Measurement Device Effect on Channel Water Loss

MEASUREMENT DEVICE EFFECT

ON CHANNEL WATER LOSS

By Thomas J. Trout; M.

ASCE

AssrnAci:

Flow measurement devices can cause significant errors in inflow-outflow channel water loss measurements. The device effects, caused by the increased water surface elevation upstream of a device, must be subtracted from measured losses to correctly estimate conveyance water loss. Methods to cal-culate device effects are given. In channels with small slopes and in which loss rates increase sharply with water surface increases, inflow-outflow loss mea-surements should be made in long channel sections with devices which create as little head loss as possible.

INTRODUCTION

A common method of measuring water loss from conveyance chan-nels is the inflow-outflow method (3,8) in which the inflow rate to the head and outflow rate from the tail of a channel section are measured. The difference in the two flow rates is the flow loss, Q L , or volumetric water loss per unit time, in the section. The flow loss can be converted to a loss rate per unit length of channel or to a seepage rate (flow toss per unit wetted area) to allow a comparison among channels and to eval-uate the need for channel improvements.

Extensive conveyance loss measurements were made by the inflow-outflow method in unlined watercourses (laterals) in the Indus Basin of Pakistan (2,5,7). These data demonstrated an unexpected relationship between the length of channel section measured and the loss rate (10). As successively shorter sections of a given channel were measured, the measured loss rate (or seepage rate) increased. Similarly, outflow rates measured progressively closer to the inflow measurement point tended toward a projected flow value at the inflow device below the measured inflow rate. These phenomena are graphically demonstrated in Fig. 1.

Since this trend was not related to the physical condition of the chan-nels and only a small and predictable portion could have been caused by decreasing flow rates (resulting from higher loss) in longer channels, it was concluded that the measurement process must in some way affect the water loss.

'Agricultural Engr., USDA-ARS, Snake River Conservation Research Center,

Rt.

1,

Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341; formerly with the Dept. of Agricultural

and Chemical Engrg., Colorado State Univ.

Note.—Discussion open until August 1, 1983. To extend the closing date one

month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Technical and

Professional Publications. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for

re-view

and possible publication on July 29, 1982. This paper is part of the Journal

of Irrigation and Drainage En&eering, Vol. 109, No. 1, March, 1983. ©ASCE,

ISSN 0733-9437/83/0001-0060/$01.00. Proc. No. 17804.

- a 'L b (Y

.^^ V

• ^ dw^

lN (J 1C '^

II V N•-. Ec Qa^a,

.° • o "d

^pUflp

^fi^ pfi

° o v

^• w

2> V _ II • p ^ ^ y G

pu eC •. V

^V

ri 11 E^.

w

O U00

0

X01 -'/ el

v N

3 0 L.

i N V m

Ifl 0 v U-V V i 0 V 0

LL V C

^ M N Q

[sda) b `31dd M413 O

N q0

g

O

^.1-a

V v A.

'^ n _Cq

'^ N N

^^ pd y,A^'

m`^

y

*

fl

0

3

VIif

ee

o 5

w: '^

v° p w a^'i ari '

N

^, N m VNi N ^,

wtt

IL

V

Eo

^. ^ e

^'G 'C m O N p ^

i y ^ ^

4^

^+, ^ OJ

w ^ ^ ^ Q.

G! rA y . ' y . .

"' G ^ '^

3

f. '^ ,^ ^^" Gam+ ^ ^-,

_C

y 57,

E-W

W L]

d

0

Ui

II-J

e rr ;) U) V ^"G d '^ N ... v .5. CJ N 67

C ° d

q s~

k-N

^ v ^bC1^ ^ tr1 ^ ^ a7 ^ ^' ° N ^ fA '^

E. _'5

k V +q+ by V_q7 w) O N ¢? N V V N

o

O

U.

• _{v,^ o °'^" °x}

v tea; v ° ^'

m y td c^ .^ O ." ^' Qti y d • 17 w o ea ° ^ y ^ ,^ ^'.G ^ ^ d ° ^ ° ^pC7 ^ v ^ ^ si,v '^

q rV+ O V J G6 U OJ ^C V V •a V q • V

q{S;o) a In q

C

J

0

0

0

0 0. q

_o

II II

A

0

0

0

1 8010VA 51.33333 331A3C1

o

o

0

0

0

°n0/ o

SSO7 3A11V138

co I—

C?

G. 0 ILI 0

4

S 2

6 cK

₀

0

P

w c

q

,... I

n

0

-1 p

9

u.

co

0

0

0'

2

co a) C cLJ

(13 Li 2 0

O

ts,

't;

_T.,

ea T'

L

, & >NA z 00

7.

1

ea a)

+

.0

g

3 ea

A

4 "cf a)

t

u cu

I

(u '

5 2 t

.

