www.beautiful-basements.co.uk
Construction
Technology 3
Assignment 2: Basement Construction
Dr. Patrick Tang, School of Architecture and the Built Environment Michael Dernee C3089219
Abstract:
In the brief for the basement, there is the potential for rapid expansion. The Amazon highway is very close and noise pollution could affect the building’s potential. Therefore the basement will be as low as possible allowing noise pollution to travel over the proposed building. Techniques will ensure that the least amount of energy will be needed to create the building and that the materials used will be long lasting to create not only an environmentally sustainable building but a physically sustainable building that will stand for many years.
Appendix:
Title Page ... i Abstract ... ii Appendix ... iii Physical ... 1 • Use ... 1 • Location ... 1 • Volume (horizontal) ... 1 • Clear site ... 1 • Volume (vertical) ... 1 • Type of soil ... 2 • Water table ... 2 • Disposal ... 2 Mechanical ... 3 • Fixed ... 3 • Moving ... 3 • Transport system ... 4• Excavation lateral support system ... 5
• Ground water control ... 6
• Foundation ... 7
Shallow foundation ... 7
Deep footings ... 7
• Basement construction method ... 8
• Slab ... 8 • Waterproof membrane ... 9 • Drainage ... 10 • Columns ... 11 • Suspended slab ... 12 Cost analysis ... 13 Pictorial explanation ... 14 Conclusion ... 17 Bibliography
... 18
Physical:
• Use
Basement allocation: the use of the basement will be for car parking, to help shoppers of the centre above (assignment two) for maximum shoppers.
• Location
Streetscape: the streetscape of the building will be on Davidson Road, Hill Street and Amazon Highway, where the ground level will be two metres below Amazon Highway to remove some of the sound of the highway, whilst still advertising that there are shops there.
Entrance: the location of the entrance will be on Davidson Road (shown in site plan). The reason for this is it is a more open location where an entrance would be.
Exit: the location of the exit will be on Olive Street (shown in site plan). The reason for this is a quiet street for easy exiting to the road.
Basement location: the basement will take up the whole area to allow for the highest amount of parking spaces; there will be a two metre inwards perimeter of the site, so that in construction the pathway can still be used.
• Clear site
Clearing vegetation: 9 trees, 3 trees under 500mm, 6 trees 500/1000mm.
Removal of trees: cost estimates, 500mm less $162 each, 500-1000 $162 each. Therefore total cost would accumulate to $1488.
• Volume (horizontal)
Basement size: 2,900,000mm2
Building floor area: 2,900,000mm2
• Volume (vertical)
Depth: the depth of the basement will not go further than +56m from sea level (5 metres in depth)
Amount of excavation: 14,911m3
Cost of excavation: the cost of excavation of soft rock is $65.40m3
• Type of soil
Reactive ability: there will be a combination of Made Ground : Very stiff (compacted) ashy sandy clay with brick and tile rubble and fine to coarse gravel, Medium dense becoming dense grey fine to coarse angular to sub rounded flint gravel with cobbles, and a trace of sand.
Compressive strength: the soils are closely dense, such that a foundation will need to be reinforced but will only have to be a shallow one.
• Water table
Height: The water table does not go higher than +45m from sea level (16m in depth) and
therefore there is no need to worry about the water level and the use of a water pump, yet still a need for waterproofing.
• Disposal
Type: as there is no known location of the site or local disposal areas, this cannot be answered, but as shown in the mechanical disposal section (page) many different combinations can occur. It can be used as infill for another site.
Mechanical:
• Fixed:
Name Picture Volume (V) Load (L) /
hour (H)
V x L / H Suited conditions Price
Shovel face
farm4.static.flickr.com
0.3 – 6m3 80 24 – 480m3 Soil below or level and
forwards
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Backhoe excavators101.com
0.1 – 1.8m3 40 4 - 72m3 Soil above dug down and
backwards
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Clamshell, grab kensdiecastconstructionmodels.com
0.8 - 6m3 45 36 - 270m3 Soil deep below (even
vertical) picked up
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Dragline www.nkmz.com
0.3 - 3m3 55 16 - 165m3 Coal Mines N/A (was not in
the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Summary: For the site and its contours as the basement will be dug from the east to the west the best fixed
excavator would be the shovel face.
• Moving:
Picture Depth Distance Action Price
Bulldozer
classroomclipart.com
400mm 100m Moving top soil and spreading the
earth, flattening the land
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010)
Loader
coalcliff.com
1000mm 200m Shallow excavation, slope excavation,
loading material to transport system
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Scrapers fhwa.dot.gov 150 – 300mm
3000m Collecting material, hauling it and
discharging it, usually used in road construction.
