Development Of Safety Policy For Construction Project

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Volume 2, Issue 7, 2015

6 Available online at www.ijiere.com

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging

Research in Engineering

e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343 p-ISSN: 2394 - 5494

Development of Safety Policy for Construction Project

Suraj Tatiya

a

_{and Prof. Mrs. A. P.Biswas}

b

a_{M.E(CM) 2}nd_{year MIT Pune. 1, Lonavala, Dist. Pune, M.S, India} b_{Professor at MIT Pune 2, Pune, M.S. India}

ABSTRACT:

Construction industry is linked with the hazards related to the site activities. The laborers and workers come from different regions and background. These workers are exposed to risks, occupational diseases and health hazards which cause illness and injuries. This leads to loss of time and legal complications. Therefore, it is essential for any construction project to have certain safety guidelines for site activities and to create awareness among the workers. The project also deals with the assessment of safety management plans for various residential building projects. A comparison of these plans and formulation of a safety management policy for a residential building project is suggested. The following safety policy is provided only as a guide to assist employers and employees in complying with the requirements of BOCW act, 1996, as well as to provide other helpful information.

Keywords: Construction, Safety, Policy, Management, Safety Culture.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is ‘Safety’?

We use the word `safety' so much, often in company with its partner `health', that it should be easy to find a definition. Yet the dictionaries do not offer much assistance. ‘Safety is the absence of danger' one says, unhelpfully supplying the entry for `danger' as àbsence of safety'! Others suggest à state of protection' and à condition not involving risk'. Perhaps the best we can do is to agree that there is no arbitrary state of àbsolute safety', as there is always a chance - a risk - of something going wrong, however small that chance may be.[5]

1.1.1Basic terms

An accident is an incident plus its consequences; the end product of a sequence of events or actions resulting in an undesired consequence (injury, property damage, inter-eruption and delay). An accident can be defined more formally as `an undesired event, which results in physical harm and/or property damage, usually resulting from contact with a source of energy above the ability of the body or structure to withstand it.[8]

An injury is thus a consequence of an incident - but not the only possible one. It has been shown that hundreds of incidents occur in the construction industry but not every incident causes injury or loss. But all have the potential to do so. That is why it is important to look at all incidents as sources of information on what is going wrong. We can make some reasonable estimates about the likelihood of, say, failure of a lifting appliance. Only chance will decide whether an injury rather than, or as well as, property damage will occur on a particular occasion, and how severe either will be.[8]

Hazard means `the inherent property or ability of some-thing to cause harms - the potential to interrupt or interfere with a process or person'. Hazards may arise from interacting or influencing components, for example two chemicals interacting to produce a third.[8]

Risk is `the chance or probability of loss', an evaluation of the potential for failure. It is easy to confuse the terms `hazard' and `risk', but a simple way to remember the difference is that `hazard' describes potential for harm, risk is the likelihood that harm will result in the particular situation or circumstances, coupled with a measure of the degree of severity of that harm. Comparisons between risks can be made using simple numerical formulae.[8]

1.2 What causes accidents?

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7 Control of workers and their behavior is more difficult. They have to be given information and the knowledge that accidents are not inevitable but are caused. They need training to develop skills and recognize the need to comply with and develop safe systems of work, and to report and correct unsafe conditions and practices.

Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions are often referred to as immediate or primary causes of accidents, because they are the most obvious causes and because they are usually directly involved or present at the moment the accident happens.

Secondary causes are also important, although they are usually harder to seek out and identify. They are the failures of the management system to anticipate, and include lack of training, maintenance, adequate job planning and instruction, and not having safe systems of work in place.[9]

1.3 Need of study

In a high-hazard industry like construction, safety is an investment that provides real benefits.

A safe work environment helps to keep skilled employees on the job and projects on track by reducing accidents that result in injuries and schedule delays, while also reducing the risks of litigation and regulatory action.

A strong safety record enhances a company’s reputation, makes it more competitive and helps to manage insurance costs over time.

A strong safety ethic is required, when a company is using a construction insurance program.

Fostering a successful safety culture is a company-wide effort that requires commitment and participation from the Chief Executive to Project Managers, Superintendents, Foremen and individual workers on the job site.