Pl

w

i

0

,1

4

.

g

cj)

,„s g

(

I

)

w

5

c

'5 0; cu b.0

as ea co

g .s

E 4 4 -

0

u

_q

_.5

a

1

,4 4 3

E

b

o 5

4 -

0

9

• Ti

_r

F

i

• o

g

1;

cu

eiS

J

a)

^0

E 0

w

1. 4,

_,

_z

_a

_m

„

B

,

z

4 e

8

5

1

"

7

, 3

1

1 •

g

L-

7

1,

z

.L6

J

D. !

q aZ

irm,

a

0

i!

2

v

1,

cn

c1)

&

J

• 1) a)

bb

§

(

L

e, 5

-.5 .4 5'

2 =

;

ic 2

E

rCi

rJCA CD a

j

.5

cu

•E

q)

t4.t '"'

7:5

t

r

t 8

.

, z 0 'a

-

')

2 tri3

.5

•6

-.

5

.›

cv

s Eb

8 4‘.

6

.

5

V .

0 0

G

La -0 u 0 — 2 t

4

§

cj

a)

! 5

-2

-=

'5

0

I..,

a) S

a

i

4

71

2 3

.9—

0

4

'to

0;

t . act t

'8'5 :4 '0

-0

.

_{5 s} x o

492

`&.co

g

'

o

t

toz,

ci K./ x Q.+ • R.,co 8

-1)

.E 15 41:

EL

g

4N A

§

Ca `tt

.•n••, CA -

R

i a) _{.in II}

cJ

_-

1

₆

7 d) ...5: s ro

v

_bop

l ..

5

= c

)

= _{ea .,.., V}

c.' w

_{c, .} E it _aP6

)

kl

0.-

5

a —., 8

_{g .,.-5, (-4 4: 0}

E _•17:)

4

-

. '

,... ,•

0

IS,

;' r

‘

3'

_{4 m0cl}

i°

,,,,,

c

_,9 q _{,,,, co a}

0

,

1:1 t ',

3

'

D=

-15.

H cam

"

q

61 z

-

r

.

t'

s.)

4

II 1=4 .'5 II = ^e, ›4 > c, Rt

A _.

. .

5

,d E

.4. a

l

E g 1- 2

—

...`

,

c

p

i

,

A

,,,,

5

6 .m2

26.5

@

,

6

E+

.v4 g

o)

.4--a g-E

cu 2 CL,

‘-'=

8

2 ;

.

t., -:

,

c1.1

— ; iri

-I3 (13

a.I i:6

(1.,

•1

CI r Cu

En

. ., rS.,-CS I:o, • . —

cn T

t'

T

b' '10 7e's --, 75 a) -0 -C Z-

1

(

.

1 —

.._.

Z 0 ,—, 0

0

,

-

, ,5-

l

e

ed

.

0 , d

2

.7. E 0

ww2=cP•o-5-1g4'''

i

E

.50a),-)0,0 .

iii T

h

i.,-

)

6

g

i

.

'-e 6 t -

_

2P

,

14

4

'-' v ,

t; .0

••-.., (13 (la CO .

-1n-•

0 bo

a

l

11

.1

4

.6.

1

:1 , gb ED

.•

3,' .i 2

_Q

_,

L'

li -Vi

_g

0 ...

c

z

g

, .

0

.0

,4

t

GS P

•

TI '4 `-' al > 8

-,a, ,

_{co — g ...}

0

6

0

62

a ...t.o§''

as

—

.

0 In . •• 0 "0 e

l)

. co '.p 0 on

ti .

.1-. Lo

i

c

e

,

g

t

r.,

, _ 5

1:11 'VI

a) -,-' x w 00

w

--

a) w ..,

co

-0

5 . +

a1

-,—

..

.o. c 41

-

5 t

en • 122, en '''; bl:,

Z ui Z

4

ea .11 IA. •*,

g

11 ea

0

4 ---,

,

03

.

-.1 . ,

_I X w

4

Q' g

_cil 9,

b

•E \.c. 7:,'

w

"a'

L;"

1

3 ,--,

c-?!

°;)

c

i'V

g

B 1

_a,

.9..). .5

_g

6

6-M iz

_z

_li,

•,5 OJ 0 p

g

w

..--

,5 3 j

1 ,

m

cu ,,,

'''

g -

-

.

fl

_Q

_g

_..."

P

6

6 .5

F., .5 -6) E i:Lcur. .,s

.

0

I

A

a

c

a

l

0

o

co to 6

-Ple1

0-

10)/

6-

1

6)

,

SSOI

3A111/13:1

0

8

0

‘4-'

CIJ

i

cs, .-. = .

0 ,

.1

₀₀

0

:c

-

4:' kL'4

0

c.o

cjj tjj 1 '13

-1

j

-

-2

0

i

00

,.

z eel

tU

u

n

I

S:I.

'

4 .

5-n4,

0.-

ci

G - se - (cs

..-.1

TS

't

-. -• co Ci,

cl.)

ra

aJ

1

_q

_.)

..

