CBLM Computer Systems Servicing NC II

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector: ELECTRONICS

Qualification Title: Computer Systems Servicing NC II

Unit of Competency:

Install and Configure Computer Systems

Module Title:

Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

Department of Education

DIFFUN HIGH SCHOOL

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 1 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the Module “Installing and Configuring Computer Systems”. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “Install and Configure Computer Systems” contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Computer System Servicing

NC II course.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets, Job Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Activity

Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of

each learning activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module because you have:

o been working for some time

o already have completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do the same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings show it to your teacher. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to this module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss it with your teacher.

After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency. Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own pace.

Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have more than one learning activity.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 2 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

List of Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

1. Install and Configure Computer Systems Installing and Configuring Computer Systems ELC724331

2. Set-up Computer _Networks Setting-up Computer _Networks ELC724332 3. Set-up Computer

Servers

Setting-up Computer

Servers ELC724333 4.

Maintain and Repair Computer Systems and Networks

Maintaining and Repairing Computer Systems and Networks

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 3 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Install and Configure Computer Systems MODULE TITLE: Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:

This module covers the outcomes required in installing and configuring desktop and workstation computers systems. It consists of competencies to assemble computer hardware, install operating system and drivers for peripherals/devices, and install application software as well as to conduct testing and documentation

NOMINAL DURATION: 10 hours

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1

ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE

Contents:

1. OH&S policies and procedures

2. Tools, equipment and testing devices 3. Computer hardware

4. Operating system

5. Established installation procedures 6. Peripherals/devices

7. Application software 8. Stress test

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 4 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 Assessment Criteria

1. Unit assembly is planned and prepared to ensure Occupational Health and Safety policies and procedures are followed, the work is appropriately sequenced in accordance with requirements

2. Appropriate personnel are consulted to ensure the work is coordinated effectively with others involved on the work site

3. Devices/systems are obtained in accordance with established procedures and to comply with requirements

4. Location in which devices / systems are to be installed is determined from job requirements

5. Materials necessary to complete the work are obtained in accordance with established procedures and checked against job requirements

6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the installation work are obtained in accordance with established procedures and checked for correct operation and safety

7. Preparatory work is checked to ensure no unnecessary damage has occurred and complies with requirements

Conditions

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

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 Instructional Manuals such as: Occupational Health and Safety policies and procedure manual, device manual and hardware diagrams and charts.

 Tools, equipment’s and test instruments such as: protective eyewear, digital multi-meter, crimping tools, pliers, screw drivers.

 Supplies and materials such as: appropriate operating system ,driver software, software applications and programs.

Assessment Method:

1. Hands-on

2. Direct observation 3. Practical demonstration 4. Oral Questioning

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3

INSTALL OPERATING SYSTEM AND DRIVERS FOR PERIPHERALS /DEVICES

Contents:

1. Operating system (OS) is installed in accordance with established installation procedures and to comply with end-user requirements 2. Peripherals/devices drivers are installed and configured in accordance

with manufacturer’s instructions and/or OS installation procedures. 3. OS and drivers updates/patches are accessed and installed in accordance

with manufacturer’s recommendations and requirements

4. On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in accordance

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 6 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 Assessment Criteria

1. Installation planned and prepared to ensure that safety measures, policies and procedures followed, and that work is appropriately sequenced in accordance with the industry standards

2. Technical personnel consulted to ensure that the work coordinated effectively with others involved on the worksite

3. Computer systems and network devices obtained in accordance with the established procedures and to comply with requirements

4. Location where devices and systems to be installed is determined from job requirements

5. Materials necessary to complete the work obtained in accordance with established procedures and checked against job requirements

6. Tools, equipment and testing devices needed to carry out the installation work obtained in accordance with established procedures and checked for correct operation and safety

7. Preparatory work checked to ensure that no unnecessary damage has occurred and that work complies with requirements

8. OH&S policies and procedures for installing devices/systems are followed

9. Devices / systems are installed in accordance with requirements, without damage or distortion to the surrounding environment or services

