Short Communication JQUMS, Vol.21, No.3, 2017, pp. 91-95
Assessment of microbial contamination in drinking water supplies Qazvin city (2013-14)
MM. Emamjomeh1, K. Tari2, R. Khalili3
1
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
2 School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
3
Shahid Bolandian Health Center Qazvin, Qazvin, Iran
Corresponding Address: Kamran Tari, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Blvd., Qazvin, Iran
Tel: +98-918-9340130, Email: kamerantari@yahoo.com Received: 17 Oct 2016; Accepted: 21 Jan 2017
Abstract
Background: Providing safe drinking water and monitoring the quality are necessary in the human
societies.
Objective: The aim of study was to evaluate the microbial quality of groundwater of Qazvin city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the microbial quality of 45 drinking
water resources Qazvin city in terms of total coliform and fecal.Sampling was done in the winter to spring during 2013-14. Sample analysis was performed using standard multiple tube fermentation (3 tubes) method for total coliform and fecal counting.
Findings: Total coliform and fecal concentration were zero in all taken samples and all samples
were free of microbial contamination of total and fecal coliform.
Conclusion: Microbial quality of drinking water supplies of Qazvin city was favorable in terms of
total and fecal coliforms and in accordance with the standards of the country in relation to microbial contamination, But in order to maintain the desirability, continuous monitoring of the water and wastewater company is very important on the quality of the supply sources of drinking water.
Keywords: Water Supply, Microbial contamination, Drinking water
Citation: Emamjomeh MM, Tari K, Khalili R. Assessment of microbial contamination in drinking
ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
بآ
ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ
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ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﺘﮐد مﺎﻣا يﺪﻬﻣ ﻪﻌﻤﺟ 1 ، يرﺎﺗ ناﺮﻣﺎﮐ 2 ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺧ ﻪﻤﯿﺣر ، 3 1 ناﺮﯾا ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ 2 وﺰﻗ ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ناﺮﯾا ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ،ﻦﯾ 3 ناﺮﯾا ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ نﺎﯾﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ :لوﺆﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ سردآ ،ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﺮﻨﻫﺎﺑ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ راﻮﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﻦﻔﻠﺗ 09189340130 ﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ :ﺖ 26 /7 / 95 ؛ :شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 2/ 11 / 95 ﯿﮑﭼ هﺪ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز : ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻪﺑ نآ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺮﺑ ترﺎﻈﻧ و ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﺮﻣا ي .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ لﺪﺒﻣ يﺮﺸﺑ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ ياﺮﺑ يروﺮﺿ :فﺪﻫ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ شور و داﻮﻣ :ﺎﻫ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا - ﻔﯿﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻌﻄﻘﻣ رد ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖﯿ 45 هﺎﭼ زا هﺎﭼ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎـﺑ ﻦﯾوﺰـﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺑ لﺎﺳ رﺎﻬﺑ و نﺎﺘﺴﻣز لﻮﺼﻓ رد يرادﺮ يﺎﻫ 1392 ﺎﺗ 93 ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺰﯿﻟﺎﻧآ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻟﻮﻟﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﯿﻤﺨﺗ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ) يا 3 ﻪﻟﻮﻟ ﺖﻬﺟ (يا .ﺖﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ و ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﺘ :ﺎﻫ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ و ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ و ﻞـﮐ مﺮـﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﺮـﻈﻧ زا ﯽـﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮـﻟآ ﺪـﻗﺎﻓ و ﺮﻔـﺻ .