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(108) g. Vme o of he ee e 2. Vhe o l ke ha here 1 cc c c c$ $. De mark Germa a he ?eherla have ubme o he Cour era ffere e o er g 'he elmao a bewee he Pare of he area of he o e al helf he ?orh Sea whh appera o eah of hem. Vhe Cour requee o ee wha are he applable 'pr ple a rule of er ao al law'. Germa propoe ha elmao of he o e al helf bewee he pare gover e b he pr ple ha eah oaal Sae e le o a ju a equable hare. Germa o e ha mak g ue of he equa e meho of rle 6 paragraph 2 of he Co e al. Page 2 of g *. Shelf Co ve o ha o beome uomar er ao al law a wa o u er he ruma e he approprae meho. Vhe equa e meho oul o be ue where woul o aheve a ju a equable apporo me of he helf. for De mark a he ?eherla elmao houl be gover e b he pr ple of r. 6 par. 2 a ha where he pare were agreeme a o he bou ar a peal ruma e o juf a oher bou ar he ͞he bou ar bewee hem o be eerm e b he applao of he pr ple of equa e from he eare po of he bael e from whh he breah of he erroral ea of eah Sae meaure. Vhe bou ar houl be eerm e ͞o he ba of he exluve rgh of eah Par over he o e al helf ajae o oa a of he pr ple ha he bou ar o leave o eah Par ever po of he o e al helf whh le earer o oa ha o he oa of he oher Par. ?eherla a De mark argue ha he ue of h meho o he aure of a merel o ve o al oblgao bu or mu ow be regare a volv g a rule ha par of he orpu of ge eral er ao al law;-a lke oher rule of ge eral or uomar er ao al law b g o Germa auomaall a epe e l of a pef ae re or re gve b he laer. Vh o e o ha boh a pove law a a more fu ame al ape. a maer of pove law bae o he work o e h fel b er ao al legal boe o Sae prae a o he flue e arbue o he Ge eva Co ve o elf-he lam be g ha hee varou faor have umulavel eve e or bee reave of he op o # Y YY reque for he formao of ew rule of uomar er ao al law. Y fu ame al ape he vew pu forwar erve from wha mgh be alle he aural law of he o e al helf he e e ha he equa e pr ple ee a a eear expreo he fel of elmao of he aepe or e of he exluve appure a e of he o e al helf o he earb oaal Sae a herefore a hav g a a pror haraer of o o peak jur evabl. Vhe Cour oe o agree wh he o e o of ?eherla a De mark. Y o er g he equa e meho he Y er ao al Law Commo ' uo reveal ha o o l wa he oo of equa e ever o ere from he a po of hav g a haraer of here ee² wa ever gve a peal prom e e a all a era l o pror. Vhe Cour oe ha he pr ple of equa e a ow fgure r. 6 wa propoe b he YLC wh o erable heao omewha o a experme al ba a mo Y+YY Y Y Y+ a o a all Y+YY+ or a a emerg g rule of uomar er ao al law. Vh learl o he or of fou ao o whh r. 6 of he Co ve o oul be a o have reflee or rall e uh a rule. De mark & ?eherla furher argue ha eve f a he ae of he Ge eva Co ve o o he Co e al Shelf o rule of CYL favor of he equa e pr ple a o uh rule wa rall e r. 6 uh a rule ha ome o be g e he o ve o parl beaue of ow mpa parl o he bau of ubeque ae prae. Vhe Cour oe o agree͙ + Y ( Y . Y woul be eear ha he provo houl a all eve poe all be of a fu ame all orm-rea g haraer uh a oul be regare a form g he ba of a ge eral rule of law. Co ere he equa e pr ple mgh be a o fulfll h requreme . e he parular form whh emboe r. 6 a hav g regar o he relao hp of ha rle o oher provo h mu be ope o ome oub. Y he fr plae r. 6 o frame a o pu ?D 2 he oblgao o make ue of he equa e meho au g o ome afer a prmar oblgao o effe elmao b agreeme . Suh a prmar oblgao o ue a u uual prefae o wha lame o be a poe al ge eral rule of law. Whou.