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10. Variation to devices / systems installation is carried out in accordance to customer/client requirements

11. Devices / systems are terminated and connected in accordance with requirements

12. Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with established procedures

13. Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from appropriate personnel before any contingencies are implemented

14. On-going checks of the quality of the work are undertaken in accordance with established procedures

15. OH&S policies and procedures are followed

16. Circuits and systems are checked as being isolated where necessary

using specified testing procedures

17. Parts or connections of the installation or service that are removed in order to conduct the test are stored to protect against loss or damage and in accordance with established procedures

18. Unplanned events or conditions are responded to in accordance with established procedures

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19. Approval is obtained in accordance with established procedures from appropriate personnel before any contingencies are implemented

20. Devices / systems and/or installation is tested to determine whether it

conforms to requirements

21. Parts, and/or connections removed for the purpose of testing are returned to pre-test conditions in accordance with established procedures

22. Final inspections are undertaken to ensure the installed devices / systems conforms to requirements

23. Documentation in relation to the test is forwarded to appropriate personnel and/or authority in accordance with requirements

Conditions

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1. Computer Hardware: Optical disc drives, Memory modules

Power supply, Cables and cords, Motherboard, Hard disk, Video card Sound card

2. Operating systems: Windows, MAC OS X, Linux 3. Utility softwares and CD/DVD-ROMs

4. Books/manuals/magazines 5. Tools and test equipment: 5.1. Slotted head screwdriver

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5.2. Philips head screwdriver 5.3. Long nosed pliers

5.4. Allen bit wrench

Assessment Method:

1. Hands-on

2. Direct observation 3. Practical demonstration 4. Oral and written exam

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 10 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 Learning Experience Learning Outcome No. 1

ASSEMBLE COMPUTER HARDWARE

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on

Occupational Health & Safety (OHS) Policies and Procedures.

2. Answer Self-Check 1.1-1 Compare Answers to Answer key

1.1-1

basic requirements for a well planned project based Installation Service.

4. Answer Self-Check 1.1-2. Compare Answers to Answer key

1.1-2.

the fundamentals structures and types of Operating System

8. Answer Self-Check 1.1-3. Compare Answers to Answer key

1.1-3

9. Guided by Information Sheet

1.1-4, proceed to the tool room and do Task Sheet 1.1-5 on identifying computer components and peripherals

Observe safety in the workplace.

Trainee/trainer evaluates performance/output using

performance checklist 1.1-4 and makes recommendations.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 11 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 11. Read Information Sheet 1.1-5 on

the types and functions of different tools and equipment.

12. Answer Self-Check 1.1-5 Compare Answers to Answer key

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 12 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-1

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After reading of this Information Sheet, you should be able to:

1. Identify the basic precautions and procedures in planning, preparing, installing and testing of computer hardware and software.

2. Determine the effects of computers to the people, health risk, and to the environment.

During installation and initial test, careful planning and preparation are to be done. To avoid personal injury and damages to wiring due to sharp pins on connectors and printed circuit assemblies, rough chassis edges and corners, and hot components.

Adhere to warnings and limitations regarding accessibility into areas designated only for authorized technical personnel.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:

SOME BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURES:

 Before starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and procedures on any hardware and software settings that may be required.  Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.  Without an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage

to both CPU and the motherboard.

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 Before adding and removing any other system components, make sure that you unplug your power supply. Failure to do so may cause damage to your motherboard and in the system component.

 Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system requirements before booting up.

 If the computer does not pass any of the power on self-test (POST), the computer will receive an irregular power on self-test. An irregular POST is a beep code which is different from the standard beep which can either be no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps.

EFFECTS OF COMPUTERS

Some effects of computers relating to the violation of privacy, the impact on the labor force, health risks, and the impact on the environment.

1. Violation of Privacy

Nearly every life event is stored in a computer somewhere--in medical records, credit reports, tax records, etc. It is crucial that personal and confidential records be protected properly. In many instances, where these records were not properly protected, individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen.

