The FINITE STRING, Volume 12, Number 1

Journal

of

Computational Linguistics

M j c I 01--i C I J , ~ J. r,

. T , V E R

OF T H E

A S S O C I A T I O N

FOR

COMPUTATIONAL

LINGUlSTICS

WE

12

-

~ ~ U M E E R

1

APRIL

1975

C O N T E N T S

E f l i t o r i a l Review: Experimental P r o c e d u r e

.

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2

Z n f o r m a t i o n R e t r i e v a l C o u r s e .

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-

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.

. . . .

5

b&nguiskics Summer S c h o o l

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a

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. .

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. .

6

Xhdexing Seminar

. .

,

.

. .

. .

.

.

7

l & o ~ ~ m e n t A c c e s s System P r o p o s e d

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-

.

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8

r

e

Bibliography

. . . .

*

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9

~ ~ e r s h i p D i r e c t o x y 1 9 1 3 4

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1 3 m--JAPBNTravel P a c k a g e

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70

LOLAR B i b l i o g r a p h y o n A R P A N e t w o r k

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7 2

C

J O U R N A L QF COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS i s p u b 1 i s h e d

C e n t e r for A p p l i e d L i n g u i _ s t i c s f o r t h e ~ s s o e i a t - i o n fo1-

~ h t i o n a l Linguistics.

Bt

D a v i d G H a y s , P r o f e s s o r of L i n g u i s t i c s a n d of

S c i e n c e , State U n i v e r s i t y of N e w Y o r k , Buffalo.

STAFF: Brian Phillips, Assistant; J a c q u i n B r e n d l e

B%mry.

Z34.G EDITOR: A . H o o d Roberts, D e p u t y D i l r e c t o r , Center

Xied

Linguistics.

T:

N a n c y J o k o v i c h .

TON AND SUBSCRIPTION ADDRESS: 1611 N o r t h Kent S t r e e t ,

~ t d o n , V i r g i n i a 2 2 2 0 9 .

C o p y r i qh t 1 9 7 5

American

Journal

of

Carnputational

Linguistics

~ i . 7 + 0 f i ~h C' 1 5 2

AN

EXPERIMENT

IN

PROCEDURES F O R

E D I T O R I A L

R E V I E N

POL1

CY

The

Editorial

Board,

w i t h

the

E d i t o r as

c h a i x m a n ,

i s

c o l l e c t -

i v e l y

responsible

f o r

t h e

s c i e n t i f i c merit

of

a r t i c l e s

pub4-

lished

in

the

J o u r n a l ,

and

the

F d i t o r is bound by

their

d e c i -

s i o n .

If t h r e e

or more members

of

the

Board v o t e

to

r e j e c t

a G p n t r i b & k i o n , the J o u r n a l

will

n o t publish it.

If one or

two

members vote to reject the E d i t o r

will

act

in

accordance

w i t h

his oest

judqment.

The

Editor is individually

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

the

e d i t o r i a l and

g r a p h i c acceptability o f a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d

in

the J o u r n a l

The m e m b e r s of the

Editorial

Board c o l l a b o r a t e at t h e i r

discre-

tion

in

the judgment of s t y l e ,

c l a r i t y ,

and o r g a n i z a t i o n .

The

Journal

does n o t u ' n d e r t q k e

to

d e l i v e r

an e x h a u s t i v e

Cornen-

t a r y

on

articles s u b m i t t e d . I n

its

discretion,

ahcI

on

the

s p o - c i f i c r e q u e s t o f a n

author,

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Journal may d e l i v e n c r i t i q u e s of s u b s t a n c e

or

s t y l e .

PROCEDURE

FOR

A

L O K

CONTR.IBUT1ON

The

author

submits

a

650-word b , r i e f ,

which will be

u s e d f o r

r e v i e w

and p u b l i s h e d ,

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general

a f t e r r e v i s i o n ,

on

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card. T h e

summary

must

t e l l w h a t t h e

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tell;

an

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of

t h e

nature

of the contribution

is

n o t - s u . f f i -

E D I T O R I A L REIVTX5W

For,

editorial

r e v i e w ,

20

copies

n r o

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T h e

copier,

can kg:

produced

in

t h e AJCL o f f i c e , b u t

the

a u t h o r d t . 1 o y s ~ o y i r ~ l ; b y

s u b m i t t i n g

o n l y

one

copy o f

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summary.

F I R S T REPLY. A C J L r e s p o n d s , o r d i n a r i

ly

w i t l ~ i n

two

veeks

e i t h e r r e j e c t i n g t h e

c o n t r i b u t i o n o r c o m m i t t i n g

itselt

t o pub-

l i s h t h e

c o n t r i b u t i b n

in f u l l w i t h some g e n e r a l , and p o s s i b l y

some

p a r t i c u l a r ,

stipulations

.

I n

g e n e r a l ,

t h e f u l l

text

must s u p p o r t ,

by

its

e v i d e n c e

and ar-

cjument, t h e p r o m i s e s of t h e

summary.

It

m u s t

bc

clear.

I n

p a r t i c u l a r , reviewers

may

n o t e

k i n d s of d e t a i l

that

a r c

c s -

s e n t i a l

i n t h e f u l l

t e x t ,

or

reserve

t h e r i g h t

to examine

a f u l l

t e x t

h e f o r e

a g r e e i n g t o

publicatiofi.

FINAL SUBMISSION.

