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(1)

Women

’

s

movements of the

1920s and the

1960s

Women

’

s

movements of the

1920s and the

1960s

Paige Z.

Ahap KLM

(2)

How does the women

’

s

movement of the

1920s compare with

the women

’

s

movement of the

1960s?

How does the women

’

s

movement of the

1920s compare with

the women

’

s

movement of the

1960s?

(3)

1920s

(4)

Background

Historically, women have been

considered intellectually inferior to

men.

They were seen as major sources of

temptation and evil.

(5)

“

Woman is the gate

of the devil, the path of

wickedness, the sting of

the serpent, in a word a

perilous object.

”

-- St. Jerome, a 4th-c

Latin father of the

(6)

Flappers

(7)

Flappers

These women challenged traditional

American values.



Characteristics of a Flapper:



Short, bobbed hair



Short hems on their skirts



Listened to Jazz music



Wore makeup



Drank hard liquor



Smoked cigarettes



Treating sex in a more casual manner

(8)

19

19 th

th

Amendment

19

19 th

th

Amendment

“

The right of citizens of the United

States to vote shall not be denied or

abridged by the United States or by

any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce

this article by appropriate

legislation.

”

(9)

(10)

Alice Paul

She was the head

of National Wome

n

’

s Party.

Felt that the 19

th

Amendment wasn

’

t

enough.



Pushed for an

Equal Rights

Amendment to be

added to the

constitution.

(11)

The Equal Rights

Amendment (ERA)

The Equal Rights

Amendment (ERA)

“

Men and women shall have

equal rights throughout the United

States and every place subject to its

jurisdiction.

”



It was first introduced to Congress in

1923.



Made all forms of discrimination based

on sex illegal.

(12)

Margaret Sanger

In 1921, she founded the

American Birth Control

League (ABCL)



Today known as Planned

Parenthood

In 1923, she established

the Clinical Research

Bureau.



_{The first legal birth}

control clinic in the U.S.

Women were then able to

control their own bodies.

This movement educated

women about existing

birth control methods.

A 1936, a Supreme Court

decision declassified

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“

Woman was created to be

man's helpmeet, but her unique

role is in conception . . . since

for other purposes men would

be better assisted by other

men."

--Thomas Aquinas, 13

th

(14)

Adkins

v

. Children

’

s Hospital

_{s Hospital}

1923

Adkins

v

_v

. Children

_{. Children}

’

s Hospital

_{s Hospital}

1923

The Supreme Court decided that a

minimum wage for women violated the

right to freedom of contract.

(15)

Women

’

s Bureau of the

_{s Bureau of the}

Department of Labor

Women

’

s Bureau of the

Department of Labor

In 1920, the Women's Bureau of the

Department of Labor was established

to gather information about the

situation of women at work, and to

advocate for changes it found were

needed.

Many suffragists became actively

(16)

“

Pink Collared

_{Pink Collared}

”

Jobs

“

Pink Collared

_{Pink Collared}

”

Jobs

Gave women a

taste of the work

world.

Low paying service

occupations.

Made less money

than men did doing

the same jobs.



Examples of jobs:



Secretaries



Teachers



Telephone

operators

(17)

“

Pink Collared

_{Pink Collared}

”

Jobs

“

Pink Collared

_{Pink Collared}

”

Jobs

Women were confined

to traditional

“

feminine

”

fields in the

work force.

The

“

new professional

women

”

was the most

vivid and widely

publicized image in the

1920s.



_{But in reality, most}

(18)

1928 Olympics

These were the first

Olympics that women

were allowed to

compete in.

There were many

arguments about

these actions.



Some argued that it

was historically

inappropriate since

women did not

compete in ancient

Greek Olympics.



Others said that

physical competition

was

“

injurious

”

to

women.

The 1928 Dutch Women’s

Gymnastics team. They won the

(19)

Education

By 1928, women were

earning 39% of the

college degrees given

in the United States.

It had risen from the

original 19% it was at

the beginning of the

century.



Example:



In 1926, Sarah

(20)

1960s

(21)

Background

The Women's Rights

Movement of the 1960s

was a second wave of

activism.

The women's movement

of the 1960s drew

inspiration from the

civil rights movement

It was made up of

members of the middle

class

It was also caused by

the sexual revolution of

the 1960s



Sparked by the

development of the

birth-control pill in

1960

(22)

Background Cont

Sexual assault and domestic violence

became central targets of women's

activism

The crime of rape begins to increase in

numbers



Rape is sex without consent, both legally and

socially

Susan Brownmiller's book,

Against Her

Will,

examines the history of rape

Feminists work to create domestic

(23)

National Organization for

Women (NOW)

National Organization for

Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966.

Founded by a group of

people, including Betty

Friedan, and Rev. Pauli

Murray.



The first

African-American woman

Episcopal priest.

Betty Friedan became

the organization's

(24)

NOW

(con

’

t.)

_t.)

NOW

(con

’

t.)

_t.)

The goal of NOW is to bring about

equality for all women.

They campaigned to gain passage of the

ERA amendment at the state level.