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ :يﺮﯿﮔ و دﻮﺑ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ و ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺖـﯿﻤﻫا ﺰﯾﺎـﺣ رﺎﯿـﺴﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﺮﺑ بﻼﺿﺎﻓ و بآ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ترﺎﻈﻧ ،ﺖﯿﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺎﻣا ﺖﺷاد ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﻠﻣ ﯽﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هژاوﺪﯿﻠﮐ :ﺎﻫ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ،بآ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ، :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄـﺗ ﯽﻠـﺻا ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ زا ﯽـﻨﯿﻣزﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ هﺪـﻨﻨﮐ بآ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ هدﻮﻟآ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ،ﯽـﮑﯾﺰﯿﻓ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ و ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻤﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ راﺮـﻗ ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ درﻮﻣ ار ﯽﻣ ﻫد ﻨﺪ . )1 و2 ( بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄـﺗ ﺎﻫرﻮـﺸﮐ زا يرﺎﯿـﺴﺑ رد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ ﯽﺘﯿﻤﻫا ﺰﯾﺎﺣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ، اﺮﯾز هدﻮﻟآ بآ ﯽﻣ يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ .دﻮﺷ ﺎﻫ )3 ( زا ﯽﮑﯾ بآ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ، ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪـﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮـﻟآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا بآ لﺮـﺘﻨﮐ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﯽـﺳﺎﺳا ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ يرﺎــﻤﯿﺑ ﻪــﻤﻫ ﯽــﺷراﻮﮔ يﺎــﻫ ﺖــﺳا هﺪــﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﺮــﯿﮔ . يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ ﯽﺷراﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ زا ﻪﮐ ﯽـﻣ ﻞـﻘﺘﻨﻣ بآ ﻖـﯾﺮﻃ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا هﺪﻤﻋ هدور ياز زا ﻪـﮐ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ يا ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ - ﺎﻫد ﯽﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ﯽﻧ ،ﯽﻠﯿـﺳﺎﺑ لﺎﻬـﺳا .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺲﯾزﺎﯾدرﺎﯾژ ،ﺎﺑو زا يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﮐ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ و دﺎﺠﯾا از ﻪﻠﯿﺳو ﯽﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ بآ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ )4 ( ﺖـﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﯽﻧﺎـﻬﺟ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رﺎﻣآ ﻖﺒﻃ ) WHO ( دوﺪـﺣ 80 ﻪـﺑ نﺎـﮐدﻮﮐ ﺮـﯿﻣ و گﺮـﻣ ﺪﺻرد يرﺎـﻤﯿﺑ ﺖـﻠﻋ يﺎـﻫ لﺎﻬﺳا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺷراﻮﮔ زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ ﻢﻟﺎﺳﺎﻧ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ فﺮﺼﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ و 1/ 1 بآ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ نﺎـﻬﺟ رد ﺮﻔﻧ درﺎﯿﻠﯿﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰـﻓا ﻦـﯾا ﺮـﺑ هوﻼـﻋ .ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ و درﻮﻣ رد مدﺮﻣ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ﺚـﻋﺎﺑ بآ ﯽـﻔﯿﮐ و يﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺖﯿﻌﺿ ترﺎﻈﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪـﺑ بآ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ يور ﺮﺑ ﮏـﯾ ناﻮـﻨﻋ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ )5 ( ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ نﺎـﯿﻣ رد يﺎـﻫار ﯾز ﺎ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ﯽﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ مﺎﻣا يﺪﻬﻣﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﺘﮐد /... ﻪﻌﻤﺟ و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 93 يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ بآ ﯽﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪـﻣ و ﻞـﮐ مﺮـﻔﯿﻠﮐ هوﺮـﮔ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽـﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻠﺻا يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ )3 ( ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ هدﻮـﻟآ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ هﺪـﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﯿﺣ يﺮﻣا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ .ﺪﺳر ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ بآ ﯽـﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪـﻨﯿﻣز رد ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ صﻮـﺼﺧ نﺎﻣرﻮـﺸﮐ رد ﯽـﻨﯿﻣزﺮﯾز يﺎـﻫ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺑاﺮﻬﺳ صﻮـﺼﺧ رد نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯿﻣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ و ﯽﯾﺎﺘـﺳور ،يﺮﻬـﺷ ﻖﻃﺎـﻨﻣ بآ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑ ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ هﺎﺸﻧﺎﻣﺮﮐ نﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺻﻮﺼﺧ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ تﺪﻣ لﻮﻃ رد يﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ و ﺖــﺷاﺪﻧ ﯽﻧاﺪـﻨﭼ 98 / 31 ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا ﺪــﺻرد ﻖﻃﺎــﻨﻣ يﺎــﻫ مﺮــﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﯽﮔدﻮــﻟآ ياراد ﯽﯾﺎﺘــﺳور ﻞــﮐ .ﺪــﻧدﻮﺑ )6 ( ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺘـﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪـﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نارداﺮﺑود ﯽ ﻞﮑــﺸﻣ ﯽــﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ظﺎــﺤﻟ زا ﺮﻬــﺷﻮﺑ بآ ﺖــﺴﯿﻧ ﻦﯾﺮــﻓآ . )7 ( ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ يرﺎـﺘﺨﻣ ﻪـﮐ ﺪـﻧدﺮﮐ شراﺰـﮔ ﺰـﯿﻧ نارﺎـﮑﻤﻫ و رد يﺎـﭘﺎﻣﺮﮔ مﺮـﻔﯿﻠﮐ يﺮﺘﮐﺎـﺑ ناﺪـﻘﻓ ﺖـﯿﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ يﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳور ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﻞـﯿﺑدرا ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻣﻮﺣ نﺎـﺑآ رد رذآ و هﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺐـﯿﺗﺮﺗ 66 / 96 و 100 دﻮـﺑ ﺪـﺻرد . )8 ( ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻪــﺑ رد بآ ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺳ ﺖﻣﻼ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ و موﺰـﻟ و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو زا ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺄﺗ ﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﻦﯿ ، ﯽـﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮــﻟآ ﯽﺑﺎـﯾزرا ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﯾا زا فﺪـﻫ ﻊﺑﺎــﻨﻣ ﺄﺗ ﻦﯿﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ زا ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ و ﻞﮐ لﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪـﻣ 1392 ﯽﻟا 93 .دﻮﺑ شور و داﻮﻣ ﺎﻫ : ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا - ﻦﻤﻬﺑ زا ﯽﻌﻄﻘﻣ 1392 دادﺮﺧ ﺎﺗ هﺎﻣ 93 ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ .ﺪﯿﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ دﺮﺑ و نﺎﺘـﺴﻣز لﻮﺼﻓ رد يرا ﻪﺸﯿﺷ فوﺮﻇ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ رﺎﻬﺑ برد يا ﻞﯾﺮﺘﺳا راد ﺎـﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻮﯿﺗ هﺎﭼ زا ﻢﯾﺪﺳ تﺎﻔﻟﻮﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻦﯿﻣﺄـﺗ هﺪـﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎـﺷآ بآ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻪــﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﻌــﺳو 45 هﺎــﭼ فاﺮــﻃا ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎــﺷآ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄــﺗ ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ترﻮﺻ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺖـﻬﺟ يرادﺮـﺑ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺮﺤﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ن هﺎﭼ ﯽﻣﺎﺳا ﺮﮐذ زا ﺎـﻫ يراددﻮﺧ و نآ ﯽﻣﺎﺳا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ هﺪـﺷ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ هرﺎﻤـﺷ ترﻮﺻ ﺮﻫ زا .ﺖﺳا هﺎﭼ زا ﮏﯾ و نﺎﺘـﺴﻣز ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺼﻓ ود رد ﺎﻫ و ﻞــﮐ مﺮــﻔﯿﻠﮐ) ﯽــﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖﯿﻌــﺿو ﻦﯿــﯿﻌﺗ ﺖــﻬﺟ رﺎــﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ (ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻟﻮﻟﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﯿﻤﺨﺗ شور ) يا 3 ﻪﻟﻮﻟ (يا ﺑ ود ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رﺎ يرادﺮﺑ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﺰﯿﻟﺎـﻧآ و يرادﺮـﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺶﯾﺎـﻣزآ ياﺮﺑ يﺎـﻫ بﻼــﺿﺎﻓ و بآ .دﻮــﺑ )9 ( هداد مﺮــﻧ ﺎــﺑ ﺎــﻫ راﺰــﻓا 16 SPSS و .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﮏﺗ ﯽﺗ يرﺎﻣآ نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ : ﻞـﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ) TC ( ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪـﻣ مﺮـﻔﯿﻠﮐ و ) FC ( هﺎﭼ رد درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ هﺎـﭼ هرﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎـﻫ ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ 100 ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﺻرد ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ هﺎﭼ زا هﺪﺷ ﺎـﺷآ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄـﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻦﯾوﺰـﻗ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣ داﺪـﻌﺗ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪـﺣ و ﻞﻗاﺪـﺣ و ﺪـﻧدﻮﺑ ﯽـﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ و ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ رد داﺪـﻌﺗ ﺮﻔـﺻ ﺎـﻫ 100 ﯽﻠﯿﻣ هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ) دﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﺘﯿﻟ 1 .