Energy scenario and perspectives in SAARC countries : case study of Bangladesh

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Energy scenario and perspectives in SAARC

countries : case study of Bangladesh

Rafidul Islam Khan 1988 Rafidul Islam Khan. (1988). Energy scenario and perspectives in SAARC countries ‑ case study of Bangladesh. In Economic perspectives of SAARC : Dacca, Bangladesh, 19‑24 November 1988. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre.

https://hdl.handle.net/10356/90759

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Energy Scenario And Perspectives In SAARC Countries Case Study Of Bangladesh

By

Rafidul Islam Khan

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DHAKA, NOVEMBER 19-21]., 1988

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till very low to t.h° r.rd~r of ^0 Kg. of oil equivalent (KgOE)

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The situation in respect of non-commercial/traditional energy resources is no better than that of commercial energy. Its per-capita availability richer decreases these years du to population boom, on one hand, and shrinkages of forest area/re-sources on the other hand. The highly inefficient energy con *• version technology for bio-mas^ adds to the situation.

Realizing the importance of energy in development, govern-ment of Bangladesh has attached high priority for the auggovern-menta- augmenta-tion end development of energy resources of the country includ-ing their efficient use. The allocation for energy development has been raised in successive plan period, and is about 23% of the total public sector outlay in Third Five Year Plan(1985-90).

The energy situation of other SAARC countries except India is no better than that of Bangladesh. All are energy importing countries to a varying degree. Some of these countries use over 95% traditional energy resources in total energy consumption and some of them import 100% of their commercial energy resou-rces „ The present resouresou-rces base for commercial energy is also very -T .^ in many of these countries, although some of them have good potentials/prospects

In this paper, I have attempted to discuss the energy si-tuation in Bangladesh, its present consumption status, resources base, future perspectives, energy policy and development strategy -and the success and failure in the energy area. I have also

tou-ched upon the broad energy situation in SAARC countries and rhigh-lighted the areas of co-operation and collaboration among "them. I also underscored the role of journalist in solving

Eeriergy problems of their respective country as well as fostering rco-operation among the SAARC countries. A conclusion has been prawn at the end.

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1_ ENERGY SCENARIO IN BANGLADESH

1.1 General :

The economy of Bangladesh is characterized by a very low energy use. The per-capita energy consumption hardly exceeds

i65 Kg. of oil equivalent (Kg OE) in the year 1987-88. About 30% of this energy is derived frcm commercial ccui-.J c-nd the rest from traditional sources. According to World Bank Develop-ment Report of 1988, the per-capita commercial enc/gy consump-tion of the country was \\S KgOE, only 1l|.% of the average cons-umption of 36 low-income countries of the World (Table 1 ) . The

•Oil Crises' of 1970s severely affected the economy of the cou-ntry and its balance of payment situation. The import bill for oil as a percentage of merchandise export earring rose frcm 10% in, 1972-73 to 87% in 1981-82. This however has dropped to 25% in 1987-88 due to fall in oil price in international market since 1983 and containing the quantum of oil importe The

con-sumption oi energy in its primary form dominates the energy sce-nario, with domestic sector consuming as much as 70% of the total fenergy. The energy system of the country is divided into two se-parate markets by the as yet unbridged Jamuna riverc The East

Zone is relatively energy rich, whereas, the Western Zone with similar population has no developed resources of significance. Lhile the dt-;a base and the institutional structure for dealing

«-rith commercial energy is quite developed and organized, these

L.re yet very weak for tradition: 1 energy resources. The very lov/ .evel of the energy consumption along with the greater share of

raditional :nergy indicates a highly under-developed tradition-1 economy of the country,.

i?.„- Commer'ial Energy Situation :

i) The pe T capita primary commercial energy consumption in

1937-81) in about 50 KgOE. About 63% of this energy is supplied by indigenous natural gas, 32% from imported oil an«. the rest from hydel power and imported coal

(Table ';). The average growth rate of commercial energy

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is aboi ! 8% in the last decade.-The sector-wise commercial energy .consumption pattern is shown in Table -• l\.c

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ii) The consumption of natural gas in the year 1987-88 is about l\. Billion Cubic metre which is equivalent to 3.k

million tons of oil.

iii) The import of crude oil and oil-products in 1987-88. is about, 1.8 million tons, i nd this takes a^ay about 25>% of the export earning. The POL consumption in 1987-88 is about 1.7 million tons of which the share of diesel and kerosine is "r'ver 60%.

iv) The per capita scondary energy i.e. electricity genera-tion is also very low to the tune of 60 KWh in 1987-88. The total generation capacity is 1600 MW in 1987-88 of which only 20% is located in the Western Zone, The power

plants in the Eastern Zone is based on natural gas (exc-ept small hydro-power) and those in the Western Zone is based on imported oil. The share of electricity in the total commercial energy is about 30%.

v) An East-West Electric Interconnector to transfer

gas-base i electricity from the East Zone to the West Zone has been in operation since ',982. The present transmission line of 132 KV is being upgraded to 230 KV line so as to enable transfer of about 500 MW of electricity.

vi) The operational efficiency of the power system is not satisfactory with a high system loss of about 35>-^0%. It is assumed that 50% of this loss is due to pilferage or thoft.

vii) The country has only one refinary at Chittagong, with a designed capacity of 1.5 million tons. However, its production pattern compared with product demand has con-sistently shown a shortage of mid-distillate (Kerosine/ diese ) and surplus of naptha and fuel oil.