The a u t h o r f u r n i s h e s a copy

ready

t o

p h o t o g r a p h . Page

s i z e

must b e

8 . 5 ~ 1 1 " ;

margins

must

be a

full

inch on all sides;

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should

b e g i n

with

a t i t l e page,

summary,

and t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s ; p a g e

numbers

s h o u l d

be

top;

t y p i n g and

drawing

should

b e

sharp and

b l a c k

on

a

smooth

w h i t e

b a c k g r o u n d .

S i n c e

t n e

Y / - p a g e h i m i t i s o f t e n n o t

r e s t r i c t i v e ,

t h e

author

c a n h e l p t h e

reader

by

d i s p l a y i n g m a j o r p o i n t s , i n s e r t i n g

f i g u r e s

and

t a b l e s

on

the

same page

with

t e x t a a l

discussion,

and appending examples,

lists,

p r o g r a m s , flowcharts, a n d

so

FURTIIER NEGOTIATION. The J r s u r n a l w i l l r e t u r n

uhsatisfac

tory

t e x t s f o r

revision.

T h e

return

i s

g e n e r a l . 1 ~

w i t h i n

a

week

V L

two,

b u t

c a n

be l o n g e r i f

more

than one

person's

judgment

is

r e q u i r e d I f

t h e

full

t e x t

clearly

and

a d e q u a t e l y

expands

the

summary,

no r e t u r n

will

be

made.

The Journal

does not

maintain

a

backlog.

_{A l l}

_{finished manuscripts}

are

c l e a r e d

o n

each

c l o s i n g

d a t e .

SPtQRT

'OI'JTRIBUTI

ONS

T h e a u t h o r can submj-t a

summary

f a r tha same ~ c v i ( > W

as

f o r a

l o n g

c o n t r i h ~ t i o n or a f u l l text. F o r

raview

of

a short con- tribution

in

E u l l , f o u r c o p i e s arp n e e d e d .

The

pho t o q r a p h a h l c

version

must h n v c

a

summary

on

i . t s f i r 3 t paqc!, 1 ) e g i n n i . n ~ ~ 4 "

from the t o p

0 5

thc sbect.

Any t e x t p to 2 0 payC2G i s short; a n y t c x t over 4 0 pager; i s

long. B e t w e e n 2 0 a n d 4 0 p a g c s , c o n t r i . b u t i o n s a r t s

handled

a n

their merits; some may h e hcTd

for

combination

on

a syrnpasium

American Journal of Computational

Linguistics

M i ~~~~~1 C ~ O 5

,SHORT COURSE ON

A N D

3 Y N A M I C

R E T R I E V A L

L I B R A R Y

P R O C E S S I N G

C O R N E L L

UNIVERSITY

LECTIJRER Gerard Salton

TEXT D y n a m i c Information and L i b r a r y Processing

CONTENT New techniques for automatic i n d e x i n g and d o c u m e n t

c o n t e n t a n a l y s i s term classification, optimum

thesaurus construction, document

classification

and

f i l e organization, i n t e r a c t i v e search and r e t r i e v a l ,

f i l e g r o w t h and document retirement m e t h o d ~ l o q y ,

dynamic c o l l e c t i o n control

The text, by S a l t o n . is in press w=th Prentice ~ a l i .

DETAILS

D i r e c t o r of Continuing Education

College of Engineering

Cornell g n i v e r s i t y

U p s o n Hall

I t h a c a , N e w York 1 4 8 5 3

American Journal

of

Computational

Linguistics

~i c r o f i tho 1 5 : 6

THIRD

INTERNATIONAL SUMMER S C H O O L I N

POLYTECHNIC

OF

CENTRAL

LONDON

35 Marylebone Road

London NWl, 5 L S

JULY 2 1

-

A l J G U S T 8, 19-15

A b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h i n l a n g u a g e a n d l i n g u i s t i c s , o p e n t o t e a c h e r s , t r a n s l a t ~ r s , b e g i n n e r s , and a d v a n c e d s t u d e n t s . S o m e knowledge o f a t l e a s t one f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e i s d e s i r a b l e but n o t e s s e n t i a l . B e g i n n e r s and t h o s c w i t h s o m e p r e v i o u s k n o w l e d q e a r e s e p a r a t e d .

CONTENT

P r i n c i p l e s p h o n o l o g y , grammar, a n d s e m a n t i c s ; a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t r a n s l a t i o n t e a c h i n g , r e m e d i a l work, and c o m n u n i r a t i o n s .

O p t i o n s o f f e r e d i n l i t e r a r y t r a n s l a t i o n and translation t e c h - n i q u e ; d y s l e x i a ; t e a c h i n g a d u l t i . l l i t e r a t e s ; l e x i c o g r a p h y ;

c o m p a r a t i v e a n d h i s t o r i c a l l i n g u i s t i c s ; p h o n e t i c s . S u b j e c t

t o

e n r o l l m e n t , a l s o i n C h i n e s e , B a s q u e , and R u s s i a n ( b e g i n n e r s )

ARRANGEMENTS

S i n g l e s t u d y bedrooms

a t

the P o l y t e c h n i c a r e a v a i l a b l e t o e a r l y a p p l i c a n t s a t h 1 0 . 5 0 a week (531.50 f u r t h e c o u r s e ) .

