Production statistics and modern technology of maize cultivation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

1

REVIEW

Production statistics and modern technology of maize

cultivation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Imran

, Amanullah

, Asad Ali khan

, Abdul Bari

, Rahmat Ud Din

, Roshan Ali

,

Naeem Ahmad

_{, Akhtar Ali}

_{, Fazal Maula}

_{, Fayaz Ahmad}

_{, Shahida Naveed}

_{, Inayat}

Ullah

_{, Hayat Zada}

_{, Gul Roz Khan}

1

_{Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan}

Agriculture Research Institute Mingora Swat, Pakistan

3

_{Department of Botany, Govt. Girls Degree College Karak, Pakistan}

Department of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan

5

_{Director Agriculture Extension (Merged area of KP, FATA), Pakistan}

*

Corresponding Author: Imran, E-mail: imranagrarian@aup.edu.pk

ABSTRACT

Maize is widely grown in the tropical regions of the world and ranked third after wheat and rice. In Pakistan, province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is one of the leading maize producing region however the production in this region is very low due to many reasons. One of the dynamic reason for low yield in KP is lack of modern cultural practices. The developed countries attain many fold grain yield of maize as compared to developing countries, like Pakistan. The main reason for low yield in developing countries might be absence of modern production technology, with unavailability of quality seed and misfield management. The main aim of this review article to identify the low yield causes and how to overcome on the yield gap between developed and developing countries. To overcome on yield gap and to increase food security, the only way might be the true type seed sowing having vigorous germination and growth characters with high viability along modern production technology. The area under maize here is over one million hectare and production 3.5 million metric tons. All district and province wise statistical calculation is presented in the text body of the review. Maize has a variety of uses. Its grain is a rich source of starch, vitamins, proteins and minerals.

Keywords: Maize productions, yield, fertilizers, irrigation, technology.

This is an OPEN ACCESS article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Publication date: March 31, 2019

http://dx.doi.org/10.33680/plsa.2019.014

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Maize has a variety of uses. Its grain is a rich source of starch, vitamins, proteins and minerals. One hundred gram of fresh grain contains 361 calories of energy, 9.4 g protein; 4.3g fat, 74.4g carbohydrate, 1.8g fiber; 1.3g ash, 10.6 per cent water, 140mg vitamins, 9mg calcium, 290mg, phosphorus and 2.5mg iron. In the green state, maize can be parched, baked, roasted, boiled or steamed on the cob (Imran 2018). Pakistan climate suited well for maize production and grown twice in a year.Punjab contributes 39 per cent of the total area under maize and 30 per cent of total production, KP contributes 56 per cent of the total area and 63 per cent of the production while five per cent of the total area and three per cent of the total production is contributed by Sindh and Baluchistan (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018). Maize can be used as forage, feed for livestock and making silage after fermentation of corn stocks. The starch extracted from maize grain is used in making confectionery and noodles. Corn syrup from maize contains high fructose and act as sweetener and retains moisture when added to certain foods. In Pakistan, maize is the fourth largest grown crop after wheat, cotton and rice. The area under maize here is over one million hectare and production 3.5 million metric tons Imran et al. (2015, & 2016); (Imran et al., 2017; Imran 2018). Edible oil is extracted from maize seeds, which is an all-purpose culinary oil. Levulinic acid, a chemical derived from maize, is used as ingredient in antifreeze and is capable of replacing the toxic petroleum-based ingredients in use (Iqbal et al., 2015, Babar et al

., 2016; Ulfatet al., 2016; Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016; Asadet al ., 2017; Imran and Asad Ali 2017).

