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PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE ULCER

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

First

Issued

Issue Version

Purpose of Issue/Description of Change Planned Review Date

One

To outline evidence based practice for the Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers

2012

Named Responsible Officer:- Ratified by Date

Tissue Viability Specialist Nurse Nursing Policy Group June 2009

Policy File:- Nursing Policy File No 13

Impact Assessment Screening Complete

Date: May 2009

Full Impact Assessment Required Y/N

UNLESS THIS VERSION HAS BEEN TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM THE PCT WEB SITE THERE IS NO ASSURANCE THIS IS THE CORRECT VERSION

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PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE ULCER

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

Pressure ulcers represent a major source of distress for patients in terms of physical, social and financial implications, as well as affecting quality of life for patients and their carers.

This procedure intends to reduce the occurrence of pressure ulcers for patients on the Wirral. The principles are based on clinical guidelines recommended by the National Institute of Clinical Evidence (NICE 2005) and the Royal College of Nursing (RCN 2001), which require a multi-disciplinary approach to the prevention and treatment of pressure ulceration.

AIM

• To enable community nurses to identify patients who are at risk of developing pressure ulcers and assess, intervene with timely interventions, involving patients and their carers in the decision-making process, and reassess patients on a regular basis.

• To assist nurses to carry out a holistic assessment to reduce the risk of pressure ulcer development for patients and involve patients in the decision-making process when discussing the appropriate pressure relieving devices.

• To enable staff to understand the differences between various pressure-relieving equipment and the appropriateness of different devices in terms of patient comfort, quality of life implications, acceptability ratings and ease of use of equipment. • To ensure that all patients with a Grade Two Pressure Ulcer have a PCT incident

form completed as per NICE Guidelines (NICE 2005).

• To ensure that a Pressure ulcer assessment is completed for all patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers or for existing patients who have already developed pressure ulceration

TARGET GROUP

All registered community nurses employed by Wirral PCT

RELATED WIRRAL PCT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

• Health Records Policy • Infection Control Policies • Clinical Waste Policy

• Health and Safety Policies (including manual handling) • Policy on the Use of Personal Protective Equipment • Record Keeping Procedure for Community Nursing

• Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for conduct, performance and ethics

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• Incident Reporting Policy • Manual Handling Policies • Vulnerable Adults Policy

• Policy for Aseptic and Clean Technique • Procedure for taking a wound swab

• Procedure for the Transport of Microbiological and Blood Specimens • Procedure for Conservative Sharp Debridement

• PCT Community Equipment Stores Catalogue

NB Always use most current versions ofWirral PCT and NMC policies as may be superseded at any time

PROCEDURE OUTCOMES

All registered nurses will comply with this procedure and will maintain their knowledge and skills in the assessment and management of pressure ulcers in the community.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

All nurses will comply with the current PCT Core Clinical Training Programme, training includes:-

• pressure ulcer prevention and management • wound dressing selection

• aetiology of chronic wounds

DEFINITION OF A PRESSURE ULCER

Pressure ulcers are also known as pressure sores, decubitis ulcers and bed sores, are areas of localised damage to the skin and underlying tissue. These are thought to be caused by a combination of pressure, shearing and friction (Allman 1997).

INTRINSIC FACTORS

There are a number of intrinsic factors, which contribute to the development of tissue damage which should be considered during the assessment.

Increasing age Reduced mobility

Chronic illness Neurological deficit

Poor oxygen perfusion Poor nutritional intake and dehydration

Body weight (thin/obese) Incontinence

Major surgery Acute illness

Terminal illness Psychological factors

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EXTRINSIC FACTORS

The extrinsic factors involved in the development of pressure ulcers are: • Pressure • Friction • Shearing • Moisture • Medication ASSESSMENT

All patients are assessed using formal assessment methods to determine their level of risk of pressure ulcer development, Clinical assessment needs to include routine medical history, physical and psychosocial history and patient preferences and need to be

undertaken using the:

• NHS Wirral pressure ulcer assessment form • Waterlow Score Tool

• Pain assessment chart

• Pressure ulcer grading system using the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) Classification System (NICE 2005)

• Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)

• NHS Wirral Continence assessment if required by relevant team

The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP – Appendix One of this document) classification tool should be utilised when assessing the extent of tissue damage. This will provide a formalised specific and valid grade of tissue damage. This will aid in determining appropriate pressure redistribution equipment and suitable sterile dressings, as well as influencing the patients 24 hour care needs.