2. Impact on Labor Force

Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of workers and managers have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland labor force employed.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 14 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 3. Health Risks

Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back. Computer users can protect themselves from these health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Another health risk, called computer addiction, occurs when someone becomes obsessed with using the computer. Once recognized, computer addiction is a treatable disorder.

4. Public Safety

Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information. Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to crimes committed by dangerous strangers. Protect yourself and your dependents from these criminals by being cautious. For example, do not share information that would allow others to identify or locate you.

5. Impact on Environment

Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. The amount of resources required to manufacture a personal computer equals that of a mid-sized car. When computers are discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and potentially dangerous levels of lead, mercury, and flame retardants. Strategies that can help protect the environment include recycling, regulating manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and immediately donating replaced computers

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 15 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 SELF-CHECK NO. 1.1-1 A. IDENTFICATION

Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

1. Failure to do the proper jumper setting may cause damage to your CPU.

2. After adding and removing any other system components, make sure that you unplug your power supply.

3. Test the computer, insuring that it meets the necessary system requirements before booting up.

4. With an effective cooling fan, the CPU can overheat and cause damage to both CPU and the motherboard.

5. After starting the installation, read carefully the documentation and procedures on any hardware and software settings that may be required.

B. MATCHING TYPE

Direction: Select your answer on the choices below that will correspond on the statement. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.

A. Violation of Privacy

B. Impact on the Environment C. Public Safety

D. Health Risk

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1. Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment.

2. Although computers have improved productivity in many ways and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of workers and managers have been replaced by computers.

3. It is crucial that personal and confidential records be protected properly.

4. Adults, teen, and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information.

5. Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks, and back.

Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page. If you get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next activity but if not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check again.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 17 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 ANSWER KEY 1.1-1 A. IDENTIFICATION 1. TRUE 2. FALSE 3. TRUE 4. FALSE 5. FALSE B. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. B 2. E 3. A 4. C 5. D

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 18 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-2

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A PLANNED INSTALLATION

After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:

1. Prepare the required documents or forms before you do a well-planned installation

2. Identify the qualifications to be a certified hardware professional so that you could be allowed and authorized to do a well-planned installation

Are you the person everyone calls when they have a computer problem? Have you considered getting paid for fixing near-fatal errors and turning your PC prowess into a business? According a recent report, sales of computer services are expected to exceed $47 billion this year in the U.S. alone, with PC repair leading the way. But there are some requirements that you need to know before joining the bandwagon of Computer Hardware Servicing trade, like document/forms (e.g. Job Orders, Request Forms, and Report Sheets) and qualifications for personnel in repairing computers.

REQUIRED DOCUMENTS/FORMS: A. Job Order

A Job order (known as works order outside of the United States because the work is produced in a manufacturing area known as the works) or job

order (sometimes job ticket or work ticket, as it often has some type of ticket

attached) is an order received by an organization from a customer or client, or an order created internally within the organization. A work order may be for products or services.

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In a manufacturing environment, a work order is converted from a sales order to show that work is about to be begin on the manufacture, building or engineering of the products requested by the customer. In a service environment, a work order can be equivalent to a service order where the WO records the location, date and time the service is carried out and the nature of work that is done. The type of personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on the WO. A rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week) and also the total amount of hours worked and total value is also shown on the work order.

A work order may be a maintenance or repair request from students, faculty or staff in a university.

Orders received from outside an organization are often dispatched (reviewed and scheduled) before being executed. Work orders may be for preventive maintenance.

Contractors may use a single job work order and invoice form that contains the customer information, describes the work performed, lists charges for material and labor, and can be given to the customer as an invoice.