'--1 -.

e

° ,--/ .! ...! 4

₉

1

0 40

-

₀

0

Ves '4'

_{g -}

_{'-' ,is ra.}

5

0 A 2 „, .-5

,l

'i

5

0

..,

t'xt

.

-

5,a,-

ii

i

to

0

8

A

R i

40 Z

l

a

....,

8

,

0

1 z

cts

z

0) 2.- g

(r1 0 2 0

.

0

13

' ea

.0

:0 - r

c

,

i .A

w

- 8 .5,

,.© Cil

•

I

.5

0 1 t' 2

e3

ir.,

_l'

"

0

AJ

.,.

(1,

W a

4 bb

o) 0,x,

G.

.

W

,..,

t , 0, 8

a)

4

.

4

_ci

₎

_{• . $.2-.'"}

'

0 6 .

TS (1) clJ cn

g

u, 5 I:I > .11

w 0 c

z.s

H....f

0.4-.-da)M.:).0

S-1..---'

,

c0

0Y,--82-s

r

0

os

,t i r s cu = ,

a, w .

4-

g '°

0 ,

_{.., m}

_'

Z g

2

> .

₌

5

.4 a' --.5.

_{PCS .4-1 --. -}

8

_r4,1

0,.

c.)

0

,4

5

w

8,

_{u 02}

-

0 4 4 in

_{ki, E}

,

E

_.

i

₄

4 Ai

_m

,.,. _{i ,..T}

.2

:4 .Z. ' , ai 1 (.,

_-. Z co

.0

g

cE

r.

-

A3

o ,

.,

Li

T

y

WI: 6 ',

›..,

-

,

,

"

1

" 5•

C' -

,

VC

!

g s t

P.

-2

,

2. ii

.L

1

1 Z

4.-

8

.

g

>

₀

0

₊

O

Cr)

;2

2

AI

.3.,

V 0 .

co

w

',O4a.>0."'

_.2...,;,;

•

i'46'cu aJa.,0

aJ

v3

g

ib it

4

-

.''

...

6

T.)

2

k

?.

:5

C

'Z'

4

c' t

i,

r

4

F.

.

t3 = „„ 0.-0

.

5

5 ,,i- .2 , (u

2

-,,,

-

(*

.

V, w

0 -,

cu •ID

.6

a) _

0

. 73

-Q. w 1

,

. = "'"

,',1

k

:7'

411

I '-`'' 1 &'

14

"

0,4 (.g

4

75

tt;

+.' ' 0 C

L. l'il ..

-5 ,

cu > •

,

co

2

₁

_{' 0.,}

R z " .0

_c

_{d'5 iv ›,}

.0

_,

A4

₇

_,

₃

,-.8

_{- i}

0

74 0

.9

o

l.

A

›

-

CY

-

a)

5

02 g

W2s

5

c'l

4,

cn

j

rel

.541/06

1

.0

Ot

(W)

°

m/ (

°

'

'

O-

'

O

ft if •

6/0

9

0

(+1)% (°'o-'o)

T

E

0

ED

8

3.1.nlosev

qq

„ _ .

0

. ,

nzc , I,

, ,_ _

ra

_ ,... .

4

c

a' al

E ,

1 2 X.) at

.

g c '

g

rd

0

co

E a..

.

c

i.

,

.

cu Z N

.

51

.4 (1

,-.

ili 0. :0

•S

8

t8„.,,,,rg

-

I

_{fiJ -0 0 '0}

w

fu

-5 fa.i'

_{a) a)}

_,

_,n

s .,., .--:.5

₀₅

_a.,

_,

1

4

_{g ++}

4

,...-F--1,-z-c-cl

„5„1t

. __,

„.

1

- E g

t

,)

Qi

goS

t

t

.g

(1 0 "6 a '-'

4 0

a)

,..LI A2 04 4a• i•-414' 1:1c"f.. 2 1

,s

`

..E

,

,

f

,

, - ,, s

0.1 3

I

z

.

12

.

Ei-i,

ril 3 g -a a., 0

-5 ro q (13

f

le

.1_`; 13 ,.., CP

'

21

a.

,

.,..., =

t ti s

-a g , 0 -a

,

E

m `;) >

w

t

-

0 ,..1" z

9 qj

q, 8 4'

-0 -1:/ e' = g

° 1

:

4,

0

m.50,-ow-8,.9.,m,.''S

"a eg

0,)

›,-

w ° r21 .• .B su

,

71

43

41 a

,

G)

a0-

., .o

.4 .,g

v 4

"el 4-' Si

1 .s

'

S

.

z

7:'

6

ul 0

7S

5

g

5 g b

.k.'EtzSt ea j) 41'-'

`4)

a;

R - vi 0 0

-

'

li

0

z

i ,

0

• g

y,

u

cc:

c,„

3

a

,..,

,

S

q 4w

_{,T, 0E}

_a,

>

₄

_{' 8 4 °}

-+'--5

=

0 , , ,i_D, .