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010)
Summary: as the site is not very big the scraper is not useful, a combination of the loader and bulldozer would be the best was to move the material and load it onto the transport system.
• Transport System: Transport
Systems
Picture Distance Suited Conditions Price
Dump trucks
elph.com.au
0.8km – 10km Close proximity removal,
small to medium sized jobs
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Conveyor motorsandbearingsconcept.com 1km – 5km Medium proximity
removal, large sized jobs high longevity
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Rail northernrockiesrisingtide.files.wordpress.com/
5km – 100km Far proximity removal,
huge sized jobs, higher longevity
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010)
Summary: as the location is unknown, there is no way to find out where the closest place is to relocate the soil, but just from the site plan the location is built up so the use of a conveyor belt is not the way to go. A
combination of a dump truck and rail may need to be used if the relocating area is far away. But if close the use of only a dump truck would be a better option.
• Excavation lateral support system:
Method Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Suitability Price
Sheet pile: permanent
geelongadvertiser.com.au
Interlocking prefabricated steel piles that form a wall that is continuous and permanent Light weight, adaptable, high resistance to tensile stresses Boulder obstruction, vibration, noise pollution, water seepage, cost, professional needed. Harbour quays, restriction of water acting as a cofferdam $54,750 Sheet pile: Temporary Interlocking prefabricated steel piles that form a temporary wall Can be reused, adaptable Temporary restriction of water (cofferdam) to allow a basement construction, piers and houses that have a high water table
$41,000
Soldier pile
merelaconsultants.com
Vertical steel H sections with horizontal timber lagging that sit in-between or behind
Low cost, fast and easy to construct Susceptible to the movement of ground. Most suitable when the wall is above the water table, with free draining soils.
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Bored pile: continuous sbe.napier.ac.uk
Soldier piles that are repeated to create a wall
Stiff walls, good in confined site space, minimal vibration, low noise, flexible plan, avoids excessive excavation, can be used as footings Slow, vertical joinery is difficult, low reinforcement
Soldier piles are used mainly as they are cheap and don’t disturb the surroundings as much as other walls $8,200 Bored pile: tangent
Continuous bore piles that meet at their tangential axis
$14,300
Bored Pile: interlocking
Continuous bore piles that have in their gap
secondary piles that are unreinforced weak concrete mix
$21,000
Bored pile: secant
Continuous bore piles where the primary piles are the unreinforced piles and the secondary piles are reinforced
$23,700
Diaphragm
itm-ltd.com
A trench that is filled with slurry to prevent a collapse when reaching its depth reinforcement is lowered and the concrete displaces the slurry
Impermeable, can be used as the facade, flexible, little noise, deep work, lack of joints, can be used as footings Expensive, large area needed
Good for water tight needing areas, top down construction, used in very unstable soils $69,000 Soil Nailing coastalcaisson.com
Inserting near horizontal steel bars into ground and grouting over to stabilise the soil
Cheap, light machinery, little noise, less rigid layout needed
Soil loss, only for shallow depths
Stabilize slopes or excavations.
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010)
Summary of Excavation lateral support systems: Sheet pile: permanent Sheet pile: temporary Soldier pile Bored pile: contiguous Bored pile: tangent Bored Pile: interlocking Bored pile: secant Diaphragm Soil Nailing Permanent structural concrete wall formed in one operation ahead of excavation x x x x x x Substantially watertight wall preventing draw down to groundwater x x Ability to deal with obstructions economically x x x x x x Vertically better than 1:200 with little overbreak x x x x x x x x Lack of vibration/noise x Temporary gaps left in wall to allow service diversions x x
Vertical loads can be permanently carried
x x x x x
Summary: Due to the soil, the usefulness of how close it can get to the boundary and the use of it as a wall after excavation the diaphragm wall will be used. The diaphragm wall is also long lasting and therefore sustainable compared to the other methods that have to be replaced and fixed
• Ground Water Control: As the basement will not go deeper than 12.3 m there is no need to use any
water pump during excavation.
Summary: There is no need for ground water control during the excavation due to the depth of the building not exceeding the water table.
• Foundation Construction method: Shallow foundation
Method Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Application price
Pad
2.bp.blogspot.com
A footing remote to broaden a load. Cheap, easy, simple, little materials used Not good in weak soils. Or reactive soils
Hard soils, inert soils
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Strip lh5.ggpht.com
A footing that goes around the perimeter of the ground in a longitudinal direction where the load is.