A job order is an internal document extensively used by projects-based, manufacturing, building and fabrication businesses. A job order may be for products and/or services. In a manufacturing environment, a job order is used to signal the start of a manufacturing process and will most probably be linked to a bill of material. Hence, the job order will probably state:

1. the quantity of the product to be manufactured, built or fabricated 2. the amount of raw material to be used, its price and amount

3. the types of labor required, rate (per hour or per unit) and amount 4. the machine utilization for each machine during the routing process, its

rate and amount

In a service environment, a job order can be the equivalent to a work or service order where the job order records the location, date and time the service is carried out and the nature of service that was carried out. The type of personnel (e.g. job position) may also be listed on the job order. A rate (e.g. $/hr, $/week) and also the total amount of hours worked and total value is also shown.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 20 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 Computer Repair Job Order Form

Teacher Client’s Name School Diffun High School Date March 2, 2016 Computer # 001

Service Tag# 001 Model Intel i3 Serial # 4737Z

Computer Problem: (Brief Description of the Problem)

***Blue Screen Error***

___________________________________________________________________________

For Technical Department Used Only Fax No. (02)922-5566

Computer Fixed By: Donald B. Mandac Date Sent Back to School: ________________

Memory Transcend 2 GHz Processor Pentium Dual-Core 2 GHz Hard Drive Space Hitachi Sata 80 Gig Windows Windows 7 Ultimate

B. Request Form and Report Sheet

Computer Hardware Servicing maintenance, which includes planned installation, main objective is to keep and improve production facilities, to keep and improve production facilities stable and efficient at the lowest life cycle cost with the active participation of all members in the company. A Request Form is

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used to put this objective into action. And the Report Sheet and Request Form bring to life this maintenance’s purposes which are:

 To increase productivity through maximum utilization and improvement of all equipment

 To develop maintenance system to reduce life cycle cost of machinery and equipment through the involvement of everybody in the organization

 To develop the operator’s capability to be competent in maintenance activities through education, training and motivation.

 To enhance capability for advanced and sophisticated technology that would reinforce competitive power.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 22 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 Sample Request Form

UNIT NO. 5-2

Description: Acer Aspire 4736Z Laptop Computer

Observation/s:

***Corrupted Operating System*** Date Reported:

March 05, 2016

Reported by:

Donald B. Mandac

Activity: Reformat Laptop

Date Completed: March 06, 2016

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 23 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 Sample Report Sheet

Repair Report Sheet

Area/Section: DHS Computer Laboratory

Facility Type Nature of Breakdown Recommendation Laptop No Operating System Error Viral Corruption Refer to the Technical Department for Reformatting of the Operating System

Reported by: Juan Dela Cruz

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REQUIRED QUALIFICATION FOR A COMPUTER HARDWARE PERSONNEL: What Qualifications Do You Need to Become a PC Repair Technician?

Education

Employers prefer applicants who have completed formal electronics training in a vocational school, community college or similar setting, reports the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Training programs may last from 6 months to two years. Some employers require at least a high school diploma or GED.

Certifications

Trainees can take the TESDA NC II Computer System Servicing assessment to demonstrate their competency for entry-level jobs to employers. The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority or TESDA offers a variety of certification programs. In addition, technicians can achieve certifications even for trainership.

Physical and Personal Traits

PC technicians must be able to squat, bend and reach to access the computer equipment requiring repair. They should be physically able to lift at least 50 pounds of computer components. Employers look for technicians who can stand for long periods of time and have the ability to perceive a variety of colors. Employers want technicians who think analytically, are organized and pay attention to detail. They should feel comfortable working under tight deadlines, and companies may expect them to work overtime or on weekends.

Knowledge and Skills

Applicants should know how to use a variety of standard office software, and some jobs also require knowledge of networking. Companies prefer candidates with previous PC repair experience, and they may look for candidates with experience repairing specific brands of computers. Technicians need strong oral communication skills and should be able to explain their findings to customers using common terms.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 25 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 SELF-CHECK NO. 1.1-2 A. IDENTIFICATION

Direction: the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

_________ 1. Anyone can perform a planned installation as long as he knows it. _________ 2. The Department of Education facilitates the

competency assessment for computer technicians.