,,

;

.

s

0

a

E

7,., ,

•

-

h

-12

.5 ae 31

(

10►1 12 "DD ; '-' 03

2

V

E

g ,,,

S _. ,5 g; 2_ tE ;' ,:, f..

0

'

'

D

2

C.r)

a 3

g t m

al

..-. ti cu

p •.-

"'

:4

in.'

cu

or

a., r

a

(4

€

i" 1

Q.

71

v T 1:1 1

5 _ , t

)

.

t

e

j

g ,0 .

c

a

• ta,x a) 0,

zthi-ccs

w i

t

4

2 8 2

.

.0

c

il :5

t4

'70'

ai, „

.-

a-:.

›

.

5 ,

-

0

ai

w

.

3 5

0

1I

0

61 ul 8

,t2 § 0 .s

,.,

...5

cp 0 :5 ° 'v t m

--4 0

, =

,:p

8 -0=„,-4:

1

49 „,

.

-

a

B

2

9

Cji C? - Ts t.' 10 '-'-' L'' • - g

g

es C 0

:2-es w lo

d 6 6

rrn-0

0

7

1

O

I

E

ti g WTI

pi

es., -,-,>';

l)

,

g;

4

g

.1 :..°..1

i ''.' . 2

t2

i

i

a,

_.4 4. c4 y,..0 cu

=

. ,,,,s

›-

'4 co as .2,

Lo .

0, 1,-

Fi 0

CP c* 71

M

03

4-' g 4

g

414

.

4:.

18

0

:

4

4"' g

g '. 2

6 f

a

ng - .

y

94 4 R..-

=

c

'

.. ,5 g

q

= s ,±:

a

0

3

2 i ! t. , , 4 8

5 . , 2

`' ' I

I -

rq . , , , (.,. , . ,.. a. ,

''' , ij 1 v

t 2,,,

' - ' g

,

›

q

•,1

•-,5

i7r.

2 T

1

C13

,

r+

41) 4-.

.

5• '0 ''' '' VA 5 . 'A E.: ,-,.,

ci :-

.

5 .E (

.0, 0

v,.4

3

2A

ez

tC1J

1(

5

‘M ..

V

"E w

iJ

ag00

.

,

t

11›.`

8r(

.03 5.4>B

,

c1 z

.4.)

r) ,... sa.,-; s

`n 2 1

5

1

1 a..

g

'41 I) IP 8 0:. 3 ' 4-. `" '

;

.

5 9 -

-,:l m

5 ' ,-,

Ei

. d t 75.

0 cl" '" ..°

w

5

g

.5.6-.g'

_ea

., 0 2 242, 8 tv

_ci

₀

ad,

1

0

_{5 .5 .4),}

8 c'ilAi T ..-. v ID

₌

IA 4

,

3 >

4,

5

z 2

.

c

LI ..T, .

3:;

_{t - Rte.}

t

o .: -

W

m

> ° 0

g

ru -0 (1

12

p (1 W aj

0

2

M

•

1

2 • ''' "

0 ,k,

*

MI +II 0

0 5

'

el

o

g b

-.

0ili1

).

11

.

7,2 1

) cu 2 41 ``,.j 1

-f-

2

i,

i 0

0

9.4 § co

on

2 V) & =Rte.

,

S

as 1/ 0., 0 ,k,, 0

e,42 w

LIT.

V z •... ,m Cl.) t tt: 1) et

..

ai

0

ra 0 al

(1

..--0

W

I

A

.4

2 8 4

a„ ...

_{t-o ''' • .}

as +, C g

al Z

r

N

8 -'

ch

2'

°

P

t § 4 -w

M

q 0 T

S

1) t0 a u

l .

.,..' i5 :0

0

0 ..., a .2 15.',...n

..".. -° '''

.0 a3 (z) 1.4 W t)

g

9 •-. ,9 W cu • = 0 _{, w C g ,i3 -., q.) 0}

_,

_-

_F

'

6

`

1"

5

,,,,,

t

c

*

''"'Z.Nv

o

g

a

411

0 1

..

.

g,

₀

-

,

"0

_{aJ b}

••g

₀•-• X

o

_'''

_> M

1)

E-

,

₂

r. , 0

_{1 '-' g}

W X

_`11)'

•••

a

§

-. 8

4

,,,

-

a tt

&-. c 2 w

..

.

H

-

g,

• ea • TS °

g

w en cu 5.

4

. cej • €1 La ^

bo o 0 g.., a.=

-0

0

---"o-'

.1 i-i o .:0

v.

T.

4

3

4 P' RS 4-1 7:$

a, .1 "d

g

i. c

i.

„4

;.

a)

01 0 -, g 4) . cc)

0 =

..i.J

•-i- as o .,

0., oj

z 0

5 ,,

a.) n e., v 1..

ci,

;

.8

un fis ..., p 2

.11

'..z

;,,, 0 M g aJ"'

q

g

„

g

a

....

`

6' --

F-

.

E -

- - -.