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viii) The price of commercial energy is reviewed and fixed by the government taking into consideration of both commer-cial and socommer-cial aspects. Differential pricing system for different categories of consumers and for different fuels is in practice. At present the prices of natural gas and electricity are lower than their economic prices, whereas prices for oil products are higher than their border pri», ces.

ix) As on June 30, 1988 a total of 3,35,000 gas connections and 13,61].,000 electricity connections were given to the consumers.

1.3 Traditional Energy Situation :

i) Abou: 70% of the total energy is supplied from traditional energy resources, and 85% of the population living in

rural, areas are more or less entirely dependent on it. Only a small amount of Kerosine is used by them for lig-hting. Table-3 shows the consumption and composition of

traditional energy supplies in 1987-88,

ii) As mo.it part (about 70%) of the traditional energy reso-urces are by-product of agricultural development rather than that of energy planning, their supply is always vul-nerable to natural calamities like flood and drought, & hence rery uncertain.

ii) The growth rate of traditional energy supplies is more or lee s stagnant. The forest area which cover about 1l+% of the landmass is shrinking due to population boom. The felling rate of trees execeeds their regeneration rate. This has resulted ecological imbalance in some part of the cc?.ntry.

Liv) The pi .'sent energy conversion technologies particularly the cc;king stove, are highly inefficient resulting in under- tilization of the scarce resources.

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2. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR ENERGY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Planning Commission of the Government of Bangladesh is responsible for overall planning and development of energy resources of the country. It formulates objectives, policies, strategies,.priorities and development target in consultation with concerned ministries for short and medium term ( 5> years), and provides necessary allocation to the sector. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources administers and co-ordinates the development activities as well as formulates specific poli-cies. The implementation of the development projects and their operations are done by a number of agencies under the adminis-trative control of the Energy Ministry. At present there are seven agencies and attached departments under the Energy

Minis-try. These are :

i) Bangladesh Oil, Gas & Mineral Corporation (BOGMC)-respon-sible for exploration and development of oil, gas and minerals of the country. The work is done through its subsidiaries.

ii) Power Development Board (PDB)-responsible for generation transmission and partly distribution of electricity in the country.

iii) Rural Electrification Board (REB)-entrusted with the res-ponsibility of distribution of electricity to th? rural areas Jhrough Palli Biddutayan Samity (PBS).

iv) Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC)-responsible for import of crude oil and petroleum products, refining of crude and marketing of -POL through three subsidiary mar-keting companies.

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v) Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB)-responsible for preparation of geological maps of the country and inves-tigating primarily solid mineral resources.

vi) Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) - responsible for conducting researches in various field using atomic energy as well as for developing nuclear power genera-tion.

vii) Bangladesh Petroleum Institute (BPl)-responsible for training of petroleum sector manpower and limited rese-arch.

The activities for rural and renewable energy development spread over a number of ministries and agencies, and greater Dart of these activities are being done in private sector,,

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3. ENERGY RESOURCES

3.1 Commercial Energy Resources :

i)Natural Gas - II4. gas fields have so far been discovered in the country of which c ily one lies in the off-shorec

The estimated reserve is about 12 Trillion uubic feet (TCF). Some of these gas fields contain high amount of condensate (Diesel/Motor spirit) with an estimated res-erve of about 20 million barrels. All the gas fields are located in the eastern zone of the country*

ii) Oil-only one oil field has been discovered at Haripur in Sylhet. The estimated recoverable reserve is 10-15 million barrels. There is a bright prospect of finding more oil/ gas fields in the country.

iii) Coal-Two big coal fields have been discovered in the wes-tern zone of the country. The one at Jamalganj with an estimated reserve of about 1 billion tons of coal lies at a de-th of over 900 metres and hence its economic viabi-lity of exploitation is doubtful. The otner at Barapuku-ria wjth an estimated reserve of 250 million tons and lying between the depths of 150-350 metres seems highly

promising for exploitation. A feasibility study for* this deposit is being undertaken.

iv) Peat ••• Peat occurs throughout the country wit1-', -^wo big

deposits in Faridpur and Khulna. The estimated reserve is abuut 150 million tons on dry weight basis.