(109) c cc c9 c ¬. ¬. ¬. aemp g o e er o ll le pro ou e upo a queo of # Y well u eroo ha prae rule of er ao al law a b agreeme be erogae from parular ae or a bewee parular pare-bu h o ormall he ubje of a expre provo a r. 6. Seo l he par plae b he oo of peal ruma e relave o he pr ple of equa e a emboe r. 6 a he ver o erable ll u reolve o rovere a o he exa mea g a ope of h oo mu rae furher oub a o he poe all orm-rea g haraer of he rule. F all he faul of mak g reervao o r. 6 whle mgh o of elf preve he equa e pr ple be g eve uall reeve a ge eral law oe a o erabl o he fful of regar g h reul a hav g bee brough abou (or be g poe all poble) o he ba of he Co ve o ² for o lo g a h faul o ue o ex a o he ubje of a revo brough abou o eque e of a reque mae u er r. g3-of whh here a pree o offal ao - he Co ve o elf whh woul for he reao alrea ae eem o e o he provo of r. 6 he ame orm-rea g haraer a for a e r. g a 2 poe. ) Y Y Y YY Y YY + Y++ . Y Y Y/ egare eear before a o ve o al rule a be o ere o have beome a ge eral rule of er ao al law mgh be ha eve whou he paage of a o erable pero of me a ver weprea a repree ave parpao he o ve o mgh uffe of elf prove lue ha of Sae whoe ere were peall affee. c Y Y Y + Y Y +Y lhough he paage of o l a hor pero of me o eearl or of elf a bar o he formao of a ew rule of uomar er ao al law o he ba of wha wa org all a purel o ve o al rule a pe able requreme woul be ha wh he pero queo hor hough mgh be Sae prae lu g ha of Sae whoe ere are peall affee houl have bee boh @

(110) !

(111) he e e of he provo voke; a houl moreover have ourre uh a wa a o how a ge eral reog o ha a rule of law or legal oblgao volve. c. &

(112) 2A ;>>3

(113) $* !Vh a legal halle ge brough b Ehopa & Lbera aga Souh fra wh repe o he prae of aparhe (alhough ever me o e here ). Y how how eural rule a lea o ba a paral. Vhe ao bae o he ma ae gve o Souh fra o promoe he maeral & moral well-be g & oal progre of haba of he Souh We fra error. Vhe Cour o ee o he mer beaue o o er he ae a volv g a legal ue beaue here wa o law prohb g aparhe. Vhe ppla re o erve a legal rgh or ere he o u of he ¯a ae for Souh We fra from he mple pr ple of he ͞are ru. Vhe pr ple e forh here have bee oblerae laer ae. Fu ame al equal ow o ere a Y Y oblgao e a fu ame al huma rgh. Souhwe fra (SW) o e ha Souh fra exer g am rave power over he her error b vrue of a ma ae prae Y e. ha guhe a o rae olor ao al or rbal org eablh g he rgh a ue of he haba of he Verror; ha uh prae volao of oblgao a ae rle 2 of he ¯a ae a rle 22 of he Cove a of he League of ?ao ; a ha he U o ha he u forhwh o. Page 3 of g *. eae he prae of Y he Verror. Furhermore Souh fra b vrue of he eo om polal oal a euao al pole apple wh SW ha fale o promoe o he umo he maeral a moral well-be g a oal progre of he haba of he Verror; ha falure o o o volao of oblgao a ae he eo paragraph of rle 2 of he ¯a ae a rle 22 of he Cove a ; a ha he U o ha he u forhwh o eae volao a aforea a o ake all praable ao o fulfll ue u er uh rle. c + +Y+Y+ *+ Y ha bee aempe o erve a legal rgh or ere he o u of he ¯a ae from he mple exe e or pr ple of he "are ru". Vhe are ru wa a wa a "are ru of vl ao " a he e all vl e ao ha a ere ee g ha wa arre ou. Bu orer ha h ere mgh ake o a pefall legal haraer he are ru elf mu be or beome omeh g more ha a moral or huma ara eal. Y orer o ge erae legal rgh a oblgao mu be gve jural expreo a be lohe legal form. Vhe moral eal mu o be o fue wh he legal rule e e o gve effe. Vhe pr ple of he "are ru" ha o reual jural o e whh oul o far a a parular ma ae o er e operae Y Yo gve re o legal rgh a oblgao oue he em a a whole.. &! Bú!Ý

(114)

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(117) - c c$ $cc c c c c$/c ,cc $ c /cc - Pr ple of YL o o reog e a rule of u laeral a ef ve qualfao b he Sae gra g ploma alum. - Vhe par whh rele o a uom of h k mu prove ha h uom eablhe uh a ma er ha ha beome b g o he oher par. Vhe appla mu prove ha he rule voke b aora e wh a $cc c prae b he Sae queo .

