Socio-cultural Challenges to Urban Renewal in Ile- Ife, Nigeria

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Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 10-18; March, 2013

Online Journal of African Affairs

©2013 Online Research Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Available Online at http://www.onlineresearchjournals.org/JAA

Socio-cultural Challenges to Urban Renewal in

Ile-Ife, Nigeria

**Yoade AO*, Olayiwola LM, and Popoola KO**

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Nigeria.

Downloaded 19 October 2012 Accepted 29 December, 2012

In most nations of the third world, the vast majority of the cities are plagued with various multi-dimensional urban growth problems (infrastructure, services, employment crises and so on). The problem of the central city slums and the required solution has some socio-economic, technical, administrative and socio-cultural considerations. It is in this regard that this paper has attempted an examination of the socio-cultural challenges to urban renewal in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It has identified and examined the physical and environmental characteristics of the traditional core area of Ile-Ife; examined the existing infrastructure facilities in the traditional core area, and assessed the socio-cultural variables that influenced urban renewal options in the study area. Data for the study were derived through the use of questionnaire administered on 477 houses (10% of the total number of houses in the core area of Ile-Ife) samples of household heads selected using systematic random sampling. Multiple regression and ANOVA tests showed a high predictive influence of residents’ socio-cultural characteristics such as removal community rituals (78.0%), removal of tombs (84.0%) and disintegration of family ties (92.0%) on their preferred renewal options (p≤ 0.01). The paper concluded that in urban renewal endeavours, there is need for planners to take into consideration the various socio-cultural encumbrances if the affected people are to be meaningfully catered for.

Key words: City, slum, urban decay, socio-cultural and urban renewal options.

INTRODUCTION

The rapid urbanization in the world, especially in developing countries, over the past half-century has been accompanied by excessively high level of concentration of urban population in every large city. Urbanization is takes place at different speeds in different continents with varying rate in developed and developing countries. Developed countries urbanized at a comparatively leisurely pace.

For instance, the United States was 40% urbanized in 1930, 70% in 1960 and 75 %+ in 1990. This gradual pace is in contrast with what is happening in many developing countries. For example, the Republic of Korea was 40% urbanized in 1970 and 78% by 1990 [1]. What took the United States 60 years to accomplish, took Korea 20 years and Brazil 30 years [2].

*Corresponding Author's Email: yoadewale@yahoo.com; Tel: +2348038400123.

In Africa, the proportion of city dwellers rose from 25% in 1975 to 35% in 1995, and it is predicted that the figure will reach 50% by the year 2025 [3]. These are indications that developing countries today face greater urbanization challenges than developed countries.

Mabogunje [4] asserted that in 1950, the percentage of the total Nigerian population living in urban centers of more than 20,000 inhabitants was less than 15%; by 1975, this proportion had risen to 23.4 per cent and by year 2000 it had risen to 43.3 per cent. He concluded that the prognosis is that by the year 2015, more than half of the nation‟s population would be living in urban centers.

The problem with these developing countries is that half of their population is either homeless or living in houses which are dangerous to health and an affront to human dignity [5]. Nearly 80% of the urban population lives in slums and squatter settlements without adequate water, lighting, sanitation and waste disposal [1]. In Nigeria, a joint study by Lagos State

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Figure 3: Map of the Study Area.

Source: Ife Central Town Planning Office, 2005.

Government and in Africa, a United Nations group (1999) discovered that about 42 settlements in Lagos alone were classified as slums and in dire need of upgrading or regeneration [6].

Slum creation is the product of inadequate housing, deferred maintenance of infrastructures and structures, disappointment with housing needs and expectation. Slum that is created as a result of these attributes is expected to be subjected to renewal if the community where it is located is expected to meet the yearnings and expectation of the residents. The emergence of slums, blighted areas and squatter areas within the spatial bowl of the city (with its socio-political, economic, cultural and environmental repercussions) consequently formed the formal justification for the birth of urban renewal (in both policies and programme).

Urban renewal is a comprehensive community redevelopment programme through which a particular city seeks to refashion and rebuild the physical structures of a particular segment of the city in order to enable it copes with many problems confronting it [7]. Many renewal strategies have been documented and applied by scholars and planning practitioners; from comprehensive redevelopment, rehabilitation, code enforcement to spot clearance. The degree of success of these strategies

depends on the assessment of the socio-cultural dimension of the renewal options. It is on this note that this study has examined the socio-cultural challenges to urban renewal by positing Ile-Ife as a case study area.