P a r t i c i p a n t s w i l l h a v e t h e u s e o f t h e library

of

t h e S c h o o l o f Modern L a n g u a g e s which i s p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l - s t o c k e d with l i n -

g u i s t i c s book9

and

j o u r n a l s ,

The c o u r s e c o n s i s t s of 4 - 5 h o u r s of l e c t u r e s a n d s e m i n a r s d a i l y Monday t o F r i d a y . Groups o f p a r t i c i p a n t s w i t h common i n t e r e s t s

and requirementS a r e p r o p o s e d . Group work w i l l be s u p p l e m e n t e d by plenary s e s s i o n s .

STAFF

A l e x Auswaks i s c o u r s e d i r e c t o r , L e c t u r e r s a r e m e m b e r s o f the

PCL staff and graduate s k u d e n t s of the PCL Post-Graduate

American Journal of Computationd Linguistics

M i c r o f i C ~ C1 5 7

June 5

-

7 , 1 9 7 5

o r g a n i z e d b y ~ a k i o n a l Federation of A b s t r a c t i n g & I n d e x i n g

S e r v i c e s

-

3 4 0 1 M a r k e t Street

-

P h i l a d e l p h i a

L o c a t i on

L e c t u r e r s

American D e n t a l ~ s s o c i a t i o n

211 East Chicago Avenue, C h i c a g o

E . H. B r e n n e r , American P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e

Ann

S c h a b a s , U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o

Tefko S a r a c e v i c , C a s e W e s t e r n R e s e r v e u n i v e r s i t y

Martha E . W i l l i a m s , U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s

T o n i Carbo Bearman, n f a i s

Vocabularies-

Systems and formats

~ f f e c t s on retrieval

I n d e x i n g d e v e l o p m e n t s

of

tfie p a s t t w e n t y y e a r s i n r e l a t i o n

t o

- t h e e n t i r e f i e l d of i n f o r m a t i o n a n d l i b r a r y s c i e n c e ; case his-

tories. An i n t r o d u c t i o n for b e g i n n e r s a n d a p e r s p e c t i v e re-

v i e w for t h e m o r e advanced. ~ k a s s i f i c a t j L o n , i n d e x i n e , s u b j e c t

h e a d i n g s , t e r m s , descriptors; c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e s , l i s t s of

s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s , t h e s a u r i ; effect of t h e c o m p u t e r ; serial and

i n v e r t e d f i l e s ; s u b j e c t and coordinate indexing.

American

Journal

of

Camputationai

Linguistics

M I k r of i c h c 1 5 8

NFAIS

ADOPTS A PLAN

FOR

A S Y S T E M OF

D O C U M E N T

A C C E S S

Anyone would be able t o g e t c o p y

of

ariy j o u r n a l article,

c o n f e r e n c e p a p e r , d i s s e r t a t i o n , r e p o r t , map, b o o k , o r o t h e r

document c i t e d i n t h e i n d e x i n g o r a b s t r a c t i n g p u b l i c a t i o n of

any m e m b e r of n f a i s , i f

the

N a t i o n a l Cdrnrnission o n L i b r a r i e s a n d I n f o r m a t i o n S c i e n c e i n c l u d e s

i n

i t s p r o g r a m a p l a n a p p r o v e d

by the n f a i s b o a r d o f d i r e c t o r s o n March 2 , f o l l o w i n g a two

year s t u a y .

Member s e r v i c e s would f u r n i s h c o p i e s o f t h e d o c u m e n t s t h e y

c i t e t o s e l e c t e d r e s e a r c h l i b r a r i e s , C u s t o m e r s would pay f o r

c o p i e s , t a k i n g care o f t h e l i b r a r i e s and c o p y r i g h t h o l d e r s

alike.

The

p l a h i s f o r t h e government t o pay d e v e l o p m e n t a n d management c o s t s f o r t h e s y s t e m .

A copy o f t h e p o s i t i o n p a p e r d e s c r i b i n g t h e p l a n c a n be o b t a i n e d

from t h e N a t i o n a l F e d e r a t i o n of I n d e x i n g and A b s t r a c t i n g

C a r o l y n G a t s o f f

~ a t i o n a l T e c f 1 n i ~ ~ 3 . 1 Xfifer m a t i o n S C P ~ V ~ . C ; ; . C

Springfield, VA.

R e p o r t No. h l ~ l S / P S - 7 5 / 0 3 2 / 3 G A P C $ 2 5 , M F $ 3 3 1 9 6 4

-

O c t . 1 , 9 7 4 The bibliography _{c o n t a m s} 108 s c l c c t o d abstracts o.f f e d e r a l l y f u n d e d r e s e a r c h reports c o n c e r n i n g c o m p u t a t i o n a l linguistics.

Some of t h e appljcatxons axe in the fields of n a t u r a l lang'uage a n a l y s i s and information r e t r i e v a l .

Mf 15

: 9 P h o n e t i c s : Recoynitlon

Wayne A . Lea

S p e r f y UiNIVAC

Defense S y s t e m s D i v i s i o n

S t P a u l , Minnesota

R e p o r t -No. P X - 1 1 0 8 7 , O c t o b e r 1 9 7 4 .