1.4 Objectives

To study the safety rules and acts related to residential building project.

To study and analyze the safety management plans executed in different residential projects. To compare the different safety management plans.

To make a safety policy for a residential building project.

1.5 Scope and Limitation-

It deals with the safety policy of residential building project in Pune city.

The scope only extends to the safety required right from conception to the completion of the project, in Pune City. The concentration is only on safety for a residential building project. Other infrastructure projects will have different safety policies and laws that they need to comply with.

It does not deal with the safety precautions needed after the project has been completed- which would include services of safety and maintenance of the structure.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Safety Policy (What is meant by a safety policy?)

Communicating the practices and procedures requires a powerful tool, and this is the safety policy -the core document in the management of safety in the construction industry.[6] A safety policy is a written statement by an employer stating the company’s commitment for the protection of health and safety of employees. It is an endorsed commitment by management to its employees regarding their safety.It serves as a record of the intended standard of care to be provided by the employer.

2.1.1 Its necessity (Why is it necessary to have a safety policy for an organisation?)

It is an effective means of implementing safety .One of the main reasons is that, it is necessary to ensure that the construction activity is running safely thus reducing the likelihood of accidents.

The safety policy outlines all areas related to construction including training safety operations and procedure in the event of an accident.

Lack of firm management direction encourages the belief that ‘safety is someone else’s business’. To have an efficient safety policy also helps in getting insurance.

Having a policy in place also helps the employer by cutting down his liability in case an accident takes place due to negligence of an employee.

2.1.2 Importance (The Importance of a Safety Policy)

Would you start a project without blueprints? A solid safety plan is no different. • Employees have a safe work environment

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8 • Lower general liability insurance

• Defense against injury lawsuits • Professional image

2.2 The policy in practice

The safety policy should be simple and straight forward which makes it understandable to the employees- who are the people who have to be able to read and understand it, and comply with it.

It is also important to distinguish between a safety policy and safety manual- these are not the same thing. The safety policy will refer to the manual for details on technical points.

The main problem is that the likelihood of a document being read is inversely proportional to its length and complexity! The current opinion is that safety policies should be shorter rather than longer, and accompanied by explanatory manuals.

Globally in other countries the possession of an adequate safety policy is a legal requirement, and the law will not be complied with if the safety policy is hidden or hard to find so that it is not effectively ‘brought to the attention’ of all employees as required by the act.[7]

In India we do not have laws which state that having a safety policy for a company is a legal requirement.

The safety laws in India are present but there is no law about weather its implementation in the form of a safety policy is compulsory. Though there are laws which help as discussed below.

2.3 Legal requirements

-Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) has formulated an Indian Standard on Occupation health and safety management systems.

-Indian Standard (IS) 18001:2000 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems – Specification with Guidance for use - This standard prescribes requirements for an OH&S Management Systems to enable an organization to formulate a policy and objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant hazards and risks, which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence, to protect its employees and others, whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the organization.[7]

-Legislations and the rules framed there under-

1) The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 2) The Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act 1996

3) The Workman’s Compensation Act 1923(Employees Compensation Act) 4) Explosives Act 1884

5) The Dangerous Machines (Regulations) Act, 1983 6) Explosives Rules 1984

7) Electricity Act 2003

8) Indian Electricity Rules 1986

2.3.1 The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 [7]

Preamble- Act 27 of 1996) (19th august 1996)

An act to regulate the employment and conditions of service of building and other construction workers and to provide for their safety, health and welfare measures and for other matters connected, enacted by the parliament in the forty- seventh year of republic of India.

The above law aims to provide for regulation of employment and conditions of service of the building and other construction workers and also their safety health welfare measures in every establishment, which employs or employed during the preceding year 10 or more workers. The exception made is only in respect of residential houses for own purpose constructed with a cost not exceeding Rs 10 lakh and such other activities.

2.3.1.1 Objectives of Act

To regulate the employment & conditions of Service To provide for Safety, Health & Welfare measures

To give the Building & Construction workers Social Security

2.3.1.2 Applicability

It extends to the whole of India.

It applies to every establishment which employs, or had employed on any day of the preceding twelve months, ten or more building workers in any building or other construction work.

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9 It shall be the duty of every employer to comply with requirements of rules.