In furtherance of earliest studies on urban renewal, this study seeks to examine the effects of socio-cultural factors on urban upgrading in Ile-Ife with a view to providing a framework for effective implementation of possible urban renewal programme in the study area. It attempted to identify and examine the physical and environmental characteristics of the traditional core area of Ile-Ife.

Along this line, it identified and examined the state of existing infrastructural facilities in the study area.Lastly, it identified and assessed socio-cultural factors that may influence urban renewal options in the study area.

Theoretical Issues

Urban renewal is a deliberate effort to change the existing urban environment through planned and large-scale adjustment, to acceptable standard that are required for urban living and working [8-10].

Series of studies have been conducted on the causes, characteristics and strategies of slum and urban renewal

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[7,11-16]. The realization has drawn attention of many academics; both local and expatriates, to the urban renewal challenges facing Nigeria [5,7,8,10,11,17-19]. Most of the studies of these scholars have been confined to general description of the ugly urban phenomena to historical emergence of slums and to geographical and sociological analyses of the urban problems.

In carrying out urban renewal, there are many problems and obstacles. The same thing applies in more complex forms to the implementation of the programs. However, the nature of the problems and obstacles and their ways of resolution vary from country to country and from city to city [20].

This is due to the fact that there are peculiar characteristics in the “development state” of each country especially as these affect economic, political, cultural, administrative, social and ideological issues.

Culture on the other hand consists of the values of the society and its ancestors, the norms they follow and the material goods they create, thus referring to the whole way of life of the members of a society. Thus, the terms culture and society are somewhat interchangeable. However, while many animals live in societies, such as herds of elk or packs of wild dogs, only humans have culture [21].

Culture has many perspectives and can only be fully interpreted in a „native-paradigm‟. It provides the platform on which values and manifested behaviors are formed to direct mass beliefs. It also affects the setting of goals and evolution of common standard norms influencing perceived performance and its evaluation. Culture according to Osasona et al [22] is “a system of meaning that accompanies the myriad of behaviors, practices recognized as a distinct way of life”. Osasona et al [22] suggested that culture also has two essential qualities: firstly it is learned and secondly it is shared. Without it there would be no human society.

In essence, it could be stated that the cultural components of any society will embrace the societal belief and norms; the recognized and acceptable ways of doing things and the taboos. All these are entrenched into the family and it also found expression among the larger society. These variables finally explain the socio-cultural components of any society.

The relevance of the socio-cultural factors to urban renewal cannot be over-estimated. The socio-cultural factors explain the social and psychological implications or effects of urban renewal programme on the society. Olayiwola et al [5] documented the social and psychological implication of urban renewal to include the effects on rituals, shrines and the scattering of family; neighbourhood instability; the general problem of housing and sanitation.

From the foregoing, the extent to which the social and psychological problem of urban renewal could be ameliorated remains the objective of this study.

Meanwhile, attention is focused on the geographical and

historical setting of the study area.

The Study Area

Geographical Description of Housing and Slum Environment in Ile-Ife

Since the turn of the 19th century, urban growth has increased tremendously worldwide. The current rate of urbanization and urban growth is unprecedented. Mega cities emerging and there is growing impression that the urban environment will constitute the nexus of growth in the 21st century and beyond. Unfortunately, urban problems are challenging this possibility. Declining urban productivity is therefore manifesting particularly in African countries irrespective of the highest rate of urbanization.

However, blight features are prominent in Ile-Ife especially at the core area, where there are signs of decline in the physical fitness of the dwelling units. It is therefore, used to describe the process by which the quality of physical development deteriorates below acceptable housing standards. Such weathering in quality of properties could apply to single structure as well as clusters, as that is peculiar to most of the traditional cites in Nigeria. In each situation, deterioration may reach a stage where buildings are considered unfit for human habitation.

Trend in the Evolution of Town and Development of Housing and Slum in Ile –Ife

The major fault identified with slum clearance scheme was that their continued application will eventually exterminate the historic, architectural and cultural vales of core areas in ancient cities [13]. Otherwise, the United Kingdom employed this scheme extensively because the bulk of its towns represent the historic legacy of industrial development, which occurred prior to the existence of adequate planning and building standards. Also, in Paris, such rebuilding exercise occurred for the purpose of upgrading downtown environment by the creation of about a dozen new commercial centers.

Urban renewal is neither new nor popular in Nigeria. This is not to say that conditions that ought to have made it a household name is not manifest in the country. There is no gain saying that Nigerian cities, prior to contact with western civilization, and more so now, are potential slums. Moreover, the incidence of western concept of urbanization, which engulfed the country at the turn of the 20th century, introduced stable slums that constitute major landmarks in contemporary Nigeria cities. They manifest as central (core) area slums or peripheral slums.