Issues NOW deals with:



works to eliminate discrimination and

harassment in the workplace, schools, and

the justice system.



secure abortion, birth control and

reproductive rights for all women

(25)

Rachel Carson

Wrote the

controversial book,

Silent Spring

It says that

pesticides are

destroying wildlife

and endangering

humanity.

May 27

th

, 1907-

April 14

th

, 1964

(26)

Betty Friedan

Wrote the book,

Feminine Mystique in

1963.

In her book, she

depicted the roles of

women in industrial

societies.



_{She focused most of}

her attention on the

housewife role of

women.

She referred to the

problem of gender

roles as "the problem

without a name".

The book became a

bestseller and was the

cause for the second

wave of feminism in

(27)

The problem that has no name–

which is simply the fact that

American women are kept from

growing to their full human

capacities–is taking a far greater

toll on the physical and mental

health of our country than any

known disease.

(28)

Shirley Chisholm

In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York

was the first black woman elected to

the House of Representatives.

(29)

First national Commission on the

Status of Women

First national Commission on the

Status of Women

President Kennedy

established the first

national Commission

on the Status of

Women in 1961.

In 1963 the commission issued a

report detailing employment

(30)

Equal Pay Act 1963

It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual

discrimination.

In 1963 the average female worker

’

s wages in

the United States were equivalent to 58.9 %

of the average male worker

’

s earnings.

It abolished wage differences based on sex.



_“

No employer having employees subject to any

provisions of this section [section 206 of title

29 of the United States Code] shall

discriminate, within any establishment in which

such employees are employed, between

employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to

employees in such establishment at a rate less

than the rate at which he pays wages to

employees of the opposite sex in such

establishment for equal work on jobs…

”

(31)

The Civil Rights Act of

1964

The Civil Rights Act of

1964

Passed in 1964.

It banned discrimination on the basis of color, race,

national origin, religion, or sex.

Section VII set up the Equal Employment

(32)

Presidential Executive Order

11246

Presidential Executive Order

11246

It was signed by President Lyndon B.

Johnson on September 24

th

, 1965

It prohibited bias against women in hiring

by federal government contractors.

“

…Prohibits federal contractors and

federally assisted construction

contractors and subcontractors, who do

over $10,000 in Government business in

one year from discriminating in

(33)

Griswold v. Connecticut

(1965)

Griswold v. Connecticut

(1965)

Estelle Griswold was

the executive director

of Planned Parenthood

League.

The case involved a

Connecticut law that

prohibited the use of

contraceptives.

Ruled that the

Constitution protected

a right to privacy.

Found that Connecticut

should allow married

couples to use birth

control.

(34)

The End

_{The End}

(35)

Works Cited

"1920s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery Channel. 1 June 2007 <http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecade/1920s.html>.

1928 Olympics. 1928. Amsterdam. The Holocaust. 1 June 2007

<http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/zcd078.htm>. "1960s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery Channel. 1 June 2007 <http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecade/1960s.html>.

"Alice Paul: Feminist, Suffragist and Political Strategist." Alice Paul Institute. 23 May 2007. 31 May 2007 <http://www.alicepaul.org/alicepaul.htm>.

Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan. 2006. JJB Blog. 4 June 2007 <http://blog.johnjosephbachir.org/tag/freedom>.

"Betty Friedan." Women of the Hall. 1993. National Women's Hall of Fame. 4 June 2007 <http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=62>.

Chapin. "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd." Cartoon. Literary Digest. 6 June 2007<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Two%27s_Company%2C_Three% 27s_a Crowd.jpg>.

"Chisholm, Shirley Anita." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 2005. 7 June 2007<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay. pl?

index=C000371>.

Corbis-Bettmann. Rachel Carson. 1963. Carson, Rachel. 1 June 2007

<http://www.pollutionissues.com/Br-Co/Carson-Rachel-Scientist-Ecologist-Writer-of-Silent-Spring-1907-1964.html>.

Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007

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Works Cited Cont

"Equal Rights Amendment." National Organization of Women. 2007. NOW. 19 May 2007 <http://www.now.org/issues/economic/eratext.html>.

"Flapper Culture & Style." The Jazz Age. 2001. 1 June 2007 <http://www.geocities.com/flapper_culture/>.

Graduation. 1926. Historical Timeline of the University of Idaho. University of

Idaho. 1 June 2007 <http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/special- collections/timeline.htm>. Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June 1965. 7 June 2007

<http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1964/1964_496/>.

Lewis, Jone J. "Women's History." About.Com. 2001. New York Times. 15 May 2007 <http://womenshistory.about.com/library/pic/1913/bl_p_191307.htm>. Mount, Steve. "U.S Constitution- Amendment 19." The U.S. Constitution Online. 2007. 31 May 2007 <http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am19.html>.

"NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June 2007 <http://www.now.org/>. "Sports: Track & Field--the 1928 Olympics." HerStory. 2007. 1 June 2007 <http://library2.usask.ca/herstory/field.html>.

"The Equal Pay Act of 1963." Essortment. 2002. 5 June 2007 <http://nc.essortment.com/equalpayact_rvwx.htm>.

Tranter, John. Mother, NéE Anne Katherine Brown, Circa 1920. 1920. Australia. JohnTrater.com. 31 May 2007<http://johntranter.com/interviewed/2001lilley .php>.