Prosodic features detect b o u n d a r i es between p l i r a s c s ; stressed s y l l a b l e s are located w i t h i n e a c h p h r a s e , a n d a n a l - i a l y s i s i s done w l t h i n s t r e s s e d syllables. Listeners p e r c e p t i o n s of stressed syl-

lables corresponded t o locations of stressed syllables o b t a i n e d

from

p r o s o d i c %a'tures. Results +bowed that a u t o m a t i c phone c a t e - c ~ s r i z a t i o n i s much more accurate in stressed syllables. S t r e s s e d

vowels t e n d e d to be e q u a l l y spaced i n t i m e , b u t the n u n h e r of m t e r -

V e n i n g u n s t r e s s e d syllables h a d a more pro~iirrfi~nf e f f e c t ' c n intet-

s t r e s s i n t e r v a l t h a n expected. P r o s o d i c features appear. t o be u s e - f u l f o r providing cues t o s e n t e n c e t y p e , syntactic b r a c k e t i n 3 occur- r w c e s of c o o r d i n a t i o n and s u b o r d i r l a t i o p , a n d s p e c l f i c sernantlc

The B e l l S y s t e m T c c h n l e a l J ~ u r n a l , 5 4 / 3 , 4 8 5 - 5 0 6 . M a r c 1 J 3 7 5

Describing a computer model of t h e human vocal c o r d s a n d Vocal

t r a c t t h a t i s a m e n a b l e t o dynamic c o n t r o l b y parameters d i r e c t l y

i d e n t i f i e d i n human p h y s i o l o g y . The c o n t r o l f o r m a t p r o v i d e s an

efficient

,

p a r s i m a r i i o u s d e s c r i p t i o n o f s p e e c h i n f o r m a t i o n . C o n t r o l p a r a m e t e r s r e p r e s e n t s u u g l o t t a l l u n g p r e s s u r e , v o c a l - c o r d tension a n d rest o p e n i n g , v o c a l - t r a c t shape, and nasal c o u p l i n g . Vowel- c o n s o n a n t - v o w e l s y l l a b l e s are synthesi z e d usirly these nqmts t o demonstrate t h e dynamic b e h a v i o r o f t h e c o r d / t r a c t m o d e l . I n h e r e n t

p r o p e r t i e s of the model d u p l i c a t e phenomen'a o b ~ e r v e d i n human s p e e c h ;

i n p a r t i c u l a r , c o r d / t r a c t acoustic i n t e r a c t i o n , c o r d v i b r a t ~ o n , a n d

t r a c t - w a l l r a d i a t i - o n d u r i n g o c c l u s i o n , and v o i c i n g onsct-offset be- h a v i o r . An approach t o d e r i v e t h e p ' h y 9 ~ o l o g i c a l c o n t c o l s a u t o m a t i c - a l l y from t h e p r i n t e d t e x t i s d e s c r i b e d , a n d s e n t e n c e - l e n g t h s y n -

t h e s i s obtained from a p r e l i m i n a r y s y s t e m i s p r e s e n t e d

~ e x i c o q r a p h y : C o n c o r d a n c e

LONCORDANCES

IN THE

SEVENTIES

W. Ingrafn

u n i v e r s i t y o f M l c h l q a n

Ann A r b o r

The c o m p u t e s h a s e l i m i n a w d much o f t h e d r u d g e r y of compll-

x n g a c d n c o r d a n c e . Ilowever, t h e r e i s often a l a c k of e f f o r t i n

D a v ~ d G . Hays

State U n i v e r s i t y of New York

B u f f a l o

E n c y c l o p e d i a of C o m p u t e r S c i ' e o c e a n d s . T c c h n o l o g y , e d i t e d b y J a c k

B e l z e r , A l b e r t G. H o l z m a n , a n d A l l e n K e n t . Marcel Q c k k e r , I n c .

N e w Y o r k , I n p r e s s . M a n u s c r i p t A u g u s t 1 9 7 4 .

O r i g i n s : traditional. Form: A finite set of; class s y m b o l s and a mapping of a f i n i t e o r i n f i n i t e s e t of s t r i n g s o n t o the s c t of c l a s s

symbols; r u l e s . w i t h f e a t u r e s , a r u l e i s a f e a t u r e p a i r ; some

features appear i n r u s e s a s dependent features, some d o not.

Algorithms: pushdown generator, three p a r s e r s : P o l i s h prefix no-

tation, single parse, all p o s s i b l e . The s e c o n d u s e s p r e c e d e n c e ,

t h e t h i r d uses a wanted list. Weak e q u i v a l e n c e with constituency.

Natural choice of g o v e r n o r s i n phrase-structure grammars. Trans- formation: e. g.

,

p a s s i v e is "Agent (Noun) ; F I R S T " . Dependency grammar f p r p r e d i c a t e logic; f o r a programming l a n g u a g e . " I n

programming as i n logic, grammar and quantification have d i f f e r e n t

structures. 'I

Noriko Urneda and Ryunep Teranishi

Be11 Laboratories Kyushu Institute

of

D e s l g n

Murray Hill, New Jersey Fukubka, Japan

I E C E T r a n s a c r i o n s on A c o u s t i c s , S p e c c h

,

a n d S i g n a l S r a e c s s i n g ,

? i S S P - ? 3 / 2 , 1 8 3 - / 8 8 , A p r i l 1 9 7 5

The parser h q n d l e s u n i q u e problems for a s p e e c h production

system, especially of phrase-structure analysis I n regard to stress

and pause assignments. The parsing program- consists of a diction-

a r y of a b o u t 2 5 0 0 most f r e q u e n t l y u s e d words, a s i m p l e s y n t a c t i c a n a l y z e r a n d a breath-group.delimiter. The s y n t a c t i c analyzer,

w i t h t h e assistance of i n f o m a t i o n s k o r e d in t h e dictionary, d r v i d e s

t h e s e n t e n c e i n t o phrases, and* assigns pause markers at major syn-

tactic boundaries; the breath-group delimiter decides actual pauses

and s e n t e n c e - s t r e s s . The output of the parsing program c o n s i s t s of

a sequence of phonemes w l t h stress marks a n d o f p h r a s e termination

maxks, These letters and marks aTe kransforhe6 into vocal tract shapes, duration, anti pitch signals in the s u b s e q u e n t p a r t of the

synthesis system. The parsing program, written in the PL/I languaqe,

A l l a n M. Colllns, a n d E l e a n o r H . Waknock Bolt Beranek and Newman

Inc;.