B

V1 -

- - .... - in

8

r 1

6

ed

0 ‘-

"

L'

P

.C1J

.

00,

3)

u..

z

.

7., c

y

d

1)

zt

ES bt, , 7:3

0 Wz

9"

I' .-5 -al

° = (;) .5 z gm 2

8

.4 g

i"

g

a

g 0

-

•

ow 8 gv) 0 22 -"t

w

.5

_{a R.o5'}

₀₀

₊

_.,

'l-t-

_1.'

CI 0. 07 . 0) a

)) CU

0. 4 'Ef,

_

g

....

W

a+

w

0

,..,:..

_E

_v

-0 =

TS ,5

IL

4 -

cu

•

-0

4

,

°

,

61 A

-

_{i ,}

71 ai

_{.5 2}

_1:6-cl

_{'4-. w ..0}

_{, 2}

a.. 0

.._...

0_,

°

' 6 w .

_{5 _8 -5 5}

_{2 2 .-...}

_,)

₇

_Z

' - '

I

-

1

2

Q., yP,

0

M

M

5 0)

z

G

ra ,0

i

i3

9 „ .

4

w , ;,, ::7 0 . a

'

p

l)

1 al _{• 0 12643 g B}

0

on 8

i-

L

10-

=

,

b

0 0...›

VFT..-,E.o,,

oct,„;+10>-,

c 4 z

,

₌ s bt a to

0

IT.

.

0 z @ .0

g cu rg ul

w

;.

8

E 0

CU --'

-0

En

<

W ej rn

2

o

,_

...4

la cis ffs

-4

u

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ea O 0

fR

>

fl

w

R. 0, ch

cn CS] S.

T

A

T

V r

0

to

0

0 o0 0 0

0 0

0

0

0 Ch CO I

.-

SO IC) Tr re) N -( % ) 3 A3N3101333 33NVA3ANO0

8i)

2

-i

In

c

tt

w

V 44 7", g • 71

(Ts

w

v.)

9 0,

0

4

t

_{g ‘--1}

c=,

CS]

z0

9.60 T.,

FA, \ (1)

.111

•

t

'

S

0

te) c.)

E

L

I

co

"FIJI

o

w '

4-1 as

y

g

ql

e.

(1/

"c$ u

as

B

g

co

t

-i9 A io

t

e-4

.

a,

.4

g

a,

z

a,

& cj) 8

tr,

g

g

g

1

"°"°

3 -5 7.

"

-g •

rj

g a, 5 4,

_{0) ccS}

g

7

-8

_-

_C1)

Os

EN' P

1

,1 -t1

Cy

a., a.,

_{22, '-' " ,'.', ,i, g co}

_..-.

_{40 -}

₀

_.

E -ci 0)

w

ca) ,, •

0 .

,, .,. _

tu

l

i.42, '0

0

0 .

0

0

w

42

c.)

-0

2 4 `1) .4 ' 0 w

_{..) 470-''} rcS , II

as

9

co .",5)

C

1

3 CA ' '''' V

T.)

CI)

j

a r

y

. IA! 4 (.3-

tpd z 0

4.1

.

0 4) r. X A+

t a Qg

q

.,

.4 q.' 46

-

.

5 ›.-. a, .5 o

,g

..g

.-,E E' .4

• V.,

1,4'

ii 2 .-B'

5

..

-E --,

a *-10

, 4j

bia

.

•E

g 1-1'

B -2

W

a,

0 ; ii

.

M

.

5 M

m

*,

1

6A

t E.

C.)

tt

0) 75 .1), 0 V) 0) .. •

•

E

-,'

'' TS

g

.

5

-

sa.

g

vs

0 ,5

x

$

c

l

TI 2

0

gi

o

- .5

aJ LY 0., g

2 4i

: %,

t 1 ..

8

i,

1 - p - e,z

2

' - '

4 ,,

•

N

4

.

1 1:

o

1 CIS ,....,

rin °

g 71

TS 0 M

.

14 cy cu

-cl

, T.'

6

15

,°-.4 =

- I 2

..g A -ri c

l

'

X 4-

.

-.0 cu c

A

ai ci

1

: g '

1' Ciit

t). -F

,

• w

8 55 6 .;•• pa

4.•

'n

i.), .0

2

2

m

.5

''' ,T, t

g

'' E e,"

0-, 8 _

4

.5 r

`

L,'

g ., . 0 ti

n

.

a, 2

'0

..8 8 5

m :4 mi

w

as 0 " ›-Z tC 0 g

t -0

15-:" . '5

4 - 5 e 1 e S

2 '"

, T.) -

71' ' - ' 71

. 3" 4- -, ' 0 17,1

g

'

) 2

c-'

g

m li

""

°) w

.

6

cL4 " 0

-2 '8 PA :2 ,5,' .

W ,7 .2

)

1 p " g

°

'

'

•-i- ..-,

CCi I-. = co

. 0 7,, 21

g _,,.

,_, g .

_{2 t}

.)

cu

''' .2

-6 . i, c1"..