Maize is used extensively as the main source of calories in animal feeding and feed formulation. Maize gives the highest conversion of dry

substance to meat, milk and eggs compared to other cereal grains. Plastics and fabrics are made from corn stocks. Ethanol obtained from maize can be used as a biomass fuel. Stigmas from female corn flowers, known as corn silk, can be used as herbal supplements.Maize is a valuable feed grain, because it is among the highest in net energy content and lowest in protein and fiber content. Animals like and eat it readily. Maize straw is a cheap source of energy and can be used in home-heating furnaces (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018).The maize hybrids possess capability of producing more than 12 tones grains per hectare which is very high as compared with 3.48 tons per hectare, the average yield of maize in Pakistan (Baber et al, 2016 &Imran et al (2015),(Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018; Babar et al ., 2016; Ulfatet al., 2016; Amir et al, 2017). Important hybrids available in Pakistan include high corn-8288, nk-8001, x-2276, monsanto-6525, monsanto-919, pioneer-3335, yhd-555 and fsh-523. The gap between the realized and potential yields can be bridged up by adopting suitable agronomic practices and minimizing the biotic and a biotic stresses on the crop.Maize flour has a very mild flavor and is used for making breads and as a thickening agent in foods such as custards and jellies (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018; Asadet al., 2017; Imran and Asad Ali 2017). Popcorn is kernels of certain maize that burst when heated, forming fluffy pieces that are eaten as a snack.Maize ranks third most grown crop in the world with an area of more than 118 million hectares with an annual production of about 600 million metric tons (Asadet al ., 2017; Imran and Asad Ali 2017).

Production Technology

Soil and climate:

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more than 10 0c to flower. Soils with a pH range of 6.5-7.5 are most favorable. Well drained, heavy soils with high organic matter content and good water holding capacity give high produce (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018; Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016; Asadet al., 2017; Imran and Asad Ali 2017). In hill areas and high altitude it can be grown for fodder purpose.

Seed bed preparation

In case of flat sowing, maize is sown with automatic tractor drawn drill or manual/hand drill with 75 cm distance between the rows (Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016; Imran et al, 2017;Asadet al ., 2017; Imran and Asad Ali 2017Imran 2018). In Pakistan, maize crop is sown mainly in two seasons; spring and the autumn season. Spring maize can be planted in the first week of February up to first week of March while the sowing time for autumn maize starts from the last week of July and ends in mid of august. Sowing dates and sowing method: favorable conditions for germination and seedling establishment are the important objectives of seed bed preparation. Fine and compact bed is needed for maize (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018). Thinning is done after 10-15 days of emergence, consisting pulling out or cutting the weak plants and maintaining a plant to plant distance of 20-25 cm. A plant population of 70,000 to 75,000 per hectare is inevitable to harvest optimal yields (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018).

The land with optimum moisture after rainfall or irrigation is loosened 20-25 cm deep through ploughing or disking 2-3 times, immediately followed by planking (Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016). Seed rate for maize is 20-25 kg per hectare. Seed is dressed with some systemic insecticide, for example imidacloprid at the rate of 1g per kg of seed. Maize can be sown on both flat soils as well as on the ridges.

Ridge sowing is better for water saving. Ridges are made 75 cm apart with a tractor drawn ridger. Choka method or manual sowing is practiced for ridge sowing (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018).

Irrigation

An irrigation within 10-15 days interval results in good growth. Drought will restrict many physiological processes leading to reduced yields. Moisture stress at critical stages i.e. flowering, fertilization or milking may cause a yield reduction up to 40 per cent due to reduction in number of grains per cob (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018). Maize is drought sensitive crop and requires frequent irrigations for successful vegetative and reproductive growth. Hand operated or powered maize shellers are better than manual or hand shelling for safe exclusion of dried maize grains from cobs. Shelled maize grains after cleaning are stored in jute sacks in a cool, dry and airy place, either on a cement floor or on wooden planks; it should not be stored on earthen floors (Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016). Total number of irrigations for maize may vary from 6-9 depending on climate, soil type and method of sowing. Harvest and post-harvest: maize crop is harvested when the moisture content of the grains are 20-25 per cent. The cob sheath dries completely at this stage, some drying may occur on the stalk. Cobs are removed from standing crop and dried under sunlight until the moisture content of the grains is below 15 per cent (Imran

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Fertilizer rate for maize is 150-100-100 kg nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium per hectare respectively (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018). All phosphorus and potassium while half nitrogen are side dressed with sown seed rows while the remaining half n is added to soil in 2 splits, first when the crop is at knee height and second at tasseling (Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016; Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018).