Traditional urbanism, therefore, nurtured the growth of such towns as Ile-Ife and Ibadan in Yoruba land and Kano, Kastina, and Sokoto in the Hausa-Fulani axis of Nigeria.

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Table 1: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents. Socio-Economic Characteristics Number Percentage Level of Education Not educated 116 24.3 Primary school 160 33.5 Secondary school 44 9.2 Modern school 150 31.4 Tertiary school 7 1.4 Total 477 100 Occupation Agriculture 65 13.6 Trading 155 32.5 Civil service 7 1.5 Private employees 150 31.4 Artisans 45 9.4 Others 55 11.5 Total 477 100 Number of Wives 1 wife 434 9.0

More than 1 wife 43 91.0

Total 477 100

Number of Children

1 child 70 14.6

2-4 children 130 27.3

5 children and above 277 58.1

Total 477 100 Monthly Income Below 5,000 170 35.6 5,001-10,000 137 28.7 10,001-15,000 100 21.0 15,001-20,000 42 8.8 20,001 and above 28 5.9 Total 477 100

Source: Authors‟ Field Work, 2010.

7th and 10th century, they all had population concentration in excess of 20,000 inhabitants.

The Yoruba towns in the west emerged as seat of government and political power while their counterparts in the north were founded on surplus agricultural wealth, which, apart from sustaining the non-agricultural population provided the basis for inter-regional trade [22]. These towns share similar urban form whereby major institutions representing the hub of political, religious, and economic activities were nucleated and located in the center of the town from where arterial roads radiate into hinterland linking other towns.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Data for the study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. For collection of primary data, the set of questionnaires, targeted at the residents‟; were administered using systematic sampling method on household heads living in one out of every ten (10) houses located in the identified seven (7) political wards that formed the core area of the traditional city. A total of 477 household heads were selected for questionnaire administration. Information was obtained on residents‟ socio-cultural background, available infrastructural facilities and preferred renewal options. Close ended questionnaires were designed for this study. They were structured in a way to reveal the socio-cultural challenges to urban renewal in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. In the process of examining the questionnaire, the author interpreted the question to those who are not literate and help them in-filling their questionnaire based on their response.

Sources of secondary data included journals, conference proceedings, unpublished thesis and books. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 17. Also, both descriptive (tables, pictures, charts, cross tab, agreement index) and inferential tools (regression and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data collected.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Socio-Economic Characteristics

The household samples taken from the study area demonstrate the socio-economic features of the household which have significance influence on the implementation of urban renewal in the study area due to their socio-cultural attachments. A large percentage of 33.5% and 31.4% of the household respondents (as indicated in table 1) contacted had primary and modern school respectively. Just about 9.2% are secondary school leavers. While few 4.4% of the respondents interviewed had more than secondary education, about 24.3% had no formal education at all.

The structure of the family in the study area is the extended family type, where many nuclear families are found living under the same roof. This family consists of the father and sons. The inhabitants are predominantly polygamous with 91.0% of the respondents having more than one wife. Just 9.0% of the households have only one wife.

The number of children by a family is a thorny issue among the Yoruba‟s because it is regarded as being sacred and should be kept secret to not be counted. However, according to table 1, 14.6% of the respondents‟ had between 4 and 7 children while 27.3% had between 10 and 16 children. Other families 58.1% had between 17 and 25 children. This is a clear indication of high dependency on the working population. The high

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Table 2: Physical and Environmental Characteristics.

Physical and environmental variables Number Percentage

Land-use Residential 311 65.2 Commercial 38 8.0 Mixed 101 21.2 Institutional 12 2.5 Industrial 1 0.2 Religious 14 2.9 Total 477 100

Age of the buildings

Below 10 years 10 2.1

11-20 years 29 6.1

21-30 years 42 8.8

30 years and above 396 83.0

Total 477 100

Material for construction

Mud 333 70.0 Mud brick 97 20.3 Cement block 46 9.6 Total 477 100 Condition of buildings Good 14 2.9 Fair 223 48.6 Poor 240 50.3 Total 477 100 Waste disposal Open dumps 289 60.6 Burning 52 31.9 Central collectors 36 7.5 Total 477 100 Water supply Bore hole 40 8.4 Tap water 7 1.5 Well 430 90.1 Total 477 100

Source: Authors‟ Field Survey, 2010.