Employer shall not permit an employee to do anything not in accordance with the generally accepted principles of standard safe operating practices connected with building and other construction work.

Employer will not allow lifting appliances, lifting gear, lifting device, transport equipment, vehicles or any other device or equipment to be used by the building workers which does not comply with provision of rules

Employer shall maintain the latrines, urinals, washing facilities and canteen in a clean and hygienic condition .

2.3.2 The Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act 1996[7]

2.3.2.1 Objective of the Act

To collect the Cess on Cost of construction incurred, for use of the Welfare of Construction workers who are registered with the respective act.

2.3.2.2 Applicability

The act is applicable to every Establishment employing ten or more than ten Building Workers

In any Building or Construction work Anytime during the preceding Twelve Months Cess act prescribes payment of Cess @ 1.00 %

2.3.3 The Workman’s Compensation Act 1923(Employees Compensation Act) [7] 2.3.3.1 Workmen’s Compensation Act-

The workman’s compensation Act, aims to provide workmen and/or their dependents some relief in case of accidents arising out of and in the course of employment and causing either death or disablement of workmen. It provides for payment by certain classes of employers to their workmen, compensation for injury by accident.

Before passing the workmen’s compensation act 1923 any workman who received any injury in the course of employment had to seek help of the court for determination of compensation. He had to file suit in the same way as any other person injured in accident. This was a lengthy and costly process. In several cases no compensation was awarded by the court even though accident was caused at the instance of employer.

2.3.3.2 Objectives of Act-

The objective of workmen’s compensation act is to provide compensation to workmen incapacitated by an injury from accidents arising out of and in the course of employment. The workmen’s compensation act grants a statuary right to the workers to recover compensation for injury caused by an accident arising out of and in the course of employment.

The objective of this act is that in case of an employment injury compensation be provided to the injured workmen and in case of his death to his dependents.

III. CASE STUDIES OF DIFFERENT RESIDENTIAL PROJECT

3.1PROJECT1

3.1.1 About PROJECT 1

-Incepted in 1993, the Group today, is a strong, multifaceted, multi-disciplinary and vibrant organization, committed to delighting their customers through innovation

Their Vision -

-To set benchmarks in quality economy and speed of delivery - To set high standards in safety

- To be the preferred employer in the industry Their Mission-

-The Group strives to beat the deadlines, rather than just meeting them through detailed planning, meticulous execution, and optimum technological support with most stringent wastage control of all the resources: Material, Machinery, Manpower as well as Time.

-To set high standards for safety, both of our employees as well as the environment

-To take advantage of the Group's collective resources - brand, employee expertise, pool of valued consultants and financial strength

3.1.2 PROJECT 1 Specifications

Location- Sinhagad Rd, Next to PL Deshpande Udyaan, Pune 411041 Architect- Mindspace Bangalore

RCC Consultant- JW consultant Project Cost- 207 crore

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10 Slab area-10,02,404sq.ft.

3.2 PROJECT 2

-Group is known for its outstanding architecture marvels that stand on a solid foundation of superior engineering and infallible quality.

- It is an ISO 9001 certified company

3.2.2 PROJECT 2 Specifications

Location- S.No.221, Behind Medi Point Hospital, Baner, Pune- 411045 Architects– Inhouse- Naiknavare Developers Pvt Ltd

RCC Consultant– Mr Sunil Mutalik Pune Project Cost-120 cores

Plot area-5,60,000sq.ft. Slab area- 5,04,000sq.ft

3.3Case study of PROJECT 3

It was in 1998 that the group, which was then engaged in retailing and packaging activity which had spread to various parts of the country and flourishing rapidly, had decided to diversify. After much deliberation this group of young entrepreneurs, who had a vision for the future, decided to step into construction business. Various places where the group has substantially presence, was considered to start this activity. After much thought Pune was chosen for this construction business.

3.3.2 Project 3 Specifications

Location- Off Sinhgad Rd, Next to Navale Lawns, Pune 411051 Total Plot Area: 17.5 acres

Number of Buildings: 16 Floor Spacing Index (F.S.I.): 1.0

Number of floors in each building: (P+12) Type: 1, 2 & 3 BHK

Area of flat: 650 – 1250 sq. ft.