v) Hydro-Power-Because of the S":.'.t terrain, the hydro-power potential of the country is limited. According to the

Power System Master Plan (PSMP), the potential hardly ex-ceeds '-500 Gwh mostly from Karnafully River „

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3.2 Traditional Energy Resources :

i) Agricultural Residu~3 - It is estimated that 70 million tons of agricultural residues are produced annually in the country of which 26.6 million tons are used as fuel. These resources can, at best, grow at the rate of 1% per annum in future.

ii) Wood Fuels - The present extraction of woe::~fv•::.:• ..'.: cbout 5.7 million tons of which fuel-wood constitutes k million tons. As the extraction already exceeded the regenera-tion capacity, the future availability of these resources may decrease.

iii) Cowdung - About 6.7 million tons of cow-dung is presently usee1 as fuel. There is little possibility for its

increa-sed availability in future, but its efficiency of use can be significantly increase if these can be used as bio-- gas.

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.3.3 Non- '-onventional/Allternative Energy Resources :

i) Non-tcnventional - Only solar energy of this group can find some application in near future provided cost-effec-tive technologies are developed.

ii)Alternative Energy Resources - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) have t>uiLe possi-bility of future use as a substitute for kerosine and motor spirit respectively in a limited way.

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k. ENERGY DEMAND-SUPPLY SITUATION IN 2000 AD

, 1 Projected Commercial Energy Demand :

As the energy consumption is primarily a function of upply rather than actual demand, its long-term demand projec-ion is difficult. The uncertainties in populatprojec-ion and economic rowth further complicate the matter. Besides, it depends on too any externalities such as resource discovery, price in interna-ional market, availability of fund for energy resources deve-Dpment etc. However, some demand projections has been made as elow :

>urce jj Assumptions jj Projections for

| j 2 Q 0 0 A D (In MTOE)

tngladesl. i) Population: 158 million 12.00 lergy Stvdy in 2000 AD

BSS

i i ) P e r - c a p i t a GDP i n 2000 i n 1972-73 : 1312 p r i c e s

rig lade si i ) Population i n 2000 AD : 10.50 tergy Planning 132e8 m

o j e c t (B-.DP)

i i ) Average GDP growth r a t e between 1985-2000 : 5.8c/o

x h o r ' s i ) P o p u l a t i o n i n 2000 AD: 11+0 m 1ij-,00

ximate _{ii) Per-capita energy}_'_100Kg0E consumption at a level

of 50% of the existing level of India/Pakistan

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1|.3 Demand-Supply Situation in Traditional Energy :

The demand-supply situation in respect of traditional

energy will be more critical in 2000 AD. According to Bangladesh Energy Planning Project (BEPP), even with all efforts for the a augmentation of fuel-wood resources and improvement in the energy conversion- technology, there would be a total deficit of 520 Peta Joules (PJ) of energy, equivalent to 35.5 million tons of fuel -wood during the period 1985 - 2000. This has to be met from co-mmercial/alternative energy resources.

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5„ ENERGY POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN BANGLADESH

5.1 General :

Like most other countries of the world energy was virtua-lly a non-issue in Bangladesh till 1973. This was primarily du to low consumption of commercial energy in the country and the availability of very low priced oil in the international market. The . situation was, however, changed from 197i+ due to two oil shocks, one in early 197U- and the other in 1979-80. The import bill for oil in Bangladesh as a percentage of merchandise export rose from about 10% in 1972-73 to 87% in 1981-82 (Table - 5 ) . However, with the decline of oil price in international market

since 1983 and sudden fall of oil price in 1986, this situation has been changed. The import bill for oil in 1987-88 was about 25% of the export earnings.

In order to arest the critical energy situation of 1970s several quic> policies and measures were adopted by the govern-ment of Bangladesh. Two of such important measures were substitu* tion of imported oil by the indigenous natural gas and keeping the oil prict lower in domestic market than the import price. These measure" saved the country from disaster. Besides, a number of other sctit. as were implemented, which included formulation of a National Energy Policy in 1980, formulation of two master plan on energy in 1976 and 1987 ; preparation of a power system master

plan (PSMP) in 1985 ; creation of Rural Electrification Board in 1978 to supply electricity to rural areas; a New and Renewable Energy Wing ani a Energy Modelling and Economic Wing in Planning "ommission in '982 and 1988 respectively; intensification of hydro-carbon explJira* rorr. activities, massive afforestation programme ; and completion a number of feasibility and other studies for assessment and efficient development of energy resources.