__________3. Computer Technicians are given the TESDA NC II Computer System Servicing by TESDA after successfully taking the Assessment.

_________ 4. Computer Technicians need not to have strong oral communication skills for they only repair computers.

__________5. Companies prefer candidates with previous PC repair experience, and they may look for candidates with experience repairing specific brands of computers.

__________6. A job order is an external document by a project based Business.

__________7. A job order can be the equivalent to a work or service order where the job order records the location, date and time the service is carried out and the nature of service that was carried out.

Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page. If you get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next activity but if not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check again.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 26 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 ANSWER KEY 1.1-2 IDENTIFICATION 1. FALSE 2. FALSE 3. FALSE 4. FALSE 5. FALSE 6. FALSE 7. TRUE

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 27 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1-3

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to: 1. Identify fundamentals of operating systems

2. Determine the different types of operating systems

An Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system which are usually separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 28 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:

Real-time

A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They have an event-driven or time-sharing design and often aspects of both. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

Multi-user

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer

system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to use multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.

Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking

When only a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is

grouped under a single-tasking system. However, when the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive or

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co-CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 29 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0

operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as does Amiga OS. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking. 32-bit versions, both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-tasking. Mac OS prior to OS X used to support cooperative multitasking.

Distributed

A distributed operating system manages a group of independent

computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.

Embedded

Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded

computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 30 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:

Unix and Unix-like operating systems

Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, which he used to write Unix, based on his experience in

the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C,

and Unix developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating system (see History).

The Unix-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories including System V, BSD, and GNU/Linux. The name "UNIX" is a trademark of the Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. "Unix-like" is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original Unix.

Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures. They are used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. Free Unix variants, such as GNU/Linux and BSD, are popular in these areas.

Four operating systems are certified by the The Open Group (holder of the Unix trademark) as Unix. HP's HP-UX and IBM's AIX are both descendants of the original System V Unix and are designed to run only on their respective vendor's hardware. In contrast, Sun Microsystems's Solaris Operating System can run on multiple types of hardware, including x86 and Sparc servers, and PCs. Apple's Mac OS X, a replacement for Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS, is

a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and

FreeBSD.

Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants.

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A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software

Distribution family, which includes

FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, PC-BSD. These

operating systems are most commonly found on web

servers, although they can also function as a personal

computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used by computers to connect, send and receive data over a network were widely implemented and refined in BSD. The world wide web was also first demonstrated on a number of computers running an OS based on BSD called NextStep.

BSD has its roots in Unix. In 1974, University of California, Berkeley installed its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as text editors. When Berkely received new VAX computers in 1978 with Unix installed, the school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take advantage of the computer's hardware possibilities. The Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense took interest, and

decided to fund the project. Many schools, corporations, and government organizations took notice and started to use Berkeley's version of Unix instead of the official one distributed by AT&T.

Steve Jobs, upon leaving Apple Inc. in 1985, formed NeXT Inc., a company that

manufactured high-end computers running on a variation of BSD called NeXTSTEP. One of these computers was used by Tim Berners-Lee as the first web server to create the World Wide Web.

Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that originated with Bell Labs. Once this was done, however, AT&T sued. Eventually, after two years of legal disputes, the BSD project came out ahead and spawned a number of free derivatives, such as FreeBSD and NetBSD.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 32 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 Mac OS X

Mac OS X is a line of open core graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh computers. Mac OS X is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor, Mac OS X is a UNIX operating system built on

technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until Apple purchased the company in early 1997.

The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah") following in March 2001. Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of Mac OS X have been released, the most recent being OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion", which was first made available on February 16, 2012 for developers, and to be released to the public late summer 2012. Releases of Mac OS X are named after big cats.

The server edition, Mac OS X Server, is architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart but usually runs on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware. Mac OS X Server includes work group management and administration software tools that provide simplified access to key network services, including a mail transfer

agent, a Samba server, an LDAP server, a domain name server, and others.