4.3 Comparison of Safety Policy

PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 PROJECT 3

There was a very effective Policy formed by the Builder. The safety policy formed was on

the basis of BIS standards.

There was a general safety plan on the site- general information on safety was given to workers.

There was no such effective safety plan or policy followed

on the site.Only general

information was provided on safety.

There was a safety committee formed consisting of 14

members.

There were only 3 safety officials on the site to govern the

safety norms.

There was no safety committee/officer present on the

site, the chief executive

engineer was only the safety officer on the site.

The safety committee used

to conduct weekly meetings on the site and used to discuss the risk involved for the various

tasks at that stage.

The three safety officials used to conduct meetings on monthly

basis.

There were no such meetings as the executive engineer

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11 They had given

personal Protective Equipment for each and every person on the

site.

Only the workers were provided with personal protective equipment. Visitors were not provided with helmets.

On the site there were only limited amount of personal

protective equipment provided for the workers.

In project 1there were daily inspections of plants and machineries used for the day.

In project 2 there were weekly inspections of machinery and

equipment.

No such daily or weekly inspections were carried out. As

per the need the inspections

were carried out.

There were various Checklists /Forms for various activities and

material procurement.

There were no such checklist/forms, but there was a general information paper which

they use to sign for conducting

various activities and for procurement of material

There were no such forms.It was all verbally done.

There was labour insurance,first aid, welfare

organisation.

Only labour first aid was provided on site

Only labour first aid was provided on site.

Emergency plan was

present on the site.

They had means of

sounding the alarm, means of a proper escape route, and

means of fire fighting.

Emergency plan was not present on the site.

They had only fire

extinguishers on the site.

Emergency plan was not present on the site. A few fire

extinguishers were present.

On site Induction

training was conducted. Due to this all workers were prepared

when an accident occurred

No such induction training was conducted on site. Workers were

just given a briefintroduction on safety and various accidents that would occur.

No such induction

training was conducted on site. Workers

were just given a brief introduction on safety and

various accidents that would occur.

Emergency evacuation

drills were conducted. Rescue and medical camps

were held.

Emergency was dealt with when it occurred. Medical check up was only conducted at the beginning of employment for the employees

and labour.

Emergency was dealt with when it occurred.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

4.4 Safety Policy Suggested for an Residential project: The Importance of a Safety Plan-

Would you start a project without blueprints? A solid safety plan is no different.

Benefits of an Effective Safety Program

 Employees have a safe work environment

 Increased employee morale

 Lower workers compensation rates

 Defence against injury lawsuits

 Professional image

Basic Principles of Good Safety Management

 Management Commitment

 Documented Safety Philosophy

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 Committee Organization for Safety

 Line Responsibility for Safety

 Supportive Safety Staff

4.4.1 9 Steps to an Effective Safety Program

 Establish Achievable Goals

 Create and Maintain a Budget

 Identify Safety Supervision

 Develop and Implement

 Discipline Measures

 Employee Education

 Jobsite Incidents

 Jobsite Inspection

 Annual Program Audit

Step 1: Establish Achievable Goals

Goals for a safety program must be realistic. Items such as a time frame and existing safety efforts must be considered as well as the following factors:

 Company size

 Nature of work

 Budget

 Commitment to safety policy enforcement

Step 2: Create and Maintain a Budget

Once policies and procedures have been established an investment must be made to maintain the program. Such items may include:

 Equipment

 Materials

 Training

 Safety Incentives

Step 3: Identify Safety Supervision

 Someone within the company must fulfil the role of safety coordinator.

 The employee chosen must understand the safety program and all its requirements.

 Employees that spend most of their work day in the field are ideal.

 Project supervision will most often be the eyes and ears of the jobsite. For small and medium sized companies the Jobsite Superintendent could be critical in this role.

 If the Superintendent must cover multiple projects a system must be in place to insure that employees will work safely without constant direct supervision.

Step 4: Develop and Implement

 Once a formal plan has been developed it is up to the business owner and associated management to implement the directives.

 The formal safety program should incorporate operational information that reflects the type of work.

 The goal of any successful safety program is to establish a positive safety culture.

Step 5: Discipline Measures

 Good documentation is critical.

 Direct and Subcontracted Employees must be aware of all company safety policies.