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5.2 Energy Policy and Development Strategy :

The short and long-term energy policy and stretegy of the government are as follows :

i) To make available increased quantum of energy particularly the commercial energy at a reasonable cost to the people.

ii) To reduce dependence on imported oil through increased development of indigenous natural gas.

iii) To intensify exploration activities for the augmentation of hydrocarbon as well as solid energy minerals, and in-volve private sector/multinational oil companies through production sharing contract (PSC).

iv) To aacimise the use of natural gas for power generation and develop power system according to least cost expan-sion programmes.

v ) T o rec.ove regional imbalances in energy consumption by transfering low-cost gas-based electricity of the East Zone to the West Zone through Electrical Inter-connectors as well as taking gas through pipeline.

vi) To ensure efficient use of natural gas and electricity and reduce system loss in Power.

vii) To intei sify extension of power supply to rural areas.

viii) T0 gradually raise the gas price and power tariff to their

economi^ price level for their efficient and economic use and and for generation of sufficient revenue for re-investment keeping in mind the social considerations.

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ix) To augment the bio-mass resources through social fores-try and other afforestation programme.

x) To develop appropriate cost-effective technology for efficient uses of bio-mass, harnessing new renewable energy resources and alternative energy resources.

xi) To reorganize and strengthen existing energy related organizations for proper planning, timely execution and efficient operation and maintenance of projects.

xii) To develop appropriate manpower through proper education and training and reduce dependence on expatriate experts and consultants.

xiii) "o undertake prompt measures for the development of Barapukuria coal and study the feasibility of develop-ing peat domestic and industrial uses.

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6. SUCCESS AND FALLURE IN ENERGY SECTOR

6.1 Success :

i) Substitution of Imported Oil : Through increased use of natural gas, it has been possible to contain the oil im-port at the level of around 1.6 million tons during last decade. The share if natural gas in the total commercial energy mix increased from about 25% in 1971+-75 to 63% in 1987-88, while that of oil dropped from 56% to 31% in the same period.

ii) Rural Electrification Programme : The rural electrifica-tion programme has, by this time, been able to make some dent; in the development of rural areas not only in terms of industrial and agricultural development but also in improving the quality of life of rural people through

hou-e electrification. Till June 1988, a total of 3,32,000 consumers have been provided with electricity.

iii) Pricing Policy of Commercial Energy : The pricing policy so far pursued in respect of oil, gas and electricity, although slightly deviated from the standard practice of fixing price at their economic level, can be considered adequate as it saved the country from economic disaster and r.'elped in boosting up economic activities,

iv) Removal of Regional Disparity- By constructing 132 KV East v/est Interconnector (it is now being upgraded to 230 KV line) it has been possible to transfer about 1700 Gwh of gas-based electricity from the eastern ^ o n a to meet the

during 19o3-oo

energy deficit of the western zone/. This has enabled some improvement in regional disparity and hence economic deve-lopme , t.

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Increase in Per-capita Consumption of Commercial Energy: Inspite of the fact that the per-capita consumption of commercial energy consumption is very low even today, yet due to attachment of high priority by the govern-ment, it has been possible to raise the level of

con-sumption from about 25 KgOE in 1971]--75 is about 50 KgOE in 1987-88. This is a commendable achievement in the preval.ing-. socio-economic conditions.

Failure :

Development of Rural Energy Due to low emphasis in this area both in terms of resource allocation and institu-tional development very little progress has been made in a lgmenting traditional energy resources and in develop-ing and diffusdevelop-ing efficient energy conversion technolo-gies.

Reduction of Power System Loss - Inspite of some <?fi~

O I L S , the power system loss particularly that is due

to theft or pilferage could not be reduced to the desi-red extent. The total system loss even today is about

35-40%.

Imbalanced Development within the Power and Natural Gas Gas System - Severe imbalances exist between the gene-ration of electricity and its transmission and distri-bution due to lack of integrated development programme. So c.lso the case with gas sector where production capa-city is sometimes much higher than the transmission and distribution capacity. Besides, lack of proper grid sys-tem ''interconnections among different gas produc.-;;-^

fie .ds; surplus capacity remains in "some fields, i-.^en def oit in supply exists in others. Again when there is suri .us capacity in gas sector, power and industrial sec. >r fail to utilize it and vice-versa.

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) Disparity in Intra-sectoral Investment - . When big thrust is given for the exploration and development of hydro-carbon (oil/gas) resources, there is little empha-sis as well/allocation for the exploration and develop-ment of solid energy rineral resources like coal and peat.

) Conservation and Environmental Protection - Although these aspects are often talked about, there is little supporting action programme to implement the policy de-cision and project in these areas.

) Manpower Development - The present education and trai-ning system and facilities of the country have not yet

I een properly attuned to cater to the need of the energy sector manpower in respect of level, category & number. Foreign education and training also have not boen very effective as these are not programmed on the basis of requirement but on opportunities and fund avai-lability.