dependency factor may affect the households‟ ability to maintain existing structures. Based on the appropriate portion of Table 1, the basic occupation engaged in by the households in the study area are farming, trading, artisans and civil service. From the table, it is evident that majority of the respondents are traders 32.5% or self employed 31.4%. A small proportion of 1.5% are civil servants. Information on the income of household heads is very difficult to collect. First, because they are not well educated; secondly, because most of the respondents who are farmers and traders do not keep

records of their sales; thirdly, they are not on fixed and regular income. The outcome of this, as shown in table 1, revealed that 35.6% of the respondents‟ earn less than 5,000 a month and 28.7% earn less than 10,000. It is possible that occupation, income and family size could have some effects on the implementation of urban renewal programme in the study area.

Physical and Environmental Characteristics

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Table 3: Socio-cultural Factors and Urban Renewal Options

Socio-Cultural Factors Number Percentage

Presence of family shrine/Ritual

Yes 417 87.4

No 60 12.6

Total 477 100

Presence of community shrine/Ritual

Yes 477 100 No - - Total 477 100 Presence of tombs Yes 450 94.3 No 27 5.7 Total 477 100 Neighbourhood interactions Very cordial 463 97.1 Cordial - - Fairly cordial 14 2.9 Total 477 100

Urban renewal options Number Percentage

Will you support urban renewal

Yes 382 80.1

No 95 19.9

Total 477 100

Strategy preferred by the respondents‟

Redevelopment 95 39.8

Rehabilitation 192 40.3

Conservation 190 19.9

Total 477 100

Source: Authors‟ Field Survey, 2010.

because the study area falls within the old residential neighbourhood. Majority of the building in the area 65.2% are used for residential purposes. Just 8.0% and 0.2% are used for commercial and industrial purposes respectively. Mix uses accounted for 27.7% of the identified type of land uses (Table 2).

Data collected as shown in table 2, revealed that majority of the buildings (83.0%) were built more than 30 years ago. The age of the buildings together with the factor of material of construction of the buildings could affects the depreciation level of the building materials

Based on the appropriate portion of table 2, the common material of construction is mud. This is because 70.0% of buildings were constructed of mud and another 20.3% were of mud bricks. Only, 9.6% were of cement blocks. The predominance of mud in the construction of building is due partly to the economic status of the owner of the building who could not afford the cost of modern building materials. The building in the area is categorized

into three according to their structural conditions. They are good, fair or poor. The criteria for the classification are the age of buildings, materials of construction and the extent of maintenance. As could be seen from table 2, 2.9% are classified as good, 48.6% of the building as fair, and 50.3% as being poor in condition. The fair or poor state of the buildings calls for the renewal of the buildings in the study area.

Various methods of waste disposal employed by the residents of core Ife are illustrated in table 2. Majority of the respondent (60.6%) dumped their refuse by the road side, 31.9% practised bush burning, while only 7.5% of the residents‟ sampled use central collectors of the local government.

According to the study, most 90.1% of the respondents get water through well, while 8.4% get water through bore-hole. The remaining 1.4% houses have access to pipe borne water and none make use of vendor to get water.

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Table 4: Regression coefficient of Community Shrine.

Urban Renewal Options B Std error Beta t Sig (P)

(Constant) 9.678 115 4.082 0.41

Redevelopment 0.623 0.048 0.32 1.706 0.000

Rehabilitation 0.053 0.102 0.489 1.233 0.000

Conservation 0.311 0.71 0.123 4.657 0.000

P significant at 0.01.

Table 5: The overall F-test value from the regression of community shrine.

Model R R-square Sum of Square Df Mean Square F Sig. Regression Residual Total .748 .780 145.653 114.355 260.009 1 459 460 145.653 .249 584.62 3 .000 P significant at 0.01.

Table 6: Regression coefficient of tomb.

(Constant) -5.58 160 4.082 0.69

Redevelopment 0.615 0.04 0.32 1.706 0.000

Rehabilitation 0.102 0.202 0.489 1.233 0.000

Conservation -0.249 0.71 0.123 4.657 0.000

Socio-Cultural Factors and Urban Renewal Options

A complex inter-relationship exists between culture and the built environment. The study showed that 87.4% stated that they have family shrine/ritual in their area while 60 (12.6%) stated that they do not have family shrine/ritual within their area (table 3). It is believed that this can be a serious factor against urban renewal in the area, because these shrines want to be preserved.