In Mac OS X v10.7 Lion, all server aspects of Mac OS X Server have been

integrated into the client version.

Linux and GNU

Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was developed without any actual Unix code, unlike BSD and its variants. Linux can

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be used on a wide range of devices from supercomputers to wristwatches.

The Linux kernel is released under an

open source license, so anyone can read and modify its code. It has been modified to run on a large variety of electronics. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used on 1.82% of all personal computers, it has been widely adopted for use in

servers and embedded systems (such as cell phones). Linux has superseded Unix in most places, and is used on the 10 most powerful supercomputers in the world. The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions, such as Red

Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Google's Android.

The GNU project is a mass collaboration of programmers who seek to create a completely free and open operating system that was similar to Unix but with completely original code. It was started in 1983

by Richard Stallman, and is responsible for many of

the parts of most Linux variants. Thousands of pieces of software for virtually every operating system are licensed under the GNU General Public License. Meanwhile, the Linux kernel began as a side project

of Linus Torvalds, a university student from Finland.

In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He received a wave of support and volunteers who ended up creating a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts with the Linux kernel in order to create a full-fledged operating system.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed

by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based

computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connected computers. The newest version is Windows 7 for workstations and Windows

Server 2008 R2 for servers. Windows 7 recently overtook Windows XP as most

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Microsoft Windows originated in 1985 as an application running on top of MS-DOS, which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the time. In 1995, Windows 95 was released which only used MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For backwards compatibility, Win9x could run real-mode MS-DOS and 16 bits Windows 3.x drivers. Windows Me, released in 2000, was the last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have all been based on the Windows NT kernel. Current versions of Windows run

on IA-32 and x86-64microprocessors, although Windows 8 will

support ARM architecture. In the past, Windows NT supported non-Intel architectures.

Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years, Microsoft has expended significant capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a server operating environment. However, Windows' usage on servers is not as widespread as on personal computers, as Windows competes against Linux and BSD for server market share.

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 35 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 SELF-CHECK NO. 1.1-3 A. IDENTIFICATION

Direction: Identify the Precautions and Procedures write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

________1) An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software.

________2) Operating system is not a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system which are usually separate programs, but can be combined in simple systems.

________3) Time-sharing operating systems schedule time for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

________4) For software functions such as input and output and

memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware.

________5) Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers

Compare your answers with the Answer Key on the next page. If you get 80% and above, then you may proceed to the next activity but if not, master the lesson and take the Self-Check again

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 36 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 ANSWER KEY 1.1-3 IDENTIFICATION 1. TRUE 2. FALSE 3. FALSE 4. FALSE 5. TRUE

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CBLM Computer System Servicing,NC II Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date Developed: March 2,2016 Date Revised: Document No. DHS CSS-001-16 Issued by: Page 37 of 96 Developed by: Donald B. Mandac Revision # 0 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-4 COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND DEVICES

After reading this Information Sheet, you should be able to:

1. Classify of the hardware and software components of a computer with its corresponding functions.

2. Determine the various computer components and peripherals

A computer system is a special subsystem of an organization's overall information system. It is an integrated assembly of devices, centered on at least one processing mechanism utilizing digital electronics, which are used to input, process, store, and output data and information.

Putting together a complete computer system, however, is more involved than just connecting computer devices. In an effective and efficient system, components are selected and organized with an understanding of the inherent tradeoffs between overall system performance and cost, control, and complexity.

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:

Basic Hardware Components of Computer System

Today, almost everyone in our information society has a basic understanding of what a computer is and what it can do. A contemporary computer system consists of a central processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, and communications devices that work together with software to perform calculations, organize data, and communicate with other computers.

A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away in a secondary

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storage device (store) for safekeeping or later reuse. The processing of input into output is directed by the software but performed by the hardware. Figure below shows some common computer hardware components.