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7. SOME ASPECTS OF ENERGY SITUATION IN SAARC COUNTRIES

7.1 General :

Non-availability of adequate and up-to-date data and in-formation on energy situation of the SAARC countries other than Bangladesh, it was not possible to depict the energy picture of these countries in desired form. However, with the little infor-mation available to the author, an attempt has been made to dis-cuss a few aspects below. I am sure, this would enable the par-ticipants at least to have some qualitative idea on energy in these countries. It is observed that inspite of wide variation in respect of size and population, geographic location, energy resource base, level and structure of energy consumption, there are many aspects which are common in these countries. The com-mercial anergy resources base of. the SAARC countries is shown

in Table - 6.

7.2 Un common Aspects in the Energy Area :

. i) Commercial Energy Resources Base : There is a signifi-cant variation in commercial energy resources base of these countries. While India has a sizeable reserves of

all kind of resources, Maldives has virtually none (Table-6),

ii) Sources of Energy Supply : While 95>% of the total energy con.'; jmed in Nepal and Bhutan is derived from traditional resources, for Pakistan it is only 30% (Table - 7)«

iii) Comnercial Energy Consumption : The per capita commer-cial energy consumption in Nepal is only 23 KgOE in 1986, while-in India and Pakistan this quantum is over 200 KgOE

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iv) Sources of Commercial Energy : While natural gas is the principal sources of commercial energy in Bangla-desh and Pakistan, in India it is cc^l and in Srilanka it is oil (Table - 9 ) .

v) Share of Imported Energy in the Total Commercial Energy: While this is only about 11+.% in India, for Maldives it is 100% percent (Table - 7 ) .

vi) Forest Area : Forest area as a percentage of total are,a of the country varies from 5% in Pakistan to 30% in Nepal

(Table - 7) !

7.3 Common Aspects in the Energy Area :

i) Low level of per-capita commercial energy consumption comparing to many other low-income countries (Table-1).

ii) All the SAARC countries are energy importing (Table-8),

iii) Except Pakistan, traditional energy dominates the energy sc^naries of these countries (Table-7)

iv) Greater majority of the population, more or less enti-rely, depends on traditional energy resources.

v) House-hold sector consumes greater share of the total energy.

vi) Tho commercial energy intensity of these countries are higher than other countries (Table-10).

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vii) The potential commercial energy resources of these countries are yet to be explored and assessed.

viii) All the countries suffer from capital resource

cons-traints for accelerated development of energy resources.

ix) The Energy Policy of these countries are, more or less, of similar nature, and aimed at :

(a) augmentation of commercial energy resources base through accelerated exploration for hydro-carbons and involvement of multinational oil companies in the activities.

(b) reduce dependence on imported energy by maximising the use of indigenous resources.

(c) increase efficiency of the energy systems and develop and diffuse efficient traditional energy conversion technologies.

.l) harness renewable and non-conventional sources of energy such as solar, wind mini-hydro etc. through

extensive R & D programme. ,

(e) conservation and environmental protection inclu-ding ecological balance.

(J) Supply increased quantum of commercial energy to invigorate development activities.

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8, REGIONAL CO-OPERATION

I strongly feel that regional co-operation among the SAARC countries for the development of the energy sector

should be no more a desire but a must for common benefit. From history we have learnt that no country can prosper alone lea-ving her neighbours behind. That's why regional co-operation and development concepts have found a high order of momentum in the past few decades all over the World. Realizing this truth, the SAARC has already been formed. It is now time to develop and implement action-oriented programme for common benefit. Co-operation in the energy sector may play the pion-eering role in this direction. The SAARC countries can estab-lish co-operation and collaboration- in the following three broad areas :

(a) Soft-ware Area :

i ) Develop an exchange programme for higher educa-tion and training,

i ) Exchange and disseminate, concerned data, informa-tion, publications^ research findings etc*

iii) Hold seminar, workshop and conference in a planned way on general as well as specific topic of common interest to exchnage ideas, views and share exper-iences

' /) Organize visits to different relevant research

institutions to have ideas not only on research programme but also the institutional development, management, co-ordination etc.

r) Transform one or two research centre in each

country as a H Centre of Excellence " in some • c

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(t>) Joint Venture Areas :

i)Undertake joint research programme in common areas of interest particularly in developing

non-conventional form of energy.

ii)Undertake joint exploration program for hydro-carbon particularly in areas where geological boundary transcends geographical/political boun-dary.

iii)Form a common pool of knowledge and expertise to undertake feasibility or other studies in any

country as and when needed.

iv)Develop energy resources of a country for meeting the regional demand where over such opportunities lie- .

v)Build some industrial plants in suitable country/ location for catering the need of hard-ware requi-rements i.e. machinery and equipment, gas pipe and processing stant etc, which does not become

feasi-ble for meeting only self-demand. ,

(c) Trade/Commerce :

Development a system for procuring or supplying goor.;. and services on and related to energy by one

coun-at

try _:rom and tc tr- mother/ concessional prices and easy tenrr> v/hereaver possible .