(118) $* !

(119)

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(121) g. c c9 cc(re-fu-ma) ʹ pe g am rave qur a o e leme o refugee au ou houl o be brough bak o our homeae 2. cccc$cccccc c ʹ owha g lak of va papor

(122) pero who ha o leave h her home eher² g. o avo proeuo 2. o avo arme o fl ?oe² Vhere mu be a $c$ c c c. ¯a ue² WO? Colomba u laeral a ef ve qualfao ha ela Vorre a polal refugee b g o Peru uh ha he a be gve afe o u paage o Columba

(123) Colomba o e a he ou r gra g alum ha ompee o qualf he offe e for he purpoe of he a alum wh he lm of he oblgao reul g parular from he Bolvara greeme o Exrao ca he Co ve o o lum a of mera er ao al law ge eral a ha Peru a he erroral Sae bou he ae ow before he Cour o gve he guara ee eear for he eparure of úaa e la Vorre from he ou r wh ue regar o he volabl of h pero . Peru o he oher ha o e ha hecgra of alum b he Colomba mbaaor a Lma o úaa e la Vorre wa mae volao of.

(124) c cc c9 c ¬. ¬. ¬. rle g paragraph g a rle ôparagraph 2 em Y prmera) of he Co ve o o lum." + YcVhe Par whh rele o a uom of h k mu prove ha h uom eablhe uh a ma er ha ha beome b g o he oher Par. Vhe Colomba Gover me mu prove ha he rule voke b aora e wh a o a a u form uage prae b he Sae queo a ha h uage he expreo of a rgh appera g o he Sae gra g alum a a u umbe o he erroral Sae. Vh follow from rle Ú of he Saue of he Cour whh refer o er ao al uom ͞a eve e of a ge eral prae aepe a law. Y uppor of o e o o er g he exe e of uh a uom he Colomba Gover me ha referre o a large umber of exrao reae whh a alrea expla e a have o bear g o he queo ow u er o erao . Y ha e o ve o a agreeme whh o o o a a provo o er g he allege rule of u laeral a ef ve qualfao uh a he ¯o eveo Co ve o of g889co er ao al pe al law he Bolvara greeme of g9ggca he úava a Co ve o of g928.cY ha voke o ve o whh have o bee rafe b Peru uh a he ¯o eveo Co ve o of g933 a g939. Vhe Co ve o of g933cha fa bee rafe b o more ha eleve Sae a he Co ve o of g939 b wo Sae o l. Y parularl he ¯o eveo Co ve o of g933 whh Cou el for he Colomba Gover me ha alo rele o h o eo . Y o e e ha h Co ve o ha merel ofe pr ple whh were alrea reog e b La -mera uom a ha val aga Peru a a proof of uomar law. Vhe . c c c .c $cc. c c cccc c c a furhermore valae b he preamble whh ae ha h Co ve o mofe he úava a Co ve o .. 6?

(125) ?+

(126)

(127) 2 ;<13 Y Y Y Y +Y

(128) $* !We are vl e people ow o we o o harh h g o eah oher. po o al Jak Kookoork u g a a VM how ho. Kookoorhk a former ua e fle a peo for aural ao aompa e wh uppor g affav of 2 e op of a wor elarao of e o a proper oe of he hear g. Bu ue o he Japa ee vao he ae wa upe e a he oume pree e were eroe. Vhe ae wa reo ue afer he war a a reoluo wa eve uall ue gra g he peo . ) Y Y+Y Y YYlhough a ua b brh he o a e of Sove ua. úe lam allega e o he pree Commu Gover me of ua. úe herefore a aele refugee h ou r belo g g o o Sae muh le o he pree Gover me of he la of h brh o whh he u omprom gl oppoe. úe o aga orga e gover me or afflae wh a aoao whh uphol a eahe or e oppo g all orga e gover me . úe oe o beleve he ee or propre of vole e pero al aaul or aa ao for he ue or preom a e of h ea. ?eher he a polgam or a belever he prae of polgam. úe o uffer g from a me al ale ao or urable o agou eae. ppellee' emo bee be g u o rae uppore b he well-k ow fa ha he ruhle e of moer aorhp ha aere hroughou he worl a large umber of aele refugee or plae pero whou ou r a whou. Page J of g *. flag. Vhe ra al olera e of a aorhp owar all oppoo ue hem o reor o beal oppreo o e rao amp a bloo purge & o l aural ha he o-o-foru ae o e who were able o eape o foreg ou re houl feel he lo of all bo of aahme o he hell whh were formerl her faherla '. Peo er belo g o ha group of aele refugee. Y Y + YY + Y+ Y YY ,+ -Y. Y -YVhe reor of he Bureau of Jue where he elarao of e o o beome a Flp o e were fle ha bee lo or eroe ur g he bale for he lberao of ¯a la & he erfae allue o ha o bee reo ue. ppella ' o e o ha aahme of he erfae of arrval ee al o he val of a elarao f o uppor he wor g of he law a Se. 5 of Commo wealh o. 473 ue he wor "ha bee ue..