Common computer hardware components

Computer system hardware components include devices that perform the functions of input, processing, data storage; output and communication. The devices responsible for these five areas are as follows:

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 Input devices. Input devices allow you to enter data or commands in a

form that the computer can use; they send the data or commands to the processing unit. Commonly-used input devices include keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera.

 Output devices. Output devices show people the processed

data--information --in understandable and useful form. Four commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, speakers, and a portable media player. Input/output devices are playing an increasingly significant role in our lives. The number and variety of input/output devices are expanding.

 Processing devices. Processing devices are the computer electronic

circuitry housed in the system unit. The circuitry in the system unit is part of a circuit board called the motherboard. Two major components on the motherboard are the processor and memory. The processor, formally known as the central processing unit (CPU), has electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into the information people want. Computer instructions are actually are executed in the central processing unit. Memory is a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds data and program instructions while they are being processed by the CPU. Both the processor and memory consist of chips. A chip is an electronic device that contains many microscopic pathways designed to carry electrical current.

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 Storage devices. Storage usually means secondary storage that can

store data and programs outside the computer itself. Storage devices hold data, information, and programs permanently. These devices supplement

memory (also called primary storage) that can hold data and programs only

temporarily. Common storage devices include a hard disk, USB flash drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory cards. A drive is a device that reads from and writes onto a storage medium. A storage medium is the physical material on which data, information, and program are stored. Some portable devices, such as digital cameras, use memory cards as the storage media.

 Communications devices. Communications devices provide connections

between the computer and communications networks, and enable computer users to communicate and to exchange data, information, and programs with other computers. Communications devices transmit these items over transmission media such as cables, telephone lines, satellites, and cellular radio. A widely used communications device is a modem. In summary, we communicate with computers through input/output devices.

Input devices translate our data and communications into a form that the

computer can understand. The computer then processes these data, and an

output device translates them back into a form we can understand. The central

processing unit manipulates data and controls the other parts of the computer system. Memory (primary storage) temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing, while secondary storage feeds data and instructions into the central processor and stores data for future use.

The System Unit The Motherboard

The system unit is a box-like case that houses the processor, memory and other electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. All other computer system devices, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse, are linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit.

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Figure below shows some of the components inside the system unit on a typical PC, including the processor, memory, expansion cards, drive bays, power supply, ports and connectors. The processor is the device that executes program instructions. The memory device is a package that holds temporarily data and program instructions during processing. An expansion card is a circuit board that adds devices or capabilities to the computer. Finally, devices outside the system unit, such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, or microphone, are attached by a cable to a port or connector on the system unit.

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To conserve on space, all-in-one computer houses the system unit in the same physical case as the monitor. On notebook computers, the keyboard and pointing device often occupy the area on the top of the system unit. The display attaches to the system unit by a hinge. The system unit on a handheld computer usually consumes the entire device. On these devices, the display is part of the system unit too.

When the cover of a system unit is removed, the motherboard, also called system board, can be seen inside the housing. The motherboard, a single circuit board, provides the path through which the processor communicates with memory components, other components, and peripheral devices. In a typical personal computer, the components attached to the motherboard include processor, memory chips, support electronic circuitry, and expansion boards. It is the processor that is the most important component of the motherboard.

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Many electronic components attach to the motherboard

A computer chip is a small piece of semi conducting material, usually silicon, on which one or more integrated circuits are etched. The various chips have standard-sized pin connectors that allow them to be attached to the motherboard and, there, to a common electrical path, called bus, that enables data flow between the various system components.

An integrated circuit (IC) contains many microscopic pathways capable of carrying electrical current. Each integrated circuit can contain millions of elements such as resistors, capacitors, and transistors. Transistors act as electronic switches that may or may not allow current to pass through. If current passes through, the switch is on, representing the 1 bit. If current does not pass through, the switch is off, representing a 0 bit. Thus, combinations of transistors can stand for combinations of bits, which represent numbers, letters, and other characters. The motherboard in the system unit contains many different types of chips. A miniaturized central processing unit can be etched on a chip, then the term computer on a chip.