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9. ROLE OF JOURNALISTS IN SAARC COUNTRIES

Journalists, whom I consider as a catalyst for develop-ment, can play rather should play a vital role in the solution of energy problems of their respective countries as well as in fostering and promoting regional co-operation for common bene-fit. Through scientific, analytical and logical presentation of facts and ideas, they can convince the people and the gov-ernment about the right and realintfjc course of actions to be pursued in respect of energy sector development and in over-coming problems and conflicts.

Journalists Can :

i) Create awareness in the people about the energy problems ai d prospects of the country as well as regional and glo-be 1 energy situation*

ii) Apprise people of the merit of conservation of energy re sources and how it pays to the individuals and the country.

iii) Crexte awarness in the people about the consequences of deforestation and afforestation and how these affect and

can affact their lives and living.

iv) Mot., vate people in the use of new technologies and app-liar ;es for the efficient use of bio-mass and explain the? how these will curtail their expenditure and improve the. c quality of life.

v) Help government in arriving at right policy decisions by pro^ 'Cting public views/demand .

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ix) Apprise people of th^ merit of some government deci-sion which may be disadvantageous to them for short period but will be beneficial in the long run.

vii) Apprise the educationists and researchers about the real need/problem of the country and the people so that they can plan their education and R & D programme acc-ordingly «

viii) Project areas for regional co-operation and how this can serve the common cause.

In order to perform the above responsibilities, the concerned journalists must :

(a) acquire adequate knowledge and correct informa-tion on technical, administrative, geo-political aspects in respect of energy arena.

•'b) maintain professional ethics.

( ) provide correct and comprehensive informations

to avoid confusions, contradictions and conflicts.

(i) go beyond self-interest and political bias.

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10. CONCLUSIONS

10.1 From the foregoing discussion it appears that inspite of greater thrust for the development of energy resources by the government of Bangladesh, the present situation is not a happy one. The per-capita energy consumption particularly the commer-cial energy consumption is yet very low. Greater majority of the population still more or less entirely depend on traditi-onal energy resources whose per capita supply is declining with every passing year. The resources base for the commercial enrgy is inadequate both in terms of type of fuel and their quantum to meet the energy need. The country still wholly depends on imported oil to meet its requirement. The efficiency of opera-tion if the commercial energy systems particularly the power system is low, the conversion technology for bio-mass is highly in-effi:ient, the measures for energy conservation and environ-mental [rotection are minimum. There is also shortage of trai-ned manpower and logistics for effective planning, proper des-igning, efficient execution and proper operation and maintenan-ce of energy programmes and projects.

10.2 In the above circumstances all out effort should be made to augment the energy resources ; supply adequate commercial energy to both urban and rural people, maximise the use 'of ex-isting resources; increase efficiency of energy conversion te-chnologies ; harness alternative energy resources; diversify energy structure and reduce energy intensity; adopt appropriate energy pr: cing policy ; reduce wastage through conservation; protect ecological balance and develop appropriate manpower.

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10.3 The energy situation of other SAARC countries except India and partly Pakistan is no better than that of Bangla-desh. The problems of these countries are of similar nature to those of Bangladesh except very in degrees. The measures to be adopted by these countries would be more or less in line to those discussed in above paragraph for Bangladesh.

10.1+ Fostering greater co-operation and collaboration among the SAARC countries in the development of energy resources would not only benefit each country in terms of energy situa-tion but also strengthen the bond of friendship and fellow-feeling which are absolutely necessary for peaceful co-exis-tence. The journalists of these countries, I hope and believe, would do their best to accelerate this co-operation efforts and to develop respective country's energy resources for the welfare of the people.

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R e l a t i o n s h i p between P e n - c a p i t a Commercial L'nergy Consumption _and P e r - c a p i t a _GITP of a f evj S e l e c t ed _C quntrJL.es .f QJ. A he. Year .1.9.86,

Name J>± t h e C o u n t r y {Per c a p i t a ComfneVcial "~T -p„v p0, ^ -+ 0

tEnergy Consumption (. i n Kg ^ p | o f O i l E q u i v a l e n t ) j ( jn u s & ) _ j .

Nepal 23 150

Bangladesh 46 160

India , 208 290

P a k i s t a n 205 350 S r i l a n k a 139 400 Average c f 36 Low-Income 314 270 C o u n t r i e s China 532 300 I n d o n e s i a 213 490 T h a i l a n d 325 810 M a l a y s i a "62 1,830 Korean Rep, 1,408 2 , 3 7 0 • S a u d i A r a b i a 3,336 6 , 9 5 0 U.K. 3,802 8 , 8 7 0 J a p a n 3,186 1 2 , 8 4 0 Canada 8,945 1 4 , 1 2 0 USA 7 , 1 9 3 1 7 , 4 8 0 S o u r c e : T o r I d D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r t , 1 9 8 8 .