Cambrldgo, Massachusetts

R e p o r t N b . B B N - 2 8 3 3 , M a y 1 9 7 4

T h e w o ~ k on s e m a n t i c networks i n v o l v e s t h r e e d i s t i n c t areas:

i n f e r e n c e s , map d i s p l a y s , and E n g l i s h c o m ~ r e h e n s i o n . I n f e r e n c e

s t r a t e g i e s i m p l e m e n t e d i n SCHOLAR ific1u.de different t y p e s of de- ductivg, n e g a t i v e , a n d f u n c t i o n a l i n f e r e n c e s . The, g r a p h i c s pack-

age allows users t o a s k q a e s t i o n s a n d g i v e commands in English to c o n t r ~ l SCHOLAR'S m a p display, which is tied i n t o t h e s e m a n t i c n e t - work on S o u t h American g e o g r a p h y . With partial s u p p o r t from this

c o n t r a c t , w e a l s o developed a n English C o m p r e h e n s i o n S y s t e m , u t i l - i z i n g a d a t a b a s e on t h e ARPA n e t w o r k , Unlike g e o g r a p h y , most

questions about t h e ARPA network pertain t o a c t i o n s a n d p r o c e d u r e s i n v o l v i n g c o m p l i c a t e d E n g l i s h s e n t e n c e s * t r u c t u r e , n e c c s s i k a t i n y s o p h i s t i c a t e d p a r s i n g a n d r e t r i e v a l s t r a t e g i e s .

Mf 15 :' 12 Semantics

-

D i s c o u r s e

SOLAR

(A,

SEMANTICALLY

'ORI

E N T E D

LEXICAL ARCH

I VE)

:

C U R R E N T STATUS

AND

PLANS

T . D i l l e r , and J. Q l n e y

S y s t e m Development Corporatxon

S a n t a Monlca, Californza

C o r n p u t c r s 1 n t h e I I ' u m a n i t a e s 8 , 5 - G , 3 2 3 - 3 1 9 . S c p t - N o v . 1 3 7 4

SOLAR is d e s i g n e d to p e r q i t a x c s c a r c h e r to access a broad

range of semantic data k e y e d to i n d i v i d u a l words. T h e r e are seven

logleal fiies: (1) semantic analysis; ( 2 ) e x p l a n a t o r y notes f o r

t3?e d e s c r i p t i v e constants used sn the semantic a n a l y s i s ; ( 3 ) con-

c e p t u a l a n a l y s r s of t h e ,notions i n v h v e d b y t h e descriptive con-

s t a n t s ; ( 4 ) c o l l o c a t i o n a l features correlated with particular word

Semantics

---

:

C o m p r e h c n s i ~ n

-

-Bertram C . B r u c e

B o l t Beraneck and Newan I n c

Cambridge,

Mass.

R e p o r t N o . 2 9 7 3 , B o l t B e r a n e k a n d Newrnan I n c . J a n u a r y 1 9 7 5

Knowledge a b o u t i n t e n t i o n a l l o w s

u s

t o r e c o g n i z e t h e

dis-

t i n c t i o n between requests a n d

orders,

promises a n d t h r e a t s , o r

l i e s and

in£

o r m i n g s

.

T o r e c o g n i z e i n t e n t i o m i n b e h a v i o r , speech

o r o t h e r w i s e , r e q u i r e s , a model

of

the beliefs

of

o t h e r s , how ac-

t i o n s fit

together

i n t o

l a r g e r u n i t s , a n d haw a s p e c t s

of

an action

are d e t e r m i ~ ~ e d by i n t e n t l c n s a n d beliefs. A t h e c a y o f p e r s o n a l

C a u s a t i o n ha,; primitives t o describe the s o c i a l a s p e c t of a n ac-

t i o n . I t d e f i n e s " S o c i a l a c t i o n paradigms" (SAP'S) i n

terms

of

social

actions. The SAP'S p r o v i d e a structure

f a r

e p i s o d e s

analogous t o t h e s t r u c t u r e a grammar provides

for

sentences.

Roger C. Schank

Yale University

In: T h e N a t u r e of H u m a n M e m o r y , e d i t e d b y C . C o f e r a n d H . . 4 t k i n s c i n . W . H . Freeman Co.

,

1x1 p r e s s . M a n u s c r i p t F e ~ ~ r u a r y 1 9 7 5 )

Woods, W i n o g r a d , Simrnons, and o t h e r s b u i l d s e r n a n t l C routines t o o p e r a t e on p a r s e r o u t p u t . S c h a n k ,

Wilks,

a n d R i e s b e c k b u l l 6

s e m a n t i c processors that call parsers only on fallure. All t h e s e

a u t h o r s r e c o g n i z e t h a t l i n g u i s t i c processing

is

I n s e p a r a b l e from

memory.