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A central processing unit on a chip is called a microprocessor. On a personal computer, the central processing unit (CPU) usually is contained on a single chip. On the larger computers such as mainframes and supercomputer, the various functions performed by CPU are spread across many separate chips. Today's popular Pentium microprocessor contains more than one hundred million transistors.

Ultimately, the type of processor and the amount of RAM placed on the motherboard define the computer’s speed and capacity. The processor is generally not made by the manufacturers of PCs. It is made by companies that specialized in the development and manufacture of microprocessors. A number of companies make microprocessors, including Intel, IBM, Motorola, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and Cyrix. Most chips are no bigger than one-half-inch square. Manufacturer’s package chips so the chips can be attached to a circuit board such as a motherboard, memory module, or adapter card.

A variety of chip packages exist. One type, called a dual inline package (DIP), consists of two parallel rows of pints that attach the chip package to the circuit board. A pin grid array (PGA) package holds a larger number of pins because the pins are mounted on the surface of the package. A flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package is a higher-performance PGA packaging that places the chip on the opposite side of the pins. Another high performance packaging technique does not use pins. A single edge contact (SEC) cartridge connects to the

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The Central Processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU), also called processor, interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. The CPU significantly impacts overall computing power and manages most of a computer's operations. On larger computers, such as mainframes and supercomputers, the various functions performed by the processor extend over many separate chips and often multiple circuit boards. On a personal computer, all functions of the processor usually are on a single chip.

Most processor chip manufacturers now offer multi-core processors. A multi-core

processor is a single-chip with two or more separate processors. Two common

multi-core processors used today are dual-core and quad-core. A dual-core

processor is a chip that contains tow separate processors. Similarly, a quad-core processor is a chip with four-separate processors. Each processor on a

multi-core chip generally runs at a slower clock speed than a single-multi-core processor, but multi-core ships typically increase overall performance.

Memory

While performing a processing operation, a processor needs a place to temporarily store instructions to be executed and the data to be used with those instructions. The CPU cannot process data on an input device or disk directly; the data must first be available in memory. A computer's memory in the system unit, located physically close to the CPU (to decrease access time), provides the CPU with a working storage area for program instructions, data and information. Memory is also known as primary storage or internal storage. Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board in the computer.

The major feature of memory is that it rapidly provides the instructions and data to the CPU. Memory stores three basic categories of items: (1) the operating system and other system software that control or maintain the computer and its devices; (2) application programs that carry our a specific task such as word processing; and (3) the data being processed by the application programs and resulting information.

This role of memory to store both data and programs is known as the stored

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Memory and storage sizes

Programs and data are placed in memory before processing, between processing steps, and after processing has ended, prior to being returned to secondary storage or released as output. Recall that a character is stored in the computer as a group of 0s and 1s, called a byte. Thus, a byte is the basic storage unit in memory. Like the CPU, memory components contain thousands of circuits imprinted on a silicon chip. Each circuit is either conducting electrical current (on) or not (off). By representing data as a combination of on or off circuit states, the data is stored in memory. When application program instructions and data are transferred into memory from storage devices, each of bytes is placed in a precise location in memory, called an address. This address is simply a unique number identifying the location of the byte in memory. To access data or instructions in memory, the computer references the addresses that contain bytes of data. The size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available for use (Figure 4-17). A kilobyte of memory is equal to exactly 1,024 bytes. To make storage definitions easier to identify, computer users often round a kilobyte down to 1,000 bytes. A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately 1 million bytes. A gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1 billion bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to approximately 1 trillion bytes.

The system unit contains two types of memory: volatile and nonvolatile. The contents of volatile memory are lost when the computer power is turned off. In nonvolatile memory, the combination of circuit states is fixed, and therefore the contents of nonvolatile memory are not lost when power is removed from the computer. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory. Examples of nonvolatile memory include ROM, flash memory and CMOS. The following sub-sections discuss these types of memory.