SOUTH SHORE CLEAN CITIES
Natural Gas Vehicles Overview Carl Lisek
Executive Director 219-644-3690
[email protected] www.southshorecleancities.org
October 8, 2014
Agenda
Natural Gas Basics
Vehicles
Infrastructure
Getting Started
Additional
Resources
Mixture of hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH 4 )
Basics: What is Natural Gas?
Conventional Natural Gas
• Extracted from gas and oil wells domestically
• Uses existing pipeline distribution system
Renewable Natural Gas
• Produced from decomposing organic matter, including sewage, animal byproducts, and
agricultural, industrial, and municipal solid waste
• Biogas already being produced is upgraded to a purity standard
Images: U.S. Department of Energy, Producing Natural Gas From Shale, http://energy.gov/articles/producing-natural-gas-shale; NREL Image Gallery #06331
Benefits
• Abundant domestic resource
• High octane rating
• Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and noncarcinogenic
• Lower emissions
• Low and consistent fuel prices
• Proven and established
Considerations
• Reduced driving range on dedicated vehicles
• Incremental vehicle or conversion costs
• Infrastructure availability and costs
Basics: Benefits and Considerations
Storage Applications Energy Content
Compressed Natural Gas
Stored as a gas in onboard tanks under high pressure
Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty
1 gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE)
=
5.66 pounds (lb) or 126.67 cubic feet
Liquefied Natural Gas
Stored as a liquid at cold
temperatures (-260°F)
Stored in double- wall, vacuum-
insulated pressure vessels
Heavy-duty 1 GGE
=
1.5 gal LNG
Basics: CNG and LNG
Basics: Supply and Price Projections
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036
2012 D o ll ar s p er M il li o n B tu
Transportation Fuel Price Projections
Motor Gasoline (sales-weighted average, all grades) Diesel Fuel
Natural Gas
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Qu ad ri ll io n B tu
Natural Gas U.S. Production
Projections
Original Equipment Manufacturer
(OEM)
Vehicles: OEMs versus Conversions
Aftermarket Conversions Prepped
Vehicles
• More OEM models becoming available
• Aftermarket conversions provide additional options
– Must meet federal and state requirements, and be installed by a qualified system retrofitter (QSR) in accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 52
• Vehicles with factory-installed engine prep packages are converted by a qualified vehicle modifier (QVM)
before delivery to the customer
Vehicles: Categories
Category Fuel Benefits
Dedicated Natural gas Better performance
Lower emissions
Increased cargo capacity
Bi-fuel Natural gas or
gasoline
Fueling flexibility
Dual-fuel Natural gas and diesel (for ignition assistance)
Typically conversions
Vehicles: How Do They Work?
Adapted from Compressed Natural Gas: A Suite of Tutorials. Courtesy of Thomason & Associates, Inc.
Gas Fill Valve Tanks
Master Manual Shut-
Off Valve High-
Pressure Fuel Line Regulator
Natural Gas Solenoid
Valve Fuel Injection
System
Vehicles: Applications
Light-Duty
• Passenger cars and light-duty trucks in private and
government fleets
• Personal vehicles
Medium-Duty
• Vans and shuttles
• Airports and taxi fleets
Heavy-Duty
• Refuse haulers
• Transit buses
• School buses
• Long-haul trucks
• Street sweepers
• Snowplows
• Short-haul delivery
trucks
Vehicles: Where to Find Available
Models?
Vehicles: CNG Tanks and Safety
Helpful Resource:
When properly operated and maintained, natural gas infrastructure and vehicles are unlikely to present any danger to the driver of the vehicle. NFPA
52, the Vehicular Gaseous Fuel Systems Code, spells out specific safety
requirements for natural gas vehicles (NGVs) and their fueling facilities.
Case Study #1: South Bend Transpo Invests in CNG Buses
Just the Numbers
• CNG School Buses:
50
• Fuel Cost Savings:
$20,000 to $30,000 per month
• Petroleum
Displacement:
15,000 gallons of diesel fuel per month
“Our primary motivation for doing this was fuel costs.
They're high, and getting higher, and we're facing
budget cuts. Also, CNG is a clean fuel and benefits the environment.”