Formal risk scales should be used in conjunction with clinical judgement (Collier 2001, NICE 2005). This enables staff to formulate an individualised care plan identifying

pressure-reducing measures which should take into consideration the care setting that the patient is being cared for in.

A holistic wound assessment is needed to decide the most appropriate methods of wound management and dressing selection.

DRESSING SELECTION

Decisions about choice of dressing or topical agent for those with a pressure ulcer should be based on:

• Ulcer assessment

• General skin assessment • Treatment objectives

• Previous positive effect of dressing/technique

• Manufactures indications for use and contra-indications • Risk of adverse events

• Patients preference

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Create an optimum wound healing environment by considering the use of modern dressings (for example, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, foams, films, alginates))

Consider anti-microbial therapy in the presence of systematic and/or local signs of infection (Wirral PCT Antibiotic Formulary)

WOUND RE- ASSESSMENT

Reassessment of the ulcer should take place as a minimum weekly but maybe required more frequently, depending on the condition of the wound and the result of holistic assessment of the patient

For wounds that do not show evidence of healing within 4-6 weeks refer to a tissue viability specialist nurses (TVN) for advice and support and a joint visit if required. If required, discuss with multidisciplinary team for possible referral for surgical

intervention,surgery is not usually indicated in patients who have grade 1 or 2 pressure ulcers. It is usually used as an intervention in those with grade 3 or 4 pressure ulcers. For patients at risk of pressure ulcers or have healed pressure ulcers reassessment for pressure ulcer equipment should be at least every three months for as long as it is required. The ordering officer for the equipment has the responsibility for the monitoring of the patient and need for equipment.

PHOTOGRAPHY

Following NPUAP recommendations, PCT health professionals will reassess and map ulcers using photographs every 2-4 weeks. All nursing teams will have access to this equipment. Any problems accessing equipment raise with the line manager.

Health professionals must obtain consent for the use of photographs, for each episode of care, using the PCT Consent for Photography Form, available on the PCT intranet. Photographs of the pressure ulcer will be printed, one copy for the patient’s records and one copy for the base notes. Identifying the image with the patient’s full name, date of birth and NHS Number. No digital images must be stored on individual computers.

WOUND DEBRIDEMENT – ( Ref:Procedure for Conservative Sharp Debridement)

Debridement involves the removal of dead or necrotic tissue, or other debris, from the wound to reduce the wound’s biological burden. A number of terms are used to

describe dead tissue in wounds: necrosis, slough and eschar.

Clinicians should recognise the positive potential benefit of debridement in the

management of pressure ulcers. Decisions about the method of debridement should be based on:

• Ulcer assessment (condition of wound) • General skin assessment

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• Previous positive effects of debridement techniques • Manufactures indications for use and contra-indications • Risk of adverse events

• Patient preference (lifestyle, abilities and comfort) • Characteristic of dressing/technique

• Treatment objectives

The sharp debridement of loose, devitalised tissue must only be carried out by tissue viability specialist nurses. Contact the TVN if debridement is required.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS

If any clinical concerns patients must be assessed to identify any risk of malnutrition, using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). Staff must refer to PCT Guidelines for Best Practice in the Identification and Treatment of Malnutrition in Adults (2008). A generic Nutritional Care Plan must also be initiated for medium or high risk patients. Both

documents available on the PCT intranet.

Malnutrition is frequently cited as a risk factor for the presence, development and non-healing of pressure ulcers. Best practice entails monitoring the nutritional status of individuals as part of a holistic assessment and as an ongoing process throughout an individual’s episode of care Patients need to be re-assessed at least monthly or earlier if the patients condition changes.

Certain diseases and treatments such as cancer and mal-absorption syndromes, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can either reduce absorption of food or increase nutritional requirements. Hypo-albuminaemia (An abnormally low concentration of albumin in the blood) low levels of iron, vitamin A and C and zinc status can all affect the healing rates of wounds.

If specialist advice is required refer to the Community Dietetics Team to arrange a joint visit.