(129) 2 ;D<3 Ý

(130) U laeral elarao a be b g. m Whe he e o of he Sae mak g he elarao ha houl beome bou aor g o erm ha e o o fer o he elarao he haraer of a legal u erak g. u erak g of h k f c $ a cc ccc eve hough o mae wh he o ex of er ao al egoao b g. Vhe Cour ha fou ha he lam of ?ew Zeala urala o lo ger ha a obje a ha he Cour wa herefore o alle upo o gve a eo hereo . Vhe proee g ue before he Cour o er e he legal of amopher ulear e o ue b Fra e he Souh Paf; he org al a ulmae objeve of ?ew Zeala urala o oba a erm ao of hoe; Fra e b varou publ aeme mae g974 ha a ou e e o follow g he ompleo of he g974 ere of amopher e o eae he o u of uh e; he Cour f ha he objeve of ?ew Zeala urala ha effe bee aomplhe amuh a Fra e ha u erake he oblgao o hol o furher ulear e he amophere he Souh Paf; he pue hav g hu appeare he lam o lo ger ha a obje a here oh g o whh o gve jugme . Wh regar Fra e elarao he fr of hee aeme o a e a ommu qué whh wa ue b he Offe of he Pree of he Fre h epubl o 8 Ju e g974 a ra me parular o he ppla ² ". . . vew of he age reahe arr g ou he Fre h ulear efe e programme Fra e wll be a poo o pa o o he age of u ergrou exploo a oo a he ere of e pla e for h ummer omplee". Furher aeme are o a e a ?oe from he Fre h Emba Well go a leer from he Pree of Fra e o he Prme ¯ er of ?ew Zeala a pre o fere e gve b he Pree of he epubl a peeh mae b he ¯ er for Foreg ffar he U e ?ao Ge eral embl a a elevo ervew a pre o fere e b he ¯ er for Defe e. Vhe Cour o er ha hee aeme o ve a a ou eme b Fra e of e o o eae he o u of amopher ulear e follow g he o luo of he g974 ere. 8

(131) !

(132) " /Y well reog e ha elarao mae b wa of u laeral a o er g legal or faual uao ma have he effe of rea g legal oblgao . ?oh g he aure of a . . or a ubeque aepa e or eve a reao from oher Sae .

(133) c cc c9 c ¬. ¬. ¬. requre for uh elarao o ake effe. ?eher he queo of form eve. Vhe e o of be g bou o be aera e b a erpreao of he a. Vhe b g haraer of he u erak g reul from he c cc$ a bae o c eree Sae are e le o requre ha he oblgao be repee. Y he pree ae he ppla whle reog g he pobl of he pue be g reolve b a u laeral elarao o he par of Fra e ha ae ha vew he pobl of furher amopher e ha bee lef ope eve afer he Fre h aeme me o e above. Vhe Cour mu however form ow vew of he mea g a ope e e o be gve o hee u laeral elarao . úav g regar o her e o a o he ruma e whh he were mae he mu be hel o o ue a e gageme of he Fre h Sae. Fra e ha o vee o he worl a large lu g he ppla e o effevel o erm ae amopher e. Y wa bou o aume ha oher Sae mgh ake oe of hee aeme a rel o her be g effeve. Y rue ha Fra e ha o reog e ha bou b a rule of er ao al law o erm ae e bu h oe o affe he legal o eque e of he aeme queo he u laeral u erak g reul g from hem a o be erpree a hav g bee mae mpl rela e o a arbrar power of reo erao .. $ *

(134) (@ &

(135)

(136)