~ George Taylor, Director of Transportation
• Replacing 16 of their 60 buses with a
transit-style bus with a CNG engine. Also converted three Type A buses to CNG
• $3.6 million in grant funding for the buses, a fueling station, a mobile refueler, and maintenance facility modifications
Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, Kansas City Kansas Public Schools Invests in CNG Buses, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1016
Case Study #2: Groot Industries Shows Natural Gas Refuse Truck Benefits
Just the Numbers
• CNG Refuse Trucks: 20
• Fuel Cost Savings: 40%
• Simple Payback: 3 to 6.2 years (depending on fuel, vehicle, and infrastructure cost)
• Independent solid waste management company services 250,000 customers
• Committed to natural gas due to emissions and noise benefits
• Purchased refuse trucks with the Cummins ISL-G CNG engine
• Funded by American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the State of Illinois
Image and More Information: Argonne National Laboratory, Case Study – Compressed Natural Gas Refuse Fleets,
Case Study #3: LNG Allows for Cleaner Refuse Collection in Sacramento
Just the Numbers
• LNG Refuse Haulers: 113
• LNG Fuel Use: 1 million gallons per year
• GHG Reductions: 1,900 tons per year (11%)
“It has never been easier to migrate to NGVs. The network of natural gas fueling stations and the natural gas engine offerings are currently
experiencing tremendous growth.”
~ Keith Leech, Fleet Manager
• Replaced 113 side- and rear-loader refuse haulers with LNG
• Partners: Sacramento Clean Cities, local air district, local fleets, and
vehicle and engine manufacturers
• Reductions in life cycle GHG
emissions, maintenance costs, and noise
Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, LNG Allows for Cleaner Refuse Collection in Sacramento, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1424
Infrastructure: Natural Gas Station Availability
CNG and LNG Station Growth Over Time
CNG LNG
Existing, Offsite, Public Access
• Operated by retailer, utility, or other fleet
• Fleet may be an anchor fleet or part of a pool of multiple fleets
New, Onsite, Private Access
• Exclusive use by your fleet
• Fast-fill and/or time-fill
New, Onsite, Public Access
• Built outside of restricted areas
• Benefit from economy of scale
• Promotes public use of NGVs
• Must have fast-fill capabilities for public
Infrastructure: Types
Helpful Resource:
The VICE 2.0: Vehicles and Infrastructure Cash-Flow Evaluation
Model allows fleet managers to assess the financial soundness of converting their vehicles to run on CNG, including the cost of building
a new station.
Image: NREL Image Gallery #28496
Infrastructure: Station Ownership and Operation
Station Ownership
Fleet Independent Provider
Stat ion Operat ion Fleet
Fleet owns and operates station
Fleet works with vendors on station development
Independent Provi der Fleet owns the station, but relies
on experienced operator Reduces fleet risk
Usually a 5-7 year contract
Outside development, ownership, and operation
Fleet provides demand threshold
Long-term price agreement
Public access possible
Infrastructure: CNG Fueling
• Good for centrally-based fleets with consistent schedules
• CNG is dispensed slowly, often overnight
• Lower cost investment
• Fueling takes place in minutes
• Necessary for public-access stations
• Good for vehicles with little downtime
Images and More Information: AFDC CNG Fueling Stations, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_cng_stations.html
Helpful Resource:
AFDC ANIMATION PLACEHOLDER
• Containerized: Turn-key solution with standard storage tank, dispensing, metering, and containment equipment
• Customized: Larger storage tanks, multiple dispensers, other customization
• Mobile: Tanker truck with metering and dispensing equipment
* L/CNG stations convert LNG to CNG on site and allow for CNG or LNG fueling
Infrastructure: LNG Fueling
Other Considerations: Return on Investment Tools
afdc.energy.gov/tools
• Facility modifications may be necessary
• NFPA codes and international codes exist; local authorities determine which apply
• The following must be evaluated:
– Ventilation system – Heating system – Lighting system – Electrical system – Mechanical system – Building envelope – Internal structure
Other Considerations: Maintenance Facility Modifications
Helpful Resources:
The Clean Vehicle Education Foundation’s Guideline for
Determining Modifications Required for Adding CNG and
LNG Vehicles to Existing Maintenance Facilities and Natural Gas Vehicle Institute’s
Facilities Modification for Natural Gas Vehicles provide a comprehensive overview of codes
and standards for maintenance facilities, as well as additional information about evaluations and
modifications.
• Based on my fleet inventory and replacement schedule, what is the vehicle replacement potential?
• What vehicle, equipment, and station development vendors exist?
• Are there fueling stations in my area? Are they public or private? Can I visit?
• What support can my local Clean Cities coalition provide?
• How many vehicles will be fueled each day?
• How much fuel will each vehicle need?
• When and how often will vehicles need to be fueled?
• What are the maintenance facility and fueling infrastructure site development requirements?
• What federal, state, and local incentives are available?
Getting Started: Questions to Ask
Image: NREL Image Gallery #28005