8. '-

E

g .." 4

g

'5'

8

• E

L

.6

"

c

5

,c. --. .5

g a = 5 z b

,

w .5 El

Ti'

6

-_-,

G) =

IL,-°00.;FA'

."01.40[J]' 1:5

W 3

g

.

.

4

5 PI ."--.. M g 4

f

j P 4.) 0 us

(

1) c; 4) '.0

.

0

4,

,

w

4 E E :FP. I b0-0 .3 .0

4 A

is

=4

f..

= 4 A,

03.

,5

. c,.71!

,b

.C

.

>

,

FI 1-j

to ,

p -ai a .5 w "

t

i

0 CI,

'"

0 .

. . g

*0 4

. ! v

., t 2

v: 1

0 ,

_Vii

i .

-- , . .

0

11.4' 7

,

- . :

,

1

.,,`

)

1

-r°

j

„

C

..

7

61

R.

,

•1=1 C

,

W m 'V

w c cz •...

"

W

-I-

.

0

0

r

i.)

-

1

-Z

-RI 0 d

r„

w 0 0 .4e,

0 co (es

'6, 4

1

g

to vl --,

w

..0

. Cs]

2

u

75 -2 tcl 8

M

'%1) .-"

E

- g 1 t

-'

m

s

s~ .

c

5

d

• 5"

0

w ,?.

, . , :5 ,

Q)

g C ; n t 9 •

4 4

..4

L-4 ,-J p

,

›cu

›'-'1.1i6ecE

5

II

c

li CU

.-

5

e"

7

1

4

I

TS -,n

a

>,'m

Ca

,t II

...

,

L

a -4

.?..

.

L)

,_

E

.4

-_5.,

,'-'

&2 8

*

2

is

72

u, '5

8

ra z

'D"s tg

n

L

5

5 ci

9

-'

m

0?

-0 .15

. R

)1, t.-7-). ;,7):

23 2

6 6 6 6 6

CD 6 6 6 6

.-4

d ,i d g

.

r

.

-2. O.

'1 m §

-6' c' O ° SI R 8 p°

6° 6 ! 6° 6° 6

I I I

1 I I r4 1 I I .'". & s5.4:' el 1::Ig ." 'eh) t''.• 01%

CO ON C11 CO I! 11 II II _'‹ If II II II II II_-c 1.1) 42 42 42 LW DA 42 42 42 42

BE

ta

8

U

?).

C —43) a la us 8

n

0 O • b.

0

O

•

ga

0

▪

_{• 2}

_

Tr,

5

J2 Ts' 0. E.

L

o

re

ta el) I 41 _{CL) Ci3}i

2

0

8

VS C) CD

Il

II

11 11 11

2

a

6

0

2

LL ro

-8

1

.

5 2 1 2 2..

(t3 a) x 5

cA TS Cd al ..b )-5

a, , . t tn 0 u ,. 4.1 d

Li

z

a

ci.A w

cg

2-0

.

-c

-

gf,

g

O

.E

i

g

l

i

q) 0 -I, eci u to = g ers (1) U

W I .. aJ

E

4

5 9 J-1

I.

...Ita

^iIO as

I) x 0

N.

Ts --€4

z 1-.

i-LE

_{, i. 1}J .N:. if '6 P.:8 1:1 EA'

2

u

n , 1,, = 0 "a '

..

z

;

• t 2 ".. P 86,,

..0.,'..Z:

j., u

. w 0z

0 .,

cis'

r

-r4 z -6

0 g it 0; . 9„ . LI a

— 0k --:.:4'ci ..L. 7.; • ti.•

al ,p F.., D c>0

ncf .,. act 'a al

irLi

u) '11.-

it

2

.> er2 " U,, g „ . -,2 - 8 .4.4 mo La, 3 Ell U— . C. -'I 3 to A 3

,.._.„

.

„, E--L .1--- E m .?4 g ti . J:i a ,

o

u eo 0

.

a.

•

₀

z

. -.-

Ln g gLIE 14 g c ,.E”' :: -g 2 'A 12' 0 Z'

-0 • i3C _{CI' : Z S,}:.. _{I 4 . 7 j -r• : w 5 t%}

_a.

Iv

t

,

0 c

2 ai a" .€0 g cc'..--,

-

E

5 75 w M

ni ,--, cn .0 V .., b 0 cn 1-1 4 %)S P,

N e0

q

'71z B0t U .12075 a) d'a >aP

g

t . ed X 'I.) ‘64 g c;

0 z .'

, k0 1.,

E

i

-- u

u

- t

a „.n .._,. az c 0

a., (4

-6

.

0

0 .g.

u

.