Most of the respondents 450 (94.3%) have tomb either in front of their house or in their area while only 27 (5.7%) stated that there were no tomb in their area. This could be attributed to Yoruba believed in burying dead ones within the family compound. The presence of tomb and shrine dictate the presence of some socio-cultural attachment to the area.

It is observed that the level of interaction among the residents in most core areas in Nigeria has been relatively good. Majority of the respondent 97.1% claimed that there is good relationship within the neighbourhood, while the remaining 2.9% stated that the interaction is fairly cordial. This is attributed to the socio-cultural background of most residents in which the spirit of

neighborliness is embraced, regardless of the

morphology of the area.

Most of the respondent 80.1% of the respondents‟ are not willing to embrace the programme of urban renewal in their area knowing fully well that the implementation can cause loss of their cultural values and norms, while only 19.9% of the respondents‟ are ready to support the program if is to be implemented.

It was observed from table 3 that 40.3% of the respondents‟ preferred rehabilitation, 39.8% preferred conservation, while remaining 19.9% preferred redevelopment.

Regression Analysis of some Socio-cultural Variables and Urban Renewal Options

Tables 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, showed the overall statistics of the results obtained from the regression equation between socio-cultural variables (community shrine, tomb and neighbourhood interaction) and urban renewal options (redevelopment, rehabilitation and conservation). From Table 4, variables like redevelopment (0.632), rehabilitation (0.053), and conservation (0.311) are found to be significantly related to the community shrine. This result is further validated by the analysis of variance

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Table 7: The overall F-test value from the regression of tomb. Model R R-square Sum of Square Df Mean Square F Sig. Regression Residual Total .801 .846 125.653 324.355 261.009 1 428 422 145.653 .249 724.6 13 .000 P significant at 0.01.

Table 8: Regression coefficient of Neighbourhood interactions.

(Constant) -1.514 117 3.072 0.81

Redevelopment 0.063 0.048 0.32 1.706 0.000

Rehabilitation 0.252 0.202 0.489 1.233 0.000

Conservation 0.079 0.71 0.123 4.657 0.000

Table 9: The overall F-test value from the regression of Neighbourhood interactions.

Model R R-square

Sum of Square

Df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression Residual Total .567 .921 245.653 127.455 390.009 1 601 467 145.653 .332 114.07 .000 P significant at 0.01.

(ANOVA) test, which explains the linear relationship and level of significance between the dependent variable (community shrine), and the independent variables (urban renewal options). It yielded an F- ratio of 584.623, which is significant at the 0.01 level. Also, the R - Squared (R2) value (coefficient of determination) of the regression analysis indicates that 78.0% of the variation in satisfaction with environment was determined by the identified variables (the predictors) (Table 5).

With regards to the tomb, Table 6 showed that variables such as the redevelopment (0.615), rehabilitation (0.102), as well as conservation (having a negative coefficient of -0.249), are found to be significantly related with tomb. Table 7 showed the analysis of variance F - ratio of 724. 613, (significant at 0.01 levels), while the R - squared (R2) value indicated that about 84.6% of the variation in tomb is Determined by the identified variables. Similarly, the regression analysis of the neighbourhood interactions in Table 8 revealed that only variables such as redevelopment (0.063), rehabilitation (0.252) and conservation (0.079) are found to be significantly related to neighbourhood interactions in the area. The analysis of variance test yielded an F- value of 114.07, while the R-squared (R2)

value indicates that 92.1% of the variation in neighbourhood interaction is determined by the explanatory variables (Table 9). This R2 ratio is high compared with those of the neighbourhood interaction and urban renewal. It thus confirms findings by Onibokun [11] that socio-cultural factors constitute major constraints to the implementation of urban renewal in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Conclusion

Implication of Study for Policy Formulation

This study has examined the socio-cultural challenges of urban renewal in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. In doing this, it has examined physical and environmental characteristic of the core area and also the state of existing infrastructure in the study area. It has been established in this study that most of the buildings in the study area are in deplorable state which needs urgent attention and the whole environment are not good enough for human habitation. Also, the study discovered that most of the dwellers are not willing to relocate to somewhere else in implementation of urban renewal programme due to

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some cultural challenges such as community rituals, tombs among others.

However, the inhabitants of the core are attached in tradition, seemingly conservative, and unaware of the magnitude and dimensions of the housing and environmental problems around them. The immediate task, then, is the creation of awareness for the residents‟ of the slum area on the benefits of urban renewal.

The study concluded that while housing facilities in the core area of Ile-Ife, like many other in Nigeria were in deplorable state, the socio-cultural tie of the people in the neighbourhoods was a great limitation towards effective urban renewal implementation.

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