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: 27 : T a b l e - 2

P r i m a r y Commercial, E n e r g y Consumption P a t t e r n i n Sanglades>

19 GO-81

nn r

S o u r c e of i 1,9,7.4-75 Energy Tin " • j ~~c Jmillionj /c Jmillion ;TOE j jTOr , _ . . _ _ i . ^% i_ N a t u r a l Gas O.468 /O 11984-85 I n { m i l l i o n 'TOE 1987-88 % I n | % m i l l i o r i ! j TOE

I

O i l C o a l Hydel Power

"ITotal:"

• 1.134 0 . 2 1 2 23 56 10 0 . 2 3 0 • 11 "21038" TOO" P o p u l a t i o n ( I n m i l l i o n ) 75 1 042 3 6 . 5 1.520 5 3 . 2 0 . 1 3 9 4 . 9 0.155 5 . 4 "2785TT00" 85 2.31 5 6 . 3 3 . 4 0 1.50 3 6 . 5 1.70 0 . 0 8 2 . 0 0 . 0 8 0 . 2 1 1 6 3 . 1 3 1 . 5 1.5 Per C a p i t a 2 7 . 1 Consumotion ( I n Kg CE) 3 3 . 6

S o u r c e : P l a n n i n g Commission 7 SecorP-and T h i r d E i v e Year P l a n s , and v a r i o u s r e p o r t s of Energy Wings. T a b l e - 3

Eatjj:.:ated T r a d i t i o n a l Energy Consumption i n B a n g l a d e s h i n l98%-8£ Source oi Energy ; l n T r a d e I n i t I n M i l l i o n Tons j P e r c e n -! ( M i l l i o n Tons) } o f O i l E q u i v a l e n t i t a g e j | (KEDpE)~ \ _ _ A g r i c u l t u r a l Residia.es Fuel-Wood Tree R e s i d u e s Cow dung 2 6 . 7 0 4 . 0 0 1.70 6.70 7 . 8 0 1.40 0 . 5 0 1.80 6 7 . 8 1 2 . 1 4 . 3 1 5 . 8

S o u r c e : :';EPP, P l a n n i n g Commission, ( T a k i n g t h e 1983-84 Consumption f i g u r e C o n s t a n t ) .

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: 2 8 : Table-4 Commercia l E'neig y Consumptio n Patter n (Puel-v/is e an d Sector-v;ise ) _i n J^i2E.^.^§A.-: kfl-t9 t 87^-8 8 (percentages )

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: 23 : T a b l e - 5

Energy I m p o r t Cost As P e r c e n t a g e of M e r c h a n d i s e __ _5xp.or_t. E a r n i n g s _ _ _ _

Year jEnergy " i m p o r t-" c o s t j ToTaXITalfchand"ise jEnergy Cost a s "

! i n m i l l i o n US <•> j E x D o r t ( I n m i l l i o n ! a P e r c e n t a g e of i j US*&) {Export 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1 9 7 7 - 7 8 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1 9 8 2 - 8 3 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 3 4 . 3 9 1 . 1 166.9 1 4 5 . 2 153.1 1 8 2 . 8 189.0 3 9 5 . 3 5 1 9 . 3 5 7 4 . 3 4 5 6 . 0 La 361.O La 3 7 8 . 0 La 3 4 2 . 0 La 3 5 4 . 2 3 6 9 . 7 3 4 4 . 1 3 7 1 . 9 4 0 4 . 6 * 4 8 9 . 8 6 0 9 . 7 7 2 2 . 3 7 1 0 . 7 6 2 7 . 0 6 8 6 . 0 7 8 0 . 0 9 4 0 . 0 8 4 5 . 0 9 . 7 2 4 . 7 4 8 . 5 3 9 . 0 3 7 . 8 3 7 . 3 3 1 . 0 5 4 . 7 7 3 . 1 9 1 . 1 6 6 . 5 4 6 . 3 4 0 . 2 ' 4 0 . 5 :

Source: Planning Commission. La does not include cost of coal :.mport.

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: 30 : T a b l e - 6

Cornier cjLal Ener_gy__R_e s o u r c e s , in. .SAARC C o u n t r i e s

Country _{Coal lOil (Natural|Hydel (Uranium Year of}i t i r t (Billion'(Million! Gas JPov.er |(M¥)

fAssess-Tons) ! fAssess-Tons) (TCP) {(iiW) Jment

Bangladesh' India b Pakistan Srilanka c Nepal Bhutan Maldives 1.0 24.8 0.15 -1.5 522 17.7 *~ -12 16. 16 -7 400 •(4,000 GFh) 45,242 8,000 •(396,000 GWh) 2,000 3,500 •(80,000 GWh) -20,000 -1987 1984 1985 1987 -1987

-Source: a) Planning Commission, Govt, of Bangladesh.

b) UEDP ESCAP - Structural Change and Energy Policy, Page-119 and 151, May, 1987.