 All employees/subs must be accountable.

 Three strike system is most common, discipline measures are at the discretion of management: • Verbal Warning

• Written Reprimand

• Dismissal from project or employment

Step 6: Employee Education

 The direct link between the Safety Program and safe jobsite operations.

 Training should incorporate all aspects of the project and type of work.

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13 • Powder Actuated Tools • Forklifts of all types

• “Competent Person” requirements • Periodic documented safety talks

Step 7: Jobsite Incidents

 The Safety Program should have a dedicated section covering all aspects related to an incident: • Emergency Contacts Jobsite crisis control

• Transport of Injured Party • Drug Testing at Medical Facility • Injury notification

• Incident Investigation

Step 8: Jobsite Inspection

 Every supervisor and worker plays a part in safety responsibility.

 Anytime a potential safety hazard is identified it should be dealt with immediately:

 Hazard is addressed on the spot

 All persons exposed to hazard are notified

 Process is stopped or faulty equipment decommissioned until exposure is removed.

Step 9: Annual Program Audit

 Each year management must complete an evaluation of the safety program.

 Is the plan working? Are changes necessary to achieve safety goals?

 Policies and procedures are adjusted accordingly.

4.4.2 Design of a policy suggested Project Duration- 30 months Estimated Project Cost- 40 Cr. Budget for safety (1%) - 40 lakhs No of labors working on site- 50 Safety officers required- 1 Safety assistant required – 1

Safety Statement for Opus-

It is the intent to provide a safe work environment for all our workers and the wellness of our people, families and communities. We embrace healthy habits and behaviors. It is also our intent to properly manage any incidents that occur so as to minimize injury and other forms of loss. A well managed workplace safety program can benefit our company in countless ways. In order to achieve our goals, we have developed a safety program outlining our policies and procedures regarding employee health and safety. Each and every individual must become familiar with the program, follow and enforce the procedures, and become an active participant in this workplace safety program. While management (workplace safety officer) will be responsible for developing and organizing this program, its success will depend on the involvement of each employee. We look forward to your cooperation and participation.

Break Down Of Budget On Safety Salaries of employees involved in safety-

 Safety officer- Rs 12.5 lakhs

 Safety assistant- Rs 6 lakhs

Breakdown for PPE-

 Helmets- 60nos – Rs13500/-

 Safety Net – 5000 Sqft – Rs12500/-

 Rubber Gloves – 10nos – Rs2600/-

 Goggles – 10nos – Rs1250/-

 Gum Boots – 10nos – Rs3250/-

 Jackets – 60 nos – Rs9000/-

 Harness Belt – 15nos – Rs37500/-

 Safety Shoes – 10nos – Rs5000/-

 Canvas Gloves – 10nos – Rs3000/-

 First Aid Expenses – Rs10000/-

 Training Work Expenses – Rs20000/-

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 Inventory Cost – Rs200000/-

Safety Audits / Inspections

Types of Inspections Suggested

• Supervisor & Management Daily Walk-through: This is an undocumented inspection that is made daily

prior to startup and shift change to ensure the facility and equipment are in safe conditions for Employees. All noted unsafe areas are placed in a safe condition prior to Employees working in the area.

• Weekly Supervisor Inspections are conducted and recorded with an Employee. This documented

inspection provides a focus to ensure current hazard controls are still effective, equipment is in safe condition and safe work practices are in use. Discrepancies are listed on the inspection sheet, recorded on work orders for correction. The inspection sheet is forwarded to the Safety Manager for review and logging to track discrepancy correction.

• Monthly Safety Committee Inspection. Each month members of the Safety Committee will tour the entire

facility with the Safety Manager. This tour is to ensure Safety Committee Members are familiar with all areas of the operation. Record of problem areas, committee recommendations and deficiencies will be recorded and provided to management.