PAIN ASSESSMENT

Pressure ulcers can be a great source of pain and can affect an individual’s quality of life. Pain assessment must include: whether the individual is experiencing pain; the causes of pain; level of pain using a pain assessment chart; as well as location and management interventions. The patient’s pain must be assessed at each visit and a pain assessment chart completed. If pain is not managed effectively then discussion should take place with the patient’s General Practitioner regarding adequate analgesia for pain relief.

Assessment should include appropriate repositioning techniques, equipment and

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INFECTION CONTROL

Chronic wounds often harbour a variety of bacteria to some degree and this can range from contamination through colonisation to infection. When a wound becomes infected it will display the characteristic signs of heat, redness, swelling, pain, heavy exudates and malodour. The patient may also develop generalised pyrexia. However,

immunosuppressed patients, diabetic patients or those on systemic steroid therapy may not present with the classic signs of infection. Instead they may experience delayed wound healing, breakdown of the wound, presence of friable granulation tissue that bleeds easily, increased production of exudates and malodour, and increased pain. Careful wound assessment is essential to identify potential sites for infection, although routine swabbing of the area is not considered beneficial. If infection is suspected, obtain swab and await results prior to treatment if required.

Contact the TVN and the Infection Control Team if further advice is required.

REPOSITIONING

Patients at risk of pressure ulcer development are repositioned to minimise pressure friction and shearing. The frequency upon which this is done is determined by the patient’s condition, comfort and skin integrity. Evidence to support this action should be in the form of accurate documentation with explicit information regarding:

1. Position

2. Time and Date

3. Members of staff involved 4. Condition of the skin

5. Other nursing care performed 6. Advice to carers

7. Evaluation including repositioning recommendations should be documented. Repositioning will be detailed in the patients care plan, outlining who will perform the task, how often and what education to carer’s has been given to conduct this safely. Individuals considered at elevated risk should not be positioned in a seat for more than 2 hours without positional changes to reduce pressure (Defloor and Grypdonck 1999). If a patient resides in a residential/nursing home then specific advice to formal carers should be documented in the care plan and evidence that a NICE pressure relieving booklet has been issued to the staff.

RISK ASSESSMENT

Patients who sit out for more than 2 hours have an increased risk of developing pressure ulcers over their ischial tuberosities, natal cleft and sacral areas due to body weight focusing onto these areas.

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Patients and carers need to be advised of implications of ‘long term seating’ (Tissue Viability Society 2009) and be educated around alternative positions in the chair, fully document advice in the patients’ records.

Patients assessed as being at risk of pressure ulcer development need to be nursed as a minimum on an Option One mattress (Page 14) as based on pressure ulcer assessment documentation, not solely on the Waterlow Risk Assessment, in conjunction with clinical judgement for which a clear rational has been documented.

A number of factors need to be considered when deciding on which pressure redistributing mattress or overlay to use:-

1. Clinical efficacy 2. Ease of maintenance

3. Impact on nursing procedures

4. Patient acceptability, including manual handling and transfer, double bed, hospital beds

5. Home or care home 6. Ease of use

7. Formal or informal carer providing care

The provision of pressure redistributing equipment should form part of an overall prevention strategy and never as a sole intervention. Regular evaluation of the patient, including skin inspection should be placed on a formalised basis.

This would be on a conditional basis but thereafter every 3 months, this must include a review of the patient’s pressure redistributing equipment and the reassessment and outcome must be recorded in the patients pressure ulcer documentation.

Equipment is available from the Community Equipment Service and staff must refer for equipment as soon as possible following assessment, for any urgent requests for

equipment nurses should contact the community equipment manager for advice. Any problems in obtaining equipment need to be reported on a PCT incident form and discussed with your line manager.

INCIDENT REPORTING OF ALL PRESSURE ULCERS GRADE TWO AND ABOVE

The National Institute for Clinical Guidelines (NICE 2005) recommend that all pressure ulcers graded 2 and above must be reported on a PCT clinical incident form and reported to your line manager. Pressure ulcers grade 2 and above will be reviewed and maybe subject to a root cause analysis, in order to learn from experience and improve patient care.

A detailed care plan must be in the patient’s health records supported by specialist advice from the Tissue Viability Team as appropriate.