Plant protection measures

Competition of weeds with maize plants is maximum 2-5 weeks after crop emergence. The most common weeds of maize in Pakistan include purple nutsedge (deela), horsepurslane (itsit), slender amaranth (janglichulai), digera (tandla), jungle rice (jangli swank), burclover (maina) and swine cress (janglihaloon) (Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016). A hand hoeing about 25 days after sowing provides satisfactory weed control at small scale. Immediately after emergence, maize crop faces a serious threat of shoot fly and stem borer attack (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018). Stem borer bores into the stem and makes a hole in the stem. Common herbicides effective to control these weeds include primextra gold at 800 ml per acre, pendimethalin at 1300 ml per acre and dewaldold at 800 ml per acre used as pre-emergence to weeds. While atrazine at 350 ml can be used as early post emergence 15 days after weeds emergence (Amir et al, 2017; Shahidaet al., 2016). Furadan powder should be dropped into the shoots or broadcast at the rate of 20 kg ha-1 followed by irrigation. This practice should be repeated twice at 1-2 week interval.Weeds reduce maize yield by 29-43 per cent or even more (Imran et al, 2017; Imran 2018).

Crop Stand and visual based observation

Fig. 1. Visual based observation of crop stand and physical analysis.

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Table 1. District Wise Area, Production And Yield ha-1 of Maize In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

District

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Area Production Kg Yield

ha-1

Area Production Yield

per Hectare

in Kg

Area Production Yield

per Hectare

in Kg Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa

446849 887060 1985 442489 885937 2002 447980 849203 1896

Abbottabad 15013 22492 1498 15007 23268 1550 14603 22301 1527 Bannu 4931 9195 1865 4844 9090 1877 3987 7545 1892 Battagram 17902 33468 1870 19117 37207 1946 19108 30699 1607 Buner 49558 83514 1685 49098 77329 1575 47937 75510 1575 Charsadda 16406 37752 2301 16578 37779 2279 16319 38330 2349 Chitral 5817 16927 2910 5820 17460 3000 5394 13485 2500 D.I.Khan 1290 3154 2445 1564 3888 2486 943 2369 2512 Dir Lower 5210 8260 1585 5495 10884 1981 9495 21850 2301 Dir Upper 5496 8745 1591 5830 11630 1995 5895 11749 1993

Hangu 7908 6993 884 6072 5345 880 7615 6853 900

Haripur 40537 55511 1369 40051 56870 1420 40994 55646 1357

Karak 137 149 1088 63 68 1079 80 85 1063

Kohat 1210 1619 1338 1396 1868 1338 1422 1903 1338 Kohistan 26370 53601 2033 26380 55831 2116 26385 53607 2032

Lakki 546 1007 1844 644 1221 1896 916 1768 1930

Malakand 4760 10664 2240 4769 10797 2264 4782 10940 2288 Mansehra 56769 129337 2278 56712 133749 2358 55897 99673 1783 Mardan 30977 109963 3550 29229 94565 3235 28992 89651 3092 Nowshera 10759 30422 2828 12340 33095 2682 12131 33042 2724 Peshawar 16777 29477 1757 16754 29311 1749 16000 29532 1846 Shangla 38267 63210 1652 38042 62780 1650 37453 62510 1669 Swabi 28789 64373 2236 25531 58479 2291 29834 64142 2150 Swat 61307 107077 1747 61067 113315 1856 61600 115734 1879

Tank 113 150 1327 86 108 1256 198 279 1409

Tor Ghar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 2. District Wise Fertilizers Used In Year 2013-14 In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

District

2013-14

Total N P2O5 K

Cropped Area in Hectare.

