • What is done in Step 1? • What is done in Step 2? Step 3? … 4. How does a site‐to‐site VPN work? ► Overview the things that a VPN router can do – When a host at one site sends a message to the other site, • What is done in Step 1? What is done in Step 2? Step 3?Remote Access VPN
e.g. Cisco VPN Concentrator DMZ AAAStep by Step Operations
• Alice, employee, is traveling in CA
• Her laptop: 200.200.1.2 (dynamic IP)
• Real app server: 130.128.2.3 (port 126)
• VPN server: 130.128.1.99 (port 89)
• AAA server: 130.128.22.22 (port 212)
Assume Alice wants to get a service:
access a file
• Step 1:
– If Alice constructs the request packet as follows, her request will be denied • Source IP: 200.200.1.2 • Dest IP: 130.128.2.3 (real app server) • Source port: • Dest Port: 126 • Other fields: – Reason: no direct access to real server from outside;To solve this problem
• Stage 1: Alice laptop establishes a TCP handshake with the VPN server – First packet: • Source IP: 200.200.1.2 • Dest IP: 130.128.1.99 – Second packet: VPN server to the VPN client program running on Alice laptop – 3rd packet: ack from client to VPN server • Stage 2: authentication – Client sends encrypted password and username to VPN serverStage 2
• Stage 2:
– However, VPN server CANNOT authenticate – So, VPN server forwards the password to the AAA server (through a separate TCP session) – The AAA server checks the password – The AAA server sends “YES” message to VPN server; in addition, AAA server will tell the VPN server that Alice has permission to access the real server – VPN server tells the client through the first TCP session that Alice is authenticatedCont’d
• Stage 2: – VPN server: I can serve you. – VPN server: but, we need to encrypt everything – Client: fine, – VPN server: which encryption algorithm you want to use? – Client: how about AES 1.0 with IV (initial vector) value XXXX – VPN server: agree – VPN server: which session key? – Client: will pick a key; encrypt the key with the public key of the VPN server; send the key to VPN server – VPN server: the key is a good keyStage 3
• Stage 3: do the business
– VPN server: I know the session key; now I am ready to serve you – VPN server: hi, which app server you want to access – Client: 130.128.2.3 – VPN server: good, let me establish a TCP session with the real server – VPN server will do 3 way handshake with the real server: 3‐steps; 3‐packetsCont’d
• VPN server: which service request you want to
send to the real server?
• Client program: encrypts the first service
request using the session key; sends the
packet to VPN server
• VPN server decrypts the packet and gets the
1
strequest
• VPN server forwards this request to the real
server through the 3
rdTCP session
Cont’d
• The real server gets it • The real server processes the request • The real server sends the result to VPN server via the 3rd TCP session • The VPN server encrypts the result • The VPN server sends the encrypted result to client via the 1st TCP session • The client decrypts • The client program shows the result to AliceCont’d
• The client sends 2
ndrequest out
• VPN server gets it; decrypts it;
• VPN server sends it to real server
• Real server processes it
• Real server sends back results to VPN server
• VPN server encrypts
• VPN server sends to client
• Client decrypts
• Client shows the result to Alice
VPN implementation options for remote
users or sites
• Software VPN clients like PSU client
• Hardware VPN clients (a small box)
• Remote‐site firewalling
Site‐to‐Site VPN
• VPN router: support heavy‐duty site‐to‐site
VPN traffic
– Target speed: Gigabit throughput – Not designed for remote access VPN• In standard setting, no employee desktop
needs to encrypt or decrypt anything; all the
encryption/decryption is done by the VPN
routers
• The two VPN routers will negotiate the key
Summary
• VPN facilities used by a site – VPN firewall: a firewall armed with basic VPN capability: encryption, key management • Slow; less powerful • Suitable for small sites – VPN router: support heavy‐duty site‐to‐site VPN traffic • Target speed: Gigabit throughput • Not designed for remote access VPN – VPN concentrator: designed for remote access VPN • Heavy‐duty: support 10,000 simultaneous remote users • Has no routing capability: should stay behind a routerVPN implementation options for
corporate main network
• Dedicated VPN server for remote access • Hardware to hardware firewalls • VPN routers to route traffic and terminate sessions • For a VPN firewall does that mean that the VPN firewall encrypts traffic? Is there an advantage to doing that over a VPN concentrator? – Hardware is quicker than software, putting together can separate which handles more traffic, but putting together saves money. • could adding VPN slow down firewall? – Yes • Will VPN significantly slow down firewall? – VPN always slows down firewall • Could a rule be set up to allow VPN packets to pass through?How does a remote access VPN work? • User would have an established internet connection, has software client installed, creates a tunnel over the public internet • Not a replacement for other security measures – once it’s through the concentrator it’s no longer secure • Using personal systems to connect to a VPN could allow already compromised systems on to the secured network • VPN server decrypts data and sends to application
How to implement the VPN client and the VPN server? • A VPN client is just a software program installed • Does the concentrator actually have routing capabilities or does it only decrypt? – Concentrator knows where the application server is • VPN router – does it need to be separate from the usual router? – You pay extra for the VPN capabilities – it’s the same hardware device with an added VPN plug‐in card • VPN Concentrator is behind router • What is the biggest difference between VPN concentrator & VPN router & VPN firewall & router & firewall? – VPN Concentrator does not do routing – VPN router is a router that can implement only the most popular VPN functionalities – can satisfy most applications – VPN firewalls are very similar to VPN routers, since a router typically does firewalling – A pure firewall does not support VPN • Is the concentrator vulnerable to attacks? – Concentrator only handles VPN traffic – forwards everything to the application server – Concentrator behind router – no need for anything other than decryption