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Which comes first—urbanization or economic growth? Evidence from heterogeneous panel causality tests

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Academic year: 2021

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Figure

Table 1. Cross-sectional dependence: Absolute value mean correlation coefficients and  Pesaran (2004) CD test
Table 4. Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) heterogeneous panel Granger-causality test results
Figure 1. Urbanization-development paths. The level of urbanization is plotted against natural  log of GDP per capita for four regions
Table A-1. Countries included in the high-income, middle-income, and low-income panels

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