Fertilizer used Kg ha-1

Total 208676 166477 41214 985 1629275 128

Abbottabad 1811 1586 192 33 58500 31

Bannu 8644 4651 3944 49 33943 255

Battagram 238 201 37 0 28488 8

6

Charsadda 10737 8667 2033 37 96618 111

Chitral 0 0 0 0 27856 0

D.I.Khan 26517 21373 4985 159 125644 211

Dir Lower 2908 1026 1801 81 56512 51

Dir Upper 0 0 0 0 43103 0

Hangu 84 62 22 0 25896 3

Haripur 5407 4351 1056 0 84501 64

Karak 750 682 68 0 34585 22

Kohat 5571 4917 645 9 61438 91

Kohistan 51 49 2 0 35540 1

Lakki 3298 2854 444 0 40038 82

Malakand 3863 3120 737 6 51258 75

Mansehra 10313 7939 2237 137 94589 109

Mardan 53030 44246 8626 158 122036 435

Nowshera 4323 3657 666 0 49089 88

Peshawar 29845 25173 4655 17 78522 380

Shangla 1223 896 327 0 82300 15

Swabi 7446 6644 796 6 98525 76

Swat 26810 20877 5782 151 180287 149

Tank 1644 580 1064 0 21829 75

Tor Ghar 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 3. District Wise Fertilizers Used In Year 2014-15 In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

District

2014-15

Total N P2O5 K

Cropped Area in Hectare.

Fertilizer used Kg ha-1

Total 208676 166477 41214 985 1629275 128

Abbottabad 1811 1586 192 33 58500 31

Bannu 8644 4651 3944 49 33943 255

Battagram 238 201 37 0 28488 8

Buner 4163 10737

2926 8667

1095 2033

142 37

98178 96618

42 111 Charsadda

Chitral 0 0 0 0 27856 0

D.I.Khan 26517 21373 4985 159 125644 211

Dir Lower 2908 1026 1801 81 56512 51

Dir Upper 0 0 0 0 43103 0

Hangu 84 62 22 0 25896 3

Haripur 5407 4351 1056 0 84501 64

Karak 750 682 68 0 34585 22

Kohat 5571 4917 645 9 61438 91

Kohistan 51 49 2 0 35540 1

Lakki 3298 2854 444 0 40038 82

Malakand 3863 3120 737 6 51258 75

Mansehra 10313 7939 2237 137 94589 109

7

Nowshera 4323 3657 666 0 49089 88

Peshawar 29845 25173 4655 17 78522 380

Shangla 1223 896 327 0 82300 15

Swabi 7446 6644 796 6 98525 76

Swat 26810 20877 5782 151 180287 149

Tank 1644 580 1064 0 21829 75

Tor Ghar 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 4. District Wise Fertilizers Used In Year 2015-16 In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

District

2015-16

Total N P2O5 K

Cropped Area in

Hectare.

Fertilizer used

Kg ha-1

Total 242307 199526 41829 952 1683115 144

Abbottabad 1946 1627 319 0 58420 33

Bannu 19278 11134 8030 114 33925 568

Battagram 840 764 76 0 27811 30

Buner 4742 3793 924 25 98165 48

Charsadda 14704 10041 4652 11 91504 161

Chitral 4 4 0 0 23946 0

D.I.Khan 25214 18842 6093 279 134317 188

Dir Lower 3842 2680 1141 21 46701 82

Dir Upper 0 0 0 0 44265 0

Hangu 27 16 11 0 26462 1

Haripur 4238 3566 672 0 84510 50

Karak 83 67 16 0 30609 3

Kohat 4807 4256 526 25 38713 124

Kohistan 80 77 3 0 36414 2

Lakki 2291 1853 438 0 40008 57

Malakand 6590 5712 871 7 50938 129

Mansehra 13906 12223 1533 150 108121 129

Mardan 54793 48854 5711 228 121865 450

Nowshera 4683 4408 269 6 49090 95

Peshawar 36830 33574 3245 11 157172 234

Shangla 1573 1447 126 0 80680 19

Swabi 6567 6029 538 0 97044 68

Swat 34687 28017 6595 75 180586 192

Tank 102 90 12 0 21849 5

Tor Ghar 0 0 0 0 0 0

Source: 1=FertilizerReviewfor2013-14(NFDC)Islamabad

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Year

Type of Fertilizer

Total N P2O5 K

2013-14 208676 166477 41214 985

2014-15 208676 166477 41214 985

2015-16 242307 199526 41829 952

Source: Fertilizer Review (NFDC) for 2013-14, Islamabad.

Fig. 3. Field day and crop maturity observation.

Fig. 4. Apparent view of maize production under the cold climatic region of Swat KP Pakistan.

Conclusion

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province wise statistical calculation is presented in the text body of the review. Maize has a variety of uses. Its grain is a rich source of starch, vitamins, proteins and minerals.

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