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SKINCARE

All patients at risk of pressure ulcer development MUST have their skin assessed as part of the whole assessment process. This will include general assessment of the skin, but with particular attention to high risk areas, i.e. observation and management of the skin

• Heels

• Sacrum, natal cleft • Elbows

• Hips • Cranium

• Skin over ischial tuberosities (particularly relevant for patients who are sat out for prolonged periods)

• Hips • Pinna

Observation and management of the skin integrity will reduce the incidence of skin deterioration and breakdown. Skin inspection and findings must be recorded and documented in the patient’s records, regular skin inspection should be implemented for those deemed at risk for developing pressure ulcers, as detailed in the patients care plan Blanching erythema is an indication of early pressure, with timely intervention further damage can be prevented.

Formal or informal carers should be educated on how to inspect the patient’s skin in between episodes of care provided by community nurses. Carers should also be advised that any concerns should be reported to community nurses as soon as possible for reassessment of the patients’ skin condition to prevent further trauma.

Examination of erythema should include:

• Apply light finger pressure to the area for 5 seconds

• Release pressure. If the area is white and then return to the original erythema, this can indicate that the superficial circulation remains intact.

• If on release of the pressure the area remains the same colour as before pressure was applied, it is an indication of pressure ulcer development and preventative strategies must be employed (non re-active hyperaemia).

• If further skin discoloration is observed by redness, purple, black or blistering with an increase in heat or swelling, this may indicate deeper tissue damage. This is particularly relevant when induration or hardening of the underlying tissue is palpated. Health care professionals need to be vigilant when caring for patients with darkly pigmented skin. (NICE 2005)

HYGIENE

Over use of soaps and water may undermine skin integrity when combined with urinary and/or faecal incontinence. Urine and faeces can undermine skin integrity through changes in PH and contribute to shear and friction susceptibility. Non soap based foam cleansers are an alternative. Refer to the Clinical Protocol for Skin Care using Emollients and Ointments. (PCT intranet)

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CONTINENCE MANAGEMENT

Community Nurses should carry out continence assessments for palliative care patients as required in the PCT Continence Policy, if any concerns refer to continence specialist nurse for advice and fully document in the health records.

Incontinence is often said to increase the risk of developing pressure ulcers. The key factor is moisture to the skin, which puts it at a greater risk from maceration, friction and shearing forces. Therefore, effective management of incontinence is an essential part of skin care and fundamental to maintaining a person’s dignity and comfort.

MANUAL HANDLING

Manual handling issues relating to the repositioning of patients need to be assessed, involving both informal and formal carers.

Consider the implications for care across a variety of care settings including the independent sector, day and night services as required.

Manual handling risk assessments must be completed and any equipment ordered must be documented in the patients’ records and strategies to prevent further damage to the skin as outlined in the patients care plan.

Lifting and manual handling techniques need to be adapted to reduce the risk of shearing and friction. Specific equipment to aid turning should be considered where appropriate, such as slide sheets, transfer board or mobile/static hoist.

Information booklets provided by NICE regarding ‘Pressure Ulcers – Prevention and Treatment’ are available and can be ordered from NICE webpage for patient/carer distribution and must be given to every at risk patient or carer. All bases must hold a stock.

Team leaders/caseload managers must ensure adequate supplies of pressure relieving booklets are available at the base for distribution to patients’.

VULNERABLE ADULTS

In any situation where staff may consider the patient to be a vulnerable adult, they need to follow the PCT Vulnerable Adult policy and discuss with their line manager.

SPECIALIST ADVICE

Contact Specialist Tissue Viability Team if any advice or guidance as required

REFERRALS

Any referrals to therapists or other specialist services must be followed up and all professional advice or guidance documented in the patients health records.

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INCIDENT REPORTING

Should any clinical incidents or near misses arise when following this procedure a PCT Incident Form must be completed.

HOW NURSING WILL DEMONSTRATE PROCEDURE IS BEING FOLLOWED?

• All recommended assessment tools will have been completed

• Individualised care plans for pressure ulcers management will be in the health records

• Staff will comply with yearly audits undertaken by Tissue Viability Specialist Team • Staff must complete incident forms for grade two and above pressure ulcers • A record of staff attendance at mandatory core clinical training will be maintained

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A P P E N D I X O N E

E U R O P E A N P R E S S U R E U L C E R A D V I S O R Y P A N E L

( E P U A P ) P R E S S U R E U L C E R C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

( N I C E 2 0 0 5

)

CCLASSIFICATION Grade 1:

Non- Blanchable erythema of intact skin. Discolouration of the skin, warmth, oedema, induration or hardness, may also be used as indicators,

particularly on individuals with darker skin.