Strongest shallow foundation, can be changed for the different soils Not good on highly reactive soils, more complicated than the pad footing Medium soils to hard soils
(un
reinforced)
248 cum
(reinforced)
251cum
Raft moladi.comA single slab is poured with the reinforcement and footings all ready.
Lightweight, both slab and foundation created at once making it very strong Complicated compared to the pad footing, a lot of time in preparation has to take place Medium to hard soils
240 cum
Summary: Strip footings will be used as they are the strongest shallow footings, with the depth of the footings calculated by the engineer. As they are the strongest they will not need to be fixed or replaced and because of that it is quite sustainable. They will also be reinforced.
Deep footings
Method Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Application
Piled (bedrock)
www.pile-driving.com
The pile reaches solid bedrock and can put all the weight on the bedrock. Most solid foundation possible Sometimes may need to go very deep to uncover bedrock
Soft, reactive clays and soils
Piled (Friction)
bored-piles.com
The pile does not reach any ground and has to use the friction around to allow the building to stand. Strongest foundation in locations without bedrock Complicated, many calculations need to be done and a lot of testing on the soil needed to ensure the footings will hold
Soft, reactive clays and soils with no bedrock
Caissons
kshitija.files.wordpress.com
Hollowed hole where concrete can be poured into
More quiet than the other two deep footings.
Time taken to make Soft, reactive clays
and soils, where heavy machinery cannot be used
• Basement construction method:
Method Open-cut Vertical cut Top-down
Picture
brhgarver.com simplex-foundations.co.uk
personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/pl.html
Size of site Very large open site Small sized open site Large sized site
Site environment Unobstructed Adaptable to most environments Adaptable to most complex
environments
Protection Simplest protection Complex lateral support
required
Limited shoring support where required
Special provision Not much Not much Temporary vertical
Soil removal Using ramp Staged platform or ramp Vertical shaft bucket or bucket
Summary: Due to the use of the diaphragm wall, there are two choices, the vertical cut or the top down. The vertical cut is more suited for the site and will therefore be used as it is not a big site.
• Slab
Type Picture Description Strength Price
Concrete (in situ)
undergroundconstruction.ie
150mm thick, poured concrete into a mould
The strength can change with the additives used and the reinforcement used. For such a site no real additives need to be used as there are no large stresses upon the slab. But normal additives like super plasticizers to allow for higher workability concrete and pozzolans that increase the strength of the concrete will be used to help with strength and curing time
161.00 sqm
Precast Concrete
www.megaprefab.com
150mm thick, concrete that is set off site and relocated to site.
100-120 sqm
Summary: Both ways of creating a slab are strong, but because there are retaining walls that the slab has to fit into, in situ concrete will be used as it can chemically bond to the diaphragm wall making everything
• Waterproofing
Type Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Price
Liquid membrane img.alibaba.com A polymer liquid that is painted on to form an impermeable barrier
Good for complex structures
Cannot be used under the slab
38m2 Bituminous paint www.larsenbuildingproducts.com A liquid that is painted on to form an impermeable barrier
Good for complex structures
Cannot be used under the slab
12.4m2
Styrofoam
www.tru-guardwaterproofing.com
A solid polymer that is solid and rigid that forms an
impermeable barrier
Can be used under the slab
Not as useful as the other waterproof membranes in complex situations 22.4m2 Polymer membrane imghost1.indiamart.com A polymer that is solid but not rigid that forms an impermeable barrier
Can be used for complex structures. Can be used under the slab.
Time taken to set up can take some time.
28.2m2
Summary: As the slab is in situ the use of a polymer membrane or a Styrofoam membrane is the most useful as it can cover under the concrete. The polymer membrane will be used as it is better in difficult situations. It also doesn’t have to be replaced unlike the bituminous paint so it will last a long time making it more sustainable.
• Drainage
Type Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Price
Tanking
www.gundle.co.za
Creating an impermeable barrier that doesn’t allow water in but if water does come in it gets pumped out
Water table can be above the basement floor Needs a pump, makes noise 12-38m2 Cavity drainage oxfordbasements.co.uk Drainage that allows a gap in the membrane to a drainage channel.
Un noticeable gaps Water table has to
be below basement Has to have a flooring unit above the concrete, where the car park won’t need it
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) Exterior foundation drain www.wvdhsem.gov
Drainage that uses an exterior system to drain away
Most effective way of draining, that is quick
Water table has to be below basement
N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010)
Summary: The use of the exterior foundation drain will be installed as the water table is 11m lower than the lowest point of the basement. The exterior foundation drain is also the quickest diffuse way of relocating water.
• Columns
Type Picture Description Strength Price
Reinforced Concrete (in situ)
www.betoonelement.ee
200mm in diameter, with rebar reinforcement.