U n d e r s t a n d i n g i s t h e a t t a c h m e n t o r w h a t i s expliclt in a text t o what is already known. I n f e r e n c e s a r e what i s

likely

t o be t r u e about a n i n p u t but not necessarily so. Conceptual d e p e n d -

ency is a memory

model

w i t h

11

p r i m i t i v e a c t s a n d 4

kinds

of

c a u s a l l i n k s . Memory i s a morass of episodies, linked i n t i m e a n d s p a c e , a c c e s s i b l e by t h e c o n c e p t s t h a t - m a k e them u p . I n f e r e n c e s a r e g e n e r a l i z e d episodes, c a l l e d scripts: p l a n s t f i a t h a v e been

David G . Hays

S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of New York B u f f a l o

E p c y c l o p e d l a of L i b r a r y a n d I n f o r m a P ~ o n S c i e n c e , e d i t e d by A 2 l e n

K e n t a n d H a r o l d L a n c o u r . Marcel b e k k e r ,I I n c .

,

N e w Y o r k

.

I n ~ r e s s

.

M a n u s c r z p t F e b x u a x y 1 9 7 5 .

Network s t o r a g e t e n d s t o o b v i a t e c a l c u l a t i o n , b u t a h y b r i d s y s t e m

adds a n e x t e r n a l p r o c e s s o r w h i c h c a n s e e t h e n e t w o r k in broad p e r - s p e c t i v e . An a c t i v e n e t w o r k h a s a p r o c e s s o r a t e a c h n o d e ; a n e x -

ternal

process

sets

initial

and terminal

c o n d i t i o n s . I n h e r i t a n c e

i s a g l o b a l process, communicated on p a r a d i g m a t i c l i n k s ; i n d i r e c t a d d r e s s i n g u s e s t h e m inversely. ~ e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s t h e r e l a t i o n

between a

single

m a e a n d a s u b n e t w o r k , e . g . a d e f i n r t l o n . P r l m i -

t i v e nodes a r e defined e x t e r n a l l y ; n o n p r i m i t i v e s are c o n s t r u c t e d ,

e . g . a form h a s c o l o r a n d s h a p e . P l a c e m e n t l i n k s o b j e c t , position,

and moment. The mind consists of LTM,

STM

.

CPU; t h e CPU

forms

a n

i d e a i n STM t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e s e n s e organs and

LTM e t c . Desires s t i m u l a t e tohe CPU t o link ideas with p u r p o s e a r c s . C a u s a l i t y l i n k s systems w i t h o u t

specifying

mechanisms o f interaction.

Applications

in

r n f o r m a t i o n L e t r i e v a l and r o b o t i c s . References: LNR Research Group, S c h a n k .

L i n g u i s t i c s : H i s t o r i c a l

R u d o l f H i r s c h m a n n

University of i o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a

C o m p u t e r s ~n t h e H u m a n l t l e s 8 , 5 - 6 , 2 7 9 - 2 8 4 S e p t

-

J i o v . 1 9 7 4 .

The t o p i c s c o v e r e d are: (1) C o n f e r e n c e s a n d p u b l i s h e d re-

Computation

--

: Znfcrcncc

R . C . S s h a n k , a n d C. J. K i c y c r , T I 1

S t a n f o r d University [ N o w : Yale ( R C S ) , U-. of M a r y l a n d (CJR) ]

A r t i f i c i a l I n t t ! l , l i g . c n c e 5 , 4 , 3 7 ' 3 - 4 2 2 . 2 9 7 . 4

The n o t i o n of computer u n d e r s t a n d i n g of n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e is

examined, relative t o i n f e r e n c e m e ~ h a n l s ~ s d c ~ i g n c d t o f u n c t i o n

In a language f r e e conceptual b a s e ( C o n c e p t u a l D e p e n d e n c y )

.

?'he

conceptual analysis or a n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e s e n t e n c e i n t o t h i s con- c e p t u a l base and the n a t u r e o f the memory w h l c h s t o r e s a n d . oper-

ates upon these c o n c e p t u a l s t r u c t u r e s a r e d c s c x i h e d both from t h e o r e t i c a l a n d practical standpoints. T h e v a x r o u s t y p e s of I n -

ferences which c a n be made d u r l n g a n d a f t e r t h e conceptual a n a l -

y s i s of a s e n t e n c e a r e d e f i n e d .

T r a n s l a t i o n

OPTIMIZATION

O F

SYSTRAN

SYSTEM

Peter P. T o m a , Ludek A . K o z l i k a n d D o n a l d G . P e r w l n L a t s e c I n c .

La Jolla, C a l i f o r n i a

R e p o r t No. R k D C - T R - 7 3 - 2 5 5 - r e d . M a y 1 9 7 4 .

A 12-month e f f o r t aimed a t lrnproving t h e o u t p u t of t h e sPSTRAN

S y s t e m f o r m a c h i n e t r a n s l a t i o n of R u s s i a n scientific a n d t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e

i n t o

E n g l i s h , b a s e d upon a n a l y s i s of a l a r g e amount of

SYSTRAN-translated Russian text. Areas of o u t p u t - l a n g u a g e c o n -

s t r u c t i o n i n c l u d e (1) transfer grammar p r o b l e m s , i.e.; grammatical

c o n v e r s i o n of R u s s i a n Adnominal g e n i t i v e constructions, d e v e r b a t i v e

noun c o n s t r u c t i o n s a n d v o i c e , number c o n v e r s i o n , a n d ( 2 ) svnthesis p r o b l e m s , i . e . , E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t suppression, article i n s e r t i o n , d i s a m b i g u a t ~ o n of dash a n d o t h e r s . I n p u t l a n g u a g e a n a l y s i s for p u r p o s e s of structural d i s a m b i g u a t i o n i n c l ~ c l e s s y n t a x and word c l a s s e s , i.e., ' m e a s u r e parameters and m e a s u r a b l e s ' , s u b j e c t / p r e d -