Grade 2: Partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis or both. The ulcer is superficial and presents clinically as an abrasion or blister

Grade 3: Full thickness skin loss involving damage to or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to but not through underlying fascia

Grade 4: Extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures with or without full thickness skin loss

TREATMENT OF PRESSURE ULCERS

(DRESSINGS TAKEN FROM CURRENT WOUND PRODUCT GUIDELINES )

Grade 1:

Protect skin: Hydrocolloid, film dressing or skin protectant. Appropriate skin hygiene. Continence management. Eliminate friction & shear, review manual handling

Grade 2: Hydrocolloid, Foam. Record as critical incident all grade 2 and above Grade 3: Aquacel*, Hydrocolloid (Versiva) Foam, Tielle Biatain (Exudate dependent)

Alione.

Grade 4: Aquacel* / Versiva: Foam Tielle Plus, Biatain, Alione

* Infection will require systemic antibiotics & topical antimicrobial e.g. Aquacel AG evaluate weekly

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PRESSURE REDISTRIBUTION CUSHION OPTIONS

For mattress selection or cushion assessment complete a formal assessment that needs to consider distribution of weight, postural alignment and support of feet. Even with appropriate pressure relief, it may be necessary to restrict sitting time to a maximum of 2 hours until the level of risk changes. Although there has been guidance from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE 2005) with regards to the minimum mattress provision, there is no such guidance for cushions only that no one seat cushion has been proven to perform better than another.

OPTION 1

MINIMUM PROVISION, LOW TECH CUSHIONS

OPTION 2

HIGH TECH EQUIPMENT, VERY HIGH RISK CUSHIONS

CUSHION RISK CUSHION RISK

Gel / foam mix e.g. Memaflex Slashed foam

e.g. Propad

Dynamic e.g. Transair Flow Tech Plus

High Density foam e.g. Flow Tech Contour

High Risk Grade 1 – 2

Please note the phase 2 + Elite Mattresses have an integral dynamic cushion

Very High Risk

Grade 3 - 4

Clear guideline instructions are provided with all mattresses from Community Equipment Service.

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PRESSURE REDISTRIBUTING EQUIPMENT OPTIONS

Selection should be based on a formal assessment process. Clinical judgement remains the main basis for determining level of risk. Consideration should be given to:-

• repositioning, • seating,

• skin inspection

All patients assessed as being vulnerable to pressure ulcers should, as a minimum provision, be placed on a high specification foam mattress with pressure-relieving properties (NICE 2005) (II) Option Option c c

An alternating system or other high-tech pressure relieving system should be employed, under the following criteria

• As a first line preventative strategy for people at risk as identified by assessment. • When the individual’s previous history of pressure ulcer prevention and/or clinical

condition indicates that he or she is best cared for on a high tech device. • When a low tech device has failed (NICE 2005) (III) Option Option 2 2

MINIMUM PROVISION OPTION c LOW TECH FOAM MATTRESS AND HIGH

RISK MATTRESSES

HIGH TECH EQUIPMENT & VERY HIGH RISK MATTRESSES

OPTION d

MATTRESS STATUS RISK MATTRESS STATUS RISK

Softform Premier replacement Replacement mattress foam High Risk Grade 1 - 2 Cairwave

Pegasus Ltd Replacement Very High Risk. Grade 3 - 4 Alpha

Xcell Huntleigh

Overlay

Mattress Grade 3 High Nimbus 3 Huntliegh Replacement

Very High Risk Grade 3- 4 Pressure Ulcer Bi-wave

Pegasus Ltd Replacement

Very High Risk Grade 3 - 4 Pressure Ulcer Auto- Xcell-

Huntleigh Mattress Overlay Grade 3 High

Phase 2 & Elite

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REFERENCES/ BIBIOGRAPHY

Allman RM (1997) Pressure ulcer prevalence, incidence, risk factors & impact. Clinical Geriatric Medicine, 13, pp. 431-36.