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(140) 2 F +

(141) 3 2 ;;=3 ( Cae of he u ergrou ulear e (equel of he prevou ae). ( Juge Weerama r e (Sr favore YCJ juge)² ?o -b g rume a ll have b g effe f he are aeme of uomar orm.. Vhe Cour ha e ow eo ha ?ew Zeala ' eque for a Exam ao of he Suao aora e wh Paragraph 63 of he Cour' g974 Jugme he !+Y VY Y!Y/Y+ , Y mae o 2g ugu g995 "oe o fall wh he provo of he a paragraph 63 a mu o eque l be me." Co eque l ?ew Zeala ' reque for provo al meaure a he applao for permo o erve e ubme b urala Samoa Solomo Yla he ¯arhall Yla a he Feerae Sae of ¯ro ea a well a he elarao of erve o mae b he la four Sae all of whh are proee g e al o ?ew Zeala ' ma reque lkewe ha o be me. Vhe Cour lme he pree proee g o he exam ao of he follow g queo ² "Do he eque ubme o he Cour b he Gover me of ?ew Zeala o 2g ugu g995 fall wh he provo of paragraph 63 of he Jugme of he Cour of 20 Deember g974 he ae o er g !+Y VY !Y/Y+ , Y

(142) ". Y he Cour' vew ha queo ha wo eleme . Vhe fr eleme o er he oure of proeure e vage b he Cour paragraph 63 of g974 Jugme whe ae ha "he ppla oul reque a exam ao of he uao Y Y Y0 Y"; he oher o er he queo wheher he "ba" of ha Jugme ha bee "affee" wh he mea g of paragraph 63 hereof. Y exam ao of ha queo he Cour fou he fr plae ha b er g paragraph 63 he above-me o e phrae he Cour o exlue a peal proeure for ae o (u lke hoe me o e he Cour' Saue lke he fl g of a ew applao or a reque for. Page of g *. erpreao or revo whh woul have bee ope o he ppla a eve ). Seo l however he Cour fou ha ha peal proeure woul o l be avalable o he ppla f ruma e were o are whh affee he ba of he g974 Jugme . ha fou wa o he ae a he ba of ha Jugme wa Fra e' u erak g o o o u a furher amopher ulear e a o l a reumpo of ulear e he amophere woul herefore have affee . Y o poble for he Cour ow o ake o o erao queo rela g o u ergrou ulear e; a ha he Cour a o herefore ake aou of he argume erve b ?ew Zeala o he o e ha from he o o whh Fra e ha o ue u ergrou ulear e e g974 a o he oher from he evelopme of er ao al law ree eae - a parularl he o luo o 25 ?ovember g986 of he ?oumea Co ve o - a more ha of he argume erve b Fra e from he o u of he ?ew Zeala Gover me e g974. Y f all oberve ha Orer whou prejue o he oblgao of Sae o repe a proe he aural e vro me oblgao o whh boh ?ew Zeala a Fra e have he pree a e reaffrme her ommme . ! 8

(143) 2 ;;>3 Ý

(144) ( U e ?ao Ge eral embl eve f o -b g ma be ue a eve e of ae prae a op o jur. Y ha probave value. ( ?o op o jur² Vhe o -ue of ulear weapo wa $ cc c1 . Y ma be a ha he ae o lke. úowever he ulear ae ma a ha here o ee for hem o ue beaue a effeve eerre o arme o fl. ( F al ah-all provo of he úague Co ve o ² ¯are laue² Y efaul of pef rea or legal ba ͞ma k o ue o be u er he proeo of publ er ao al law publ o e e a law of huma .

(145) $* !úow a he a ha o publ healh ue

(146) Vh he eo mo oorou YCJ eo eo o l o Souhwe fra ae. Wha o he mea b a g ͞poeo of ulear weapo o per e llegal o l whe ue a arme o fl. Vhe Serear-Ge eral of he U e ?ao offall ommu ae o he egrar he $ cccc

(147) c' cc cc0 cccc cc c ² o reque he Y er ao al Cour of Jue urge l o re er avor op o o he follow g queo ² :Yccccc c$c c cc$ $ $c cc c;:/< Y+Y+.Y Vhe Cour oberve ha ha alrea ha oao o ae ha queo "frame erm of law a ra g] problem of er ao al law . . . are b her ver aure uepble of a repl bae o law . . . a ] appear . . . o be queo of a legal haraer". Y f ha he queo pu o he Cour b he Ge eral embl ee a legal o e e he Cour ake o rule o he ompabl of he hrea or ue of ulear weapo wh he releva pr ple a rule of er ao al law. Vo o h he Cour mu e f he ex g pr ple a rule erpre hem a appl hem o he hrea or ue of ulear weapo hu offer g a repl o he queo poe bae o law. Vhe fa ha h queo.

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