-

1,5

-

-,

V

o .P.. rct 0) •,-, 0 0) I-4 z t 0) 0) g j5

. ._..., 14 -5 lc i', ₀ ..4₀

g A E

, .4- ,P- _{Z ro} i._•1- (..n , .5- _{i.. .,.,}° •

r e

-"° 0.

g

.E 0

6 cri

5

%Z.N. MI i '7) W' 1: cq

ft .,- C) 0) .I., 1••? >

as

•

2

d .4 ,-=. U 1

g, 1:

g

_

E -

5 k..--,

tt ,

7.1 -

g

'''

75 mc.

P.

.,,r,

:=...

44

> Lo

R

kZ'

g-; 4%

9

F-i'

°6 > P

i

, u e

.

1' c7)

44

2 ,z,c_ig> Vri.D ta ›, ,-, = ,-, --• on

• ,a

.

..g -0

,

.

t,

75 a.,

d

> e, t-.. ,

„,-3 :• 75

i§,

bo

_{V °}

a

d

.

-77`,E-

g

v

e

ruC4 ,--;°) I -g -ml E '2 lZ .1) k 1,1 U v, -a .-:....5' ' EL. CY) SNI W _{4:1 t} tO• a) a) Z c, . g 4 '6' M t . jel 0 . _{'' Cid •}

_{_}

0

q

11

o 5 ,A• .2

g

. R

i,

D-. ,:J:L,

P->'.-.. /1..t • _S 3 - -_. .L1. 4 ( z ‘21

Kfg E .L

.

7,,

, 14 ,..,%, o c,, — 0., r:,

2.2.-0.-,g.i>

p i P. , a, 0 . E ,,,.. d 16-, tu .5 04, 8,

%.

cli-cc 't co .

Na

,g Nit , ,4 . ." 4

5 11

- -

g

n Fr.

ci.. .7, V1 Cf)

cu - u

t2 z

'

, 6

T.

w

V,

MD IX ft.

g.

-

c

i

5 E t.,

,a,,,

CD g q At q , , ,--, , tn r. CI 41 E il > 1. •. a b10 a

o E-, 0 .

-a

a, t.:- -.4., . 01 t ',, d Pcli • c' '.21 ...E w 2 t l'' .,, ' - t'+]

3 -og .40.) Z to . , rt, a 1:' ₀

':= -c5

_ca E-'

r9,.. ra

z

g LO g .,.., 63 n3 Gel y

m o ,T, on ,., .,,

,,,

.

..s. at, \is .,4 ,, a.,

,_,

j

l

e <4 2

-c

..g

9,, `.4_,

8

c4,,.>%-,Lui

L° 0 0

5 1

3

,

5

e"'

g

z

, -'' ,

8

a

,„ ,.

co .‹ 4,, U LI 1:), ,Z • 00 oi >. 06 _,„. 4 -0

d

4

173'

F.5 -. •:-,. .

L

.,,

-

g

-,5

0

,

a

. _q ,,;.a....,'N „ ,..Q.4 c4,

/

, z

c4

.1

e

2 -Ocu c cX .501)0; 2:: ..1:4 ,z, .

g ,,9

%I> gg al. 7 :::1 _{0 "a M .g.} 4. o E .--.. > y ,-)q,,

Qt a)

-e

B

2

e3

% a,....V! 0, 'il p..; a ,

r

2

0

8 t

0-, 0j-' .4 0-, tt o ,c; - \CEO) el w c 5; E AO) ..'t •01—Lal wo •E g

a F--,

0) 0:1 ,9 >

•P CV LL• .Z. ilj o •W06) . r

i'

'Cli 0 U :' U ;. 5 L.)

a, 0., gii -.Y., 2 73 tt'

•

—,.=, `

L

4'

g

E

u 6

t',f

in.,

°"4: "8 L

LT

9

-

0

.5

5

,..

.R.

ztl,:,!,-02;CJALe4c4kjEr4--Ld"--1 Ln!

L

t

.

1

,

E

.

,.-

.

r

E o

_u

z LA g;

.R...)-11=7,4

ci pm

0 . L. .5

r

.6

g ``:

:q,ac

i

,

g'o 4

,

, E

-i'

w- 1

.

L

. ;

K 2

3 -- .4

>4 '' E - o 4, g

3

5 ,.E '' b..5 ,

'5 ,

f3

L ,

L

'5 ,

1. -'14' 4 W m '-'

2 '-' - 'd

6 -g m = .g k'q 4) '4 ,. tz'A 2 3

- := ` ° -E —

-,,t (..) i-u ¢ 2

a:,

g

N

i.lr.2z

.

,4 ,az

tt.'u3,i-gE-Cf).t.:Ia-.E-.

c .5 o., `42-J Ft1 — =

,-4 ni ni .ii Lei i:; N.: 06 CS' _gn T-;

.--1 --r

A ti) a...A-0

_r

_{4 -,-} 01 x .-:- ' ' -a •Z -2

2

1" — 4 13 4 ..,1,2,ag- 6 11 as _{-b 't `" z t I 4 '' R 6 0 ; 6} m

a3

7 tl'' ,—I

w

Ns

c

o

co,.2

7, 74

ci) ER

a..

1 ,e; „„,

co)

_w

.