Very strong 201.00 sqm
Reinforced Precast Concrete
www.emarateurope.ae
300X300 cast off site and delivered ready to lock into place
Very strong 490.00 sqm
Steel
www.brisbanehouseraising.com.au
150X150 cast offsite, lightweight yet has no great compressive strength
Medium 247.00 sqm
Timber
thepostandbeam.files.wordpress.com
Oregon wood 100X100. Not long lasting compared to the concrete
Weak 35.80 sqm
Brickwork
img.archiexpo.com
350X230 although a strong column it takes a long time to make.
Strong 57.70 sqm
Summary: Concrete will be used as columns in this building being long lasting, as the timber and steel do corrode over time and the brickwork takes too long to make. The reason for in situ concrete is it can chemically join to the base plate making it a stronger bond
• Suspended slab
Type Picture Description Strength Price
Concrete (in situ)
undergroundconstruction.ie
150mm thick, poured concrete into a mould
The strength can change with the additives used and the reinforcement used. For such a site no real additives need to be used as there are no large stresses upon the slab. But normal additives like super plasticizers to allow for higher workability concrete and pozzolans that increase the strength of the concrete will be used to help with strength and curing time.
161.00 sqm
Precast Concrete
www.megaprefab.com
150mm thick, concrete that is set off site and relocated to site.
100-120 sqm
Summary: Precast concrete will be used as it will be easier to install and it is a lot easier for the precast concrete to be designed to create a waffle design making the slab lighter.
Cost Analysis:
Area of cost Product Unit Price per
unit Amount of products Price Cumulative price Earth moving: clearing the site
Tree >500mm Per tree $162 3 $496 $496
Tree
1000>500mm
Per tree $162 6 $992 $1488
Retaining wall Diaphragm wall Per m2 $420 165.1m2 $69000 $70488
Soil excavation
Excavation of soil for basement
Per m2 $65.4 14,911m3 $975,179 $1,045,667
Footing Strip footings Per m2 $248 570m2 $141,360 $1,187,027
Waterproofing Polymer membrane
Per m2 $28.2 2,900 m2 $81,780 $1,268,807
Drainage Exterior
Foundation Drain
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Slab In situ Reinforced
concrete
Per m2 $161 2,900m2 $466,900 $1,735,707
Columns Reinforced in situ
concrete Per m2 $201 2,900m2 $609,000 $2,344,707 Suspended Slab Precast reinforced waffle designed slab Per m2 $120 2,900m2 $348,000 $2,692,707
Pictorial Explanation:
Process Description Perspective Plan
1. Analysis Entrance, exit, site
size, orientation
2. Retaining wall
Install guide wall, excavate trench, install rebar, check verticality, pour concrete
3. Excavation Vertically cutting
the soil to open up the site
4. Set up Set up and install footings, install waterproof membrane, drainage installed and rebar
5. Ground Slab Pouring the slab
onto set up
6. Columns Set up and
pouring columns into place
7. Suspended Slab
Crane suspended precast slabs onto the allocated points.
Conclusion:
A diaphragm wall will be set up and the site will be open cut by shovel faces and backhoes then bulldozers will flatten it out. It is still unknown how or where the soil will be transported but will most likely be done by a dump truck. There is no need for ground water control due to the low water table and the footings will be strip due to their strength and ability to work around the site. The slab will be in situ concrete with additives like pozzolans and super plasticizers to increase strength and for higher workability. To waterproof the basement a polymer membrane will be below the slab, with the retaining wall also being impermeable. Yet if any water does come in exterior fountain drains will allow the water to go into the ground as the water table is quite low. In situ concrete columns will hold up the precast concrete slabs that are suspended and will be the base of the ground floor that is two metres below the highway to diffuse the sound.
Bibliography:
Book:
• Rawlinson's Australian construction handbook, Perth, W.A. 2010: House Publishing
• Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts Building design and construction handbook, USA, 1994:
McGraw-Hill Professional Publi
• R.A. Johnson Water-resisting basement construction - A Guide: Safeguarding New And Existing
Basements Against Water And Dampness , Great Brittan, 1995: Construction Industry Research and Information Association
• Barry, R. (2001) The Construction of Buildings (Vol 4), 5th Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Internet:
•
http://www.basementconstruction.com.au/Retention%20Systems.html
•
http://www.dincelconstructionsystem.com/documents/BasementConstruction.pdf
•
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement
Lectures:• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 1: Introduction to the course 9/3/10
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 2: Basement Construction 16/3/10
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 3: Foundation Construction 23/3/10
• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 4: Specification and Cost Estimation 30/3/10