SOME

PROBLEM2

I N

GERMAN

TO

ENGL-ISI~

M A C H I N E

T R A N S L A T I O N

G r e t c h e n

P u r k h i s ~ r

Hrown

Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e oJ

!tlcchnul-oyy

Cambridge

R e p o x t N o . M A C - 1 ' R - 2 4 2 . Ilr>ccmber 1 9 7 4

The p a p e r d i s c u s s e s some pxoblcms i n t h c m a c h i n e t r a n s l a t i o n

of n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e , i n p a r t i c u l a r ,

for

t r a n s l a t i o n of German i n t o

Engllsh.

An irnplementafion

of some

p a r t s of t h e t r a n s l a t i n g pro-

cess

has been b u i l t . The s y s t e m c o n s i s t s of a Gcrnan interpretive

grammar,

to

t a k e

in

German t e x t and o u t p u t a s c t of s e m a n t i c r e p r e - s e n t a t i o n s , and a g e n e r a t o r , to p r o d u c e

English

s c n t c n c e s

from

s i n g l e semantlc r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . S p e c i a l a t t c r t i o n i-s p a i d t o

q u e s t i o n s

of semantic r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n a m u l t i - l a n g u a g e s e t t i n g

and

t o stylistic issues i n

English

generation.

[AD/A-003

0 0 2 / 3 C A

PC

$7/W S 2 . , 2 5 ]

Translation

Roy Lachman a n d Janet M i s t l e r - L a c h m a n

Unlversitp of IIouston

Progress in

niaclilne t r ' a n s l a t i o n ncay f i r s t reqllj re u n d c y - s t a n d i n g t h e p s y ~ l i o l o r r i c a l tlasl: o f b i lingual C O I T I ~ C tcnc-c:. T h e

outco~!le of r c s t ~ a r c h cjn h i 1 i r i c ~ u ; l l pc:n crnrancc 1:; ri-~ tl r m i i ! l z ~ d I r,

a process model

of

l a n g u a r j c a n d r:lemary. 1 3 i l i n n u c A l : : w h o 11:71d I i x 5 -

t o m e s of abrupt transitions b e t w e e n c x c l - u s l r r e U S L of tliebrl~otller

t o n g u e and t h e a d o p t e d l a n g u a g e p e r m i t t e d c l e a r answers t o s e v e r a l q u e s t i o n s :

over

1 5

years of continuous

u s

of

a n a d o p t e 8 4 a n g u a g e may be r e q u i r e d

for it

to become d o m i n d n t . T h e s ~ x t c h l n q 6 f l a n -

guages

in

a p i c t u r e - n a m n g t a s k

permittea

i n f e r e r i c e s a s

to the

r o l e

of.

a

lexical

s y s t e m a n d i t s c o n c e ~ t u a l

or

rriranlng substrate.

The t w o

systems

a r e a t l e a s t partially i n d e p e n d e n t . Gernan and

David G . Hays

S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of N c w York

Buffalo

P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e 1 9 7 4 P ~ s a S u m m e r S c h o o l ~n C o m p u t a t i o n a l L l n g u l s -

t i c s , e d i t e d b y A n t o n i o Z a m p o l l i ; t o a p p e a r . M a n u s c z i p . 1 : A p r ~ l 3 9 7 5 .

The s p e a k e r - h e a r e r conslsts o f a t h o u g h t - s p e e c h c o n v e r t e r o r p a i r

of them; a s t o r e o f k n o w l e d g e ; an e x p l i c a t o r ; and a b a t t e r y of phy-

s i c a l a p p e t i t e s , i n c l u d i n g one f o r human association. T h e s t o r e i s

a cognitive n e t w o r k - ( N o r m a n , R u m e l h a r t , ~ i n d s a y ; S c h a n k ) . The ex- p l i c a t o r and c o n v e r t e r h a v e the same 'form, but have d i f f e x e n t l n p u t and o u t p u t c o n n e c t i o n s . T h e s t o r e consists of p r o p e r t y , e n t i t y , e v e n t , and p l a n (causal) nodes, some d e f i r i e d by s e n s o r i m o t o r s c h e - mata (Powers)

.

They v a r y i n o r d e r (Powers) ; channe-1, scope ( e ..g.

s i z e )

,

a n d f r e q u e n c y ( J u l e s z )

.

T h e y a r e linked paradigmatlcally and syntagmatically. E p i s o d i c memory i - s a c o l l e c t i o n of m o d a l i t y

nodes, each r e p r e s e n t i n g a s y n t a g r n a t i c n e x w o r k . T h e e x p l ~ c a t o r

relates groups of e p i s o d e s , f o r m i n g more abstract episodes, w h i s h

a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by n o d e s i n t h e original s t o r e . T h e linguistic network h a s t h e same form as t h e stoxe; its n o d e s are b o t h c o n t e n t

a n d grammar. The c o n v e r t e r i s the e x p l i c a t o r u n d e r a n o t h e r name.