( لوﺪﺟ 1 - ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ) TC ( مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ و ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ ) FC ( هﺎﭼ رد ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ لﺎﺳ رد ﻦﯾوﺰ يﺎﻫ 92 ﺎﺗ 93 هرﺎﻤﺷ هﺎﭼ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣ) ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ رد داﺪﻌﺗ 100 ﯽﻠﯿﻣ (ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣ) ﻦﯾﺮﺗ رد داﺪﻌﺗ 100 (ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﯽﻠﯿﻣ 1 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 2 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 3 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 4 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 5 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 6 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 7 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 8 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 9 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 10 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 11 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 12 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 13 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 14 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 15 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 16 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 17 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 18 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 19 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 20 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 21 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 22 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ
هرﺎﻤﺷ هﺎﭼ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣ) ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ رد داﺪﻌﺗ 100 ﯽﻠﯿﻣ (ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣ) ﻦﯾﺮﺗ رد داﺪﻌﺗ 100 (ﺮﺘﯿﻟ ﯽﻠﯿﻣ 23 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 24 ﻔﺻ ﺮ ﺮﻔﺻ 25 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 26 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 27 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 28 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 29 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 30 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 31 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 32 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 33 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 34 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 35 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 36 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 37 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 38 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 39 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 40 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 41 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 42 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 43 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 44 ﺮﻔﺻ ﺮﻔﺻ 45 ﺮﻔﺻ ﻔﺻ ﺮ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ و ﺚﺤﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ : ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ نﺎـﯿﺑ ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳا نآ ﺮـﮔ هﺎﭼ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ يﺎﻫ هﺪـﻨﻨﮐ نﺎﺘـﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎـﺷآ بآ و ﺖﺳا بﻮﻠﻄﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪﻣ و ﻞﮐ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﯽـﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺎـﺑ طﺎـﺒﺗرا رد يرﻮﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ ﻤﻫ و يرﺎـﺘﺨﻣ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .دراد ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ رد ﻪـﮐ نارﺎـﮑ ﺎﺘﺳور ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎﺷآ بآ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪـﻣﻮﺣ يﺎـﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻞﯿﺑدرا يﺎـﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﻋ هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا هدﻮﺑ و ﺎـﺑ ﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪ ﺖـﺷاد ﯽﻧاﻮـﺨﻤﻫ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﯾا زا هﺪـﻣآ ﺖﺳد ، )8 ( ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺋوﺮﮐ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا هﺎﭼ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﺎﺘـﺳور بآ يﺎﻫ ﺮﻬـﺷ فاﺮـﻃا يﺎـﻫ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا يرﺎﺳ ﺄـﺗ ﻦﯿﻣ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا بآ بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪـﻣ ﯽﮔدﻮﻟآ ياراد و ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﯾﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻤﻫ ﻮـﺴ .دﻮﺒﻧ ) 10 ( ﺖﻠﻋ ﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﮔدﻮـﻟآ ندﻮﺑ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ رد ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪـﻣ يﺎـﻫ ﺳور ﯽﯾﺎﺘ ﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺮ ؛ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ ﻢﯿﻘﺘـﺴﻣ دورو ،ﯽﻧاﻮﯿﺣ تﻻﻮﻀﻓ دﻮﮐ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻧاﻮـﯿﺣ يﺎﻫ ﺰـﻣ رد و عرا هﺎﭼ رد شﻮﭘرد دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ ي .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ بآ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺞﯾﺎــﺘﻧ ﺎــﺑ ﺮــﺿﺎﺣ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﯾﺎــﺘﻧ ــﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋ و يرﺪــﯿﺣ بآ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎـﺷآ يﺎـﻫ ﺖﺷاد ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ نﺎﺷﺎﮐ يﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳور . ) 11 ( ﻞﻠﻋ زا ﻖﺑﺎـﻄﺗ ﻦـﯾا ﯽﻣ هﺎﭼ ندﻮﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﯽـﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮـﻣ يﺎﻫ رد بﻼــﺿﺎﻓ و بآ ﺖﮐﺮــﺷ ﻂــﺳﻮﺗ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ود دﺮــﮐ هرﺎــﺷا ، ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ﺪـﻧداد نﺎـﺸﻧ نارﺎـﮑﻤﻫ و يرﺪـﯿﺣ ﺖﯿﻌـﺿو هﺎــﭼ ﯽــﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﺎــﻫ ﯾ و بآ ﺖﮐﺮــﺷ ﺶــﺷﻮﭘ ﺖــﺤﺗ ﻪــﮐ ﯽ بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺪﻧدﻮﺒﻧ بﻼﺿﺎﻓ .دﻮﺑ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ﺶـﻘﻧ و بآ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ زا ﻢﻟﺎﺳ بآ ﻦﯿﻣﺄﺗ رد بﻼﺿﺎﻓ ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﮐ داد نﺎـﺸﻧ ﻖـﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦـﯾا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﻠﮐ رﻮﻃ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺄــﺗ ﯽﮔدﻮــﻟآ ظﺎــﺤﻟ زا ﻦﯾوﺰــﻗ نﺎﺘــﺳﺮﻬﺷ بﺮــﺷ بآ ﻦﯿﻣ مﺮﻔﯿﻠﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ رﺎﯿـﺴﺑ ﺖﯿﻌـﺿو ﯽﻋﻮﻓﺪـﻣ و ﻞـﮐ يﺎﻫ ،ﺪﻧراد ﯽﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻣا ﻦﺘـﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮـﺟو ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺷاد ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺎ يﺮﺘﮐﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ بآ ندﻮﺑ بﺮﺷ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﯿﻟد ،ﺺﺧﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ آ اﺮــﯾز يرﺎــﻤﯿﺑ ﻞــﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﯾﺎــﺳ ﻪــﺑ ﺖــﺳا ﻦــﮑﻤﻣ ب ياز هدﻮﻟآ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ : سوﺮﯾو مﺮـﮐ ﺎـﯾ نﺎﮕﺘﺧﺎﯾ ﮏﺗ ،ﺎﻫ رد ﺎـﻫ ﯿﺧذ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ .ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ هدﻮـﻟآ ﯽﻧﺎـﺳﺮﺑآ ﻪﮑﺒـﺷ و بآ هﺮ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ هرود ترﺎﻈﻧ بآ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يا ﺖـﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺮـﺑ بﻼﺿﺎﻓ و ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺄﺗ ﺮﯿﺧذ ،ﻦﯿﻣ ﺰﯾﺎـﺣ ﯽﻧﺪﯿﻣﺎـﺷآ بآ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ و ه ﺖـﯿﻤﻫا .ﺖﺳا سﺎﭙﺳ :يراﺰﮔ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ زا ﻪﻠﯿﺳو بآ ﯽﺑوﺮﮑﯿﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ مﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻦﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮـﻣا رد ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾوﺰﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ نﺎﯾﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺶﯾﺎﻣزآ مﺎﺠﻧا و يرادﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ و ﺮﮑﺸﺗ ﺪﻧا ﻧادرﺪﻗ ﯽﻣ ﯽ .ددﺮﮔ :ﻊﺟاﺮﻣ
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