Collier, M. (2001) Principles for Practice:for patients with pressure ulcers in the community. Journal of Community Nursing , vol 15 (9). www.jcn.co.uk

Cooper P, & Grey, D. (2001) Comparison of two skin care regimes for incontinence. British Journal of Nursing, 10 (6),6-20

Cullum N, Deeks J, Sheldon, TA et al (2004) beds mattresses and cushions for pressure sore prevention & treatment (Cochrane Review) in: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, Chicester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Defloor T & Grypdonck MHDF (1999) Sitting posture & prevention of pressure ulcers. Applied Nursing research, 12.3pp.136-142

Dougherty and Lister (2008) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Seventh Edition.Wiley Blackwell, Oxford.

Essence of Care: Patient focused benchmarks for Health care Practitioners. Pressure Ulcers. DOH publication. 2001

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). Malnutrition Advisory Group (MAG). May 2004

National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) The Management of Pressure Ulcers in Primary & Secondary Care: A Clinical Practice Guideline (September 2005) in collaboration with the Royal Collage of Nursing (RCN)

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) July 2007 http://www.npuap.org/print.htm

The Management of Pressure ulcers in primary & secondary care. A clinical practice guideline. Sept 2005. Royal College of Nursing (RCN)

Tissue Viability Society (2009) Seating and pressure Ulcers: Clinical Practice Guideline.

www.tvs.org.uk

Waterlow Pressure Ulcer Prevention Policy. J.Waterlow 1985. Revised 2006. www.Judy-Waterlow.co.uk

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WATERLOW PRESSURE ULCER PREVENTION/TREATMENT ASSESSMENT TOOL

RING SCORES IN TABLE, ADD TOTAL.

MORE THAN 1 SCORE/CATEGORY CAN BE USED

BUILD/WEIGHT

FOR HEIGHT

SKIN TYPE VISUAL

RISK AREAS

SEX

AGE

MALNUTRITION SCREENING TOOL (MST)

‘MUST’TOOL (2004)

A - HAS PATIENT LOST WEIGHT RECENTLY YES - GO TO B

NO - GO TO C

UNSURE - GO TO C AND SCORE 2

B - WEIGHT LOSS SCORE 0.5 - 5kg = 1 5 - 10kg = 2 10 - 15kg = 3 > 15kg = 4 unsure = 2 AVERAGE BMI = 20-24.9 ABOVE AVERAGE BMI = 25-29.9 OBESE BMI > 30 BELOW AVERAGE BMI < 20 BMI=Wt(Kg)/Ht (m)2 0 1 2 3 HEALTHY TISSUE PAPER DRY OEDEMATOUS CLAMMY, PYREXIA DISCOLOURED GRADE 1 BROKEN/SPOTS GRADE 2-4 0 1 1 1 2 3 MALE FEMALE 14 - 49 50 - 64 65 - 74 75 - 80 81 + 1 2 1 2 3 4 5

C - PATIENT EATING POORLY OR LACK OF APPETITE

‘NO’ = 0; ‘YES’ SCORE = 1

NUTRITION SCORE If > 2 refer for nutrition assessment / intervention

CONTINENCE MOBILITY SPECIAL RISKS

TISSUE MALNUTRITION NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT

DIABETES, MS, CVA 4-6 MOTOR/SENSORY 4-6 PARAPLEGIA (MAX OF 6) 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6

MAJOR SURGERY OR TRAUMA COMPLETE/ CATHETERISED URINE INCONT. FAECAL INCONT. URINARY + FAECAL INCONTINENCE 0 1 2 3 FULLY RESTLESS/FIDGETY APATHETIC RESTRICTED BEDBOUND e.g. TRACTION CHAIRBOUND e.g. WHEELCHAIR 0 1 2 3 4 5 TERMINAL CACHEXIA MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE SINGLE ORGAN FAILURE (RESP, RENAL, CARDIAC,) PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE ANAEMIA (Hb < 8) SMOKING 8 8 5 5 2 1 ORTHOPAEDIC/SPINAL ON TABLE > 2 HR# ON TABLE > 6 HR# 5 5 8

MEDICATION - CYTOTOXICS, LONG TERM/HIGH DOSE STEROIDS, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MAX OF 4

# Scores can be discounted after 48 hours provided patient is recovering normally

SCORE

10+ AT RISK 15+ HIGH RISK 20+ VERY HIGH RISK

References

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