M f 15 : 13 S o c i o - B e h a v i o r a l S c i e n c e : Psythology

I N A MODEL

OF

P A R A N O I A

B i l l F a u q h t , Kenneth Mark C o l b y , a n d Roger Parkison

Department of Computer S c i e n c e Stanford U n i v e r s i t y

R e p o r t N o s . S t a n - C S - 7 4 - 4 7 1 , A I M - 2 5 3 . D c c c m h t 3 r 1 3 7 4 .

T h e a n a l y s l s o f natural l a n o u a g e lnput i n t o its underlying

s e m a n t i c c o n t e n t i s but one of the t a s k s n e c e s s a r y for a s y s t e m

(human o r non-human) t o use n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e . R,espondlno to

n a t u r a l language i n p u t r e q u i r e s performing a number of tasks

(1) deriving f a c t s a b o u t t h e i n p u t and t h e s i t u a t i o n in whim1 lt was spoken; (2) a t t e n d i n g to t h e system _s n e e d s , desires, a n d i n -

t e r e s t s ; ( 3 ) choosing- intentions t o f u l f i l l these interests; (4)

d e r l s l n g and executing a c t i o n s from these intentions. The ' a u t h o r s d e s c r i b e a series of p r o c e s s e s i n a model of p a r a n c i a w h i c h per-

f o r m s t h e s e t a s k s . The a u t h o r s a l s o d e s c r i b e t h e m o d i f i c a t ~ o n s

Ilumnnj t i e s :

n n a l y ~ i n

. -

P r c d J. Damdrau

XBM T J.

Watson

Hcscarch C e n t e r Yorkt3wn H e i y h t s , N . Y e

R e p o r t No. R C 5 2 3 9 J a n u a r y 2 8 , 1 9 9 5

T h e

a i s t r i b u t i o n s

of words whose t e x t frequencies were g r e a t e r

than

f i v e times

i n t e n

thousand were t e s t e d to d e t e r -

m i n e

which

of

t h e m m i g h t be s a i d

t o h a v e

b c e n g e n e r a t e d

k)y

a n

u n d e r l y i n g P o i s s o n p r o c e s s . For f i v e diffescnt samples from

w e l l - k n o w n n o v e l s , o R l y

v e r y

few

words

h a v e

this

p r o p e r t y o v e r

a l l .

Such w o r d s , relatively i n d e p e n d e n t of

cant-ent

to

be ex-

p r e s s e d , would r e f l e c t " m i n o r

encoding

h a b i t s " ( P a i s l e y ) , b u t

American Journal

of

Computational Linguistics

M i c r o f i ch I

s

: 1 9

M E M B E R S H I P

D I R E C T O R Y

1 9 7 4

A

list

of p e r s o n s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e A s s o c i a t i o n f o r C o m p u t a t i o n a l L i n g u i s t i c s .

Specialized

i n t e r e s t s a r e listed f o r t h o s e who re-

turned

d i r e c t o r y

cards

e a r l y i n 1975; t h e e x a c t t e x t s u p p l i e d by

t h e m e m b e r is c o p i e d here.

A s u b j e c t i n d e x i s p r i n t e d o n c a r d s .

ABERNATHY, R o b e r t , P r o f e s s o r of S l a v i c L a n g u a g e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f

Colorado,

Boulder

8 0 3 0 2 .

ABORN,

Murray,

Division

of

S o c i a l Sciences,

National

S c i e n c e ~ o u n d a t i o n , w a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 5 5 0

ADEY, F. C . H o n o r a r y L i b r a r i a n , T h e B r i t i s h Computer Society,

L e i c e s t e r c o l l e g e of T e c h n o l o g y and

Commerce,

The Newarke

,

L e i c e s t e r , ENGLAND

ADLER, Jane E. 33036 T r a f a l g a r L a n e , F D ~ . 1 0 , W e s t l a n d ,

Michigan

4 8 1 8 5

AGRESTI,

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12720 Eldrid Place,

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20133

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International Organization far Ancient

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27514

DINGWALL,

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6511 Wilson Lane,

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Department

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DOBREE,

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P.O.

Box 155712,

Beirut,

LEBANON

DODDS,

David R. Computing Science Department, Simon Fraser

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Burnaby

B.C.

V5A

1S6

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DOMENS,

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Brooklyn, New

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11210

DOUGHERTY,

Ching-Yi. Merrill College, University of California

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David. 1027 Racine Avenue South, Chicago Illinois 60607

D O W I L L E ,

Judith

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DOYLE, Lauren. Editor, SIG-IR Newsletter, Technomics Incorporared

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DREIZIN, Felix

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Department of Mathematics, University of

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Ramat- Gan, ISRAEL

DUCRETET,

Pierre. Erindale College, University of Toronto,

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DUGAS,

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GRG I I a l l ,

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14onoXulu 9 6822

EAGER, Michael J. 1 5 0 3

Fairway Drive

# 2 C ,

Lisle,

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60532

EARNEST,

Lester

D m

12769 Dianne

rive,

Los

A l t o s

~ i l l s ,

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9 4 0 2 2

EASTMAN,

Jeffrey F. 3401 Clark Avenue, Raleigh,

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2 7 6 0 7

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EDWARDS,

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Graduate Program In Psychology, York University

4700

Keele St.

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l P 3

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8600

University Bou evard,

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Patricia

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Sunningdale Way, Columbus

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Leopbld

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Francisco,

California 94122

EULENBBRG,

John

B. P.O.

Box 845, East Lansing, Michigan

48823

FABENS,

William.

Depar-tment of Computer Science, Rutgers