5

0

0.1 44 0

'

. c,i' w .P., 0 '4 P.,, IMI L'an 4

00! ''., §

g Ki 2 7

5 w * ,- 5 €

`.

g

7:z "O"g -1 '494

'E

u), 0

0 w

.

ro

ciJ g = m :co 0 •-n _{t.1 tv -?-1 4) a)}

,6

co 1:1 = w

io 8

IZ, 1.. cl) g CD CD

`—'

,,,

w7., ..,..-A cu

g

t

.

,i -

1 B

E"-F-

. 4

I

I

-

0

8

,13

0

0

..

v

.

S ..

la.-

.1-,, ...:4

0

•.

0

,Bg'

-o - 0

l' Tea 3 8

z .S

1

n

'

Z

V,

li .18 '3

0 M 0 M 0

2

.

0-b 9. ii

,

. 6,

= s sy, - .-E:s ,

3.

ki

.

0 '8'

-0 ..2 i-. ., @ > .•••%:: &I 0 (13 TS , 0 .1:1 ,._ 0

x

i

j &

ti

o

:

cD

cu.=

...

F

., E ;-. Um EL 0 ...F.:

Z 4" I:I" ' 0')

0 -

?A-

Y

. F.,"

:

5

i:eg

-h

A

.

5

g

3

... ...E ''' -; —

0 1:1•10

3

z-gl ₁ e t

5

5 —

Z cg' P '''' g3

E t0 '

.s =

-g

o

g

0

-

6

,

s 0 ,

-

a

. ..r.„ —

-;

""

_{. _ u, _}

—

.,-

,, X ttl f.

40.,

i) '.1,

_{• "}

'CS 01

.

a .- =:,,

z

_{,.., v}

. . -

•iD.›

_ca.) 0

,

_{.=. '}

a., .

9.,

0 2

_{..c..? 31:)} --a) PA

E

nz 6

4.>0•ztzw

g

e

N•g -,-..

.

,

t

. y

g

rw

li.

%

cc' g 4 -4 >- 5 4 13) 5

-48reut02

75 G to 1-:, ....5 a) .712p

8 cl)

0

I,

2 -

0

x

11.71 0 ts M ,.c E-4 4 •.6., 73 g3

.4 t) .) -.

0 a., t.4-• • ,__r 0

- F.1 ''—'• 0 ..-. c„) g N g

. rs

,•0,:t1c..,„, a,1:1 00 -az t

ag) E

0,

O >

I, .- i -0 0 z rd 5 E 0 la

s

-:‘,1^6 a)

.E

.C.)

5

to c

c

o.. on ' .

4 .4 6 1

( 1

6

zr -6

1

E

Lz

NI ce c„, tU Ot t

-4, •-• Q) 0 a) ,.., , 1.) .- ,I1 .50) .1°.wasE_{413 0)}

3-4 1-,i0oN0,) t.,-, VEr'S (Lf

z

z -L.) 0 E •-ct o a) . , .

--i -5

,6

0

'5

tz'

g

a) '-' s li s b0,.0 CU - = 5t

in el

0) 0.)

_„.

0)

t

t

1

," g

i

.T.

E•s

0

6

. _ 0 ..0

.

5

t

.,

-

, 01

_›-.,g,...-5.

t

20a

1,

,,

,,s

t'a

laZ',41_, J C1 -0_al .:"E g₀₎ li _LI , acisSt •el0)

,

E(i) '-

0,

-6

0:1

at rii, x g -8 :r4 1-... .0

m

P

Ts

>

W

ri

g

6D '6 4 t--- 1:i ,c8 Z+5, ci, ta1

g 4 ,

4

.s

0 'cr..

-,.., v„ •

Q.' Q.,

•

''' 4

,.

.

J.

• i

i;

8

8-0

,.

bie..A

t

e.8

tg

_g 17s' .2 ... ,m 8 2 = 2 ."--- 4. a) ..g

8

E

c Eh

.5.

c ,

a

-0 -0

6 PL,P 0 (Lf

a t7...

Ai

, 74

5 fa'

D„ =

Do

E

EA = F =

KI = K2 = L = LAA =

n

P

=

Q

=

QLo

R

Ro =

S =

T =

normal flow depth (m);

amount flow depth is increased by a flow measurement device

(m);

conveyance efficiency ((outflow/inflow) x 100) (%);

conveyance efficiency adjusted for device effects (%);

relative water loss in a channel section or device effects factor;

regression intercept of Eq. 9;

regression intercept of Eq. 10;

length of channel section (in);

length of backwater profile (m);

Manning's roughness coefficient (m -1/3 • sec);

wetted perimeter length (m);

flow rate (L/sec);

flow loss (L/sec or %);

flow loss when. D = D„ (L/sec or %);

loss rate in a channel (flow loss per unit length) (L/sec/m or

%/m);

loss rate in a channel without measurement device installed

(L/sec/m or %/m);

channel slope (m/m); and

water surface width (m),