• Noise Surveys are conducted at least annually, or whenever facility modifications are made that impact the

ambient or specific work area noise levels, Noise surveys are conducted by qualified persons with calibrated instruments

Equipment Inspections

Are conducted to ensure specific safety equipment is in good working order and will function when needed. Examples and frequencies are:

 All construction equipment - Daily prior to use – (use form and file)

 Emergency Lighting Test - Monthly

 Fire Extinguisher Inspections - Monthly

 Safety Equipment Inventories - Monthly

 Respirator Inspections- Before / After Use (Monthly at a minimum)

 Hand tools – Daily

 Scaffolding – Daily

Activity Hazard Analysis Needs to include:

 Personal Protective Equipment Requirements

 Required Work Clothing

 Fall Protection – 100% at all times when there is fall potential of 6 feet or more

 Scaffolding

 Ladder Safety

 Electrical Safety

 Fire Protection

 Floor Openings

 Overhead Hazards

 Heavy Equipment

 Other Hazards & Controls- No cell phones while operating equipment • Any other site specific rules – Smoking, eating, radios, Phones, visitors

Program Audits are conducted to check the administration of specific safety and health programs. Program Audits of the following shall be conducted annually.

 Accident Prevention

 Fire Prevention

 Material Handling

 Flammable Material Storage

 Hazard Communication

 Personal Protective Equipment

 Confined Space Entry

 Contractor Safety

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 Tool Safety

 Hot Work

 Respiratory Protection

 Rules and Procedures

 Audits

 Safety Communications

 Safety Training

 Accident Investigations

 Motivation

Emergency Plan and Procedures

Evacuation plan, including emergency escape procedures and routes. It is important that everyone working on a project knows what actions they are expected to take in emergency situations that may require evacuation of the premises. The main points of the PEP will therefore need to be covered during induction training.

The plan should include:

-Floor plans or maps clearly showing the emergency escape routes and assembly areas- these may need to be updated frequently

-Location of safe or refuge areas in high-rise buildings and other premises where speedy evacuation may not be possible

-Procedures to be followed by any workers allowed to remain behind to look after essential operations until their evacuation becomes absolutely necessary

-Details of who is responsible for making emergency notifications for situations that may occur outside normal working hours.

-Safe or refuge areas offering safety to occupants pending evacuation. Such an area is created by using barriers that either fold across or shut, to provide a space protected from fire and smoke, such as in enclosed stairways.

Arrangements for personnel head count after emergency evacuation has been completed. Generally, evacuated staff should be directed to a known assembly point a safe distance and location away from the evacuated premises. Supervisors should then make sure that all their staff are accounted for, and confirm this to the Emergency Procedures Co-ordinator.

Emergency evacuation drills-The need to practise emergency evacuation cannot be over-emphasised. Without such drills, it is unlikely that an adequate response in a real emergency will be achieved. The PEP should contain appropriate arrangements for them, but their frequency will depend on individual needs, and these are likely to alter at different stages of a project. Accordingly, their scope and frequency must be kept under constant review and revisions given appropriate publicity.

Rescue and medical duties for those/any employees who are to carry them out. It is important to make sure that only those who have a detailed knowledge of the project layout and any processes involved are allowed to undertake rescue operations. These people should be in possession of current first-aid qualifications where possible, and be properly equipped with personal protective equipment so as to minimise the risks to themselves.

REFERENCES

[1] Dr. M.O. Agwu, MNIM, “Total Safety Management: A Strategy for Improving Organisational Performance in Selected Construction Companies”

[2] Satish Kumar1, V.K. Bansal2 “Construction Safety Knowledge for Practitioners in the Construction Industry” Journal of Fountiers in Construction Engineering. Jun 2013, Vol. 2 Iss 2, PP. 34 -42

[3] G. K. Kulkarni, “Construction industry: more needs to be done,” Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.11

[4] HusrulNizamHusin “Management of Safety for Quality Construction” , Journal of Sustainable Development Vol.1, No.3, November 2008

[5] E. Sawacha, S. Naoum, and D. Fong, “Factors affecting safety performance on construction sites,” International Journal of Project Management, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 309-315,

[6] Principles of construction safety- Allan St. John Holt, BA, FIOSH, RSP [7] A to Z – practical building construction by Sandeep Mantri

[8] www.del.gov.in

[9] Construction Safety Handbook by Lawrence Berkerly

[10] Construction Safety Construction Principles by David Maccollum

[11] Dr.Patrick X W Zoul, Dr. Guomin Zhang and Prof. Jia-Yuan Wang, “Identifying key risks in Construction Project : Life cycle aand stakeholders Prespective”