Ci- Hossain M. Mosharraf, Hydro Carbon Exploration and Development and SAARC, Page-18 and 38, BOGliC, Dhaka. • The bracketted figure are taken from UN/ESCAP report

on Trans-Country Power Exchange and Development(Page 105) published in May, 1987.

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: 31 :

T a b l e - 7

A Saw ENERGY,. AND EimiGY-R^LATED PARAMOURS IN SAARC CQUIII'RIES

-,rriv. C o u n t r y { B h u t a n J N e p a l { B a n g l a d e s h { I n d i a I P a r a m e t e r AreaOOOO S c . Km) Population in 1986(million)a 47 F o r e s t Area % of t o t a l Area ( 1 9 8 5 ) as

Per caoita comm- „ ercial"energy consumption in K^ OE in 1986 a. Share of n o n -commercial e n e r g y as a % of t o t a l e n e r g y ( l 9 8 5 ) c Imported e n e r g y as a % of t o t a l commercial energy ( I 9 8 ' 3 ) b . Major c o m m e r c i a l -energy r e s o u r c e s (1983) Energy I m p o r t b i l l as a % of m e r c h a n -d i s e e x p o r t b i l l ( I 9 8 6 ) a . 147 17 30 23 95 70 O i l - 25 144 103 14 i 46 75 46 17* P a k i s t a n j S r i l a n k a { M o l d i v e 3 , 2 8 7 796 781 99 23 208 205 55 30 1 3 . 5 3 4 . 3 19 23 6 5 . 6 16 24 139 69 8 4 . 5 N a t u r a l C o a l N a t u r a l O i l Gas Gas 23 Source _a, b, c, 0 . 1 5 105 55 100 O i l World Development R e p o r t , 1988.*

UNDP c: BSCAP - S t r u c t u r a l Change and Energy P o l i c y , May, 19* CFOGRii, Commonwealth R e g i o n a l C o n s u l t a t i v e Group on Energy Ik-oort of t h e 4 t h m e e t i n g , M e l b o u r n e , A u g u s t , 1 9 8 5 .

d. SAARC - Seminar on D e l i v e r y S y s t e m s of Improved S t o v e s f o r R u r a l U s e s , Dhaka, 19-21 J u n e , 1 9 8 8 .

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: 32 :

T a b l e - 8

D e p e n d e n c e on d o m e s t i c c o m m e r c i a l e n e r g y , n o n

-coramei,cia_l en> Lrgy An_Q-_i-"ili-J.0-r "ted AA'-*-^X_P^^A't_fiilc s_).

1 9 7 3 f. _~1983~

, Impor t ed ?Dome s t i c , N o n - } j s

1

D o m e s t i c jNon— j -UUJJUX i t u i j j u i u t u b i u ,I\IUIJ —

C o m m e r c i a l ' C o m m e r c i a l { J C o m m e r c i a l j C o m m o r - ; t ;

j j j j c i a l j ^

Bangladesh * 17.5 56.2 India 28.0 70.2 26.3 1.8 27.1 37.8

50

22.9 56.3 5.9 Nepal

_1.5

74.9

3.9

1.8

94

4.2

Pakistan 34.5 47.8 18.1 44.4 31.8 23.2 Srilanka

5.3

56.8 37.9

5.0

67.8 22.4

Source: U1TD? and E3CAP Paper on Structural Change and Energy Policy, Pago 31, May, 1987.

* The share between commercial and non-commercial energy .shown in the table differs from that of BEPP, Planning Commission Govt, of Bangladesh, August, 1987.

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:

3

3 :

Table

d

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: 34 :

Table-10

Cojmiercial Energy . I n t e n s i t y and Oil I n t e n s i t y in

a few S e l e c t o d C o u n t r i e s , for the Year 1983 u s i n g

Index of 1973 = 100

Country . {Cosimeicial Energy | Oil I n t e n s i t y

Bangladesh 103.5 89.2

India 116.3 111.0

Nopal 127.0 143.6

Pakistan 124.5 119.6

Srilank:- 80.8 119.2

Thailand 81.5 69.7

Korea Rep. 95.6 90.6

J.,pan 71.1 57.7

U.K. 75.2 58.6

U.S.A. 82.1 74.0

Source: UIDP/ESCAP - Structural Change and Energy Policy,

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Name : R a f i a u l I s l a m Khan D a t e of B i r t h : 22nd J a n u a r y , 1 9 4 1 . P l a c e of B i r t h : M a n i k g a n j , B a n g l a d e s h E d u c a t i o n a l Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : ( a ) M . S c . i n G e o l o g y i n 1963 from U n i v e r s i t y of D h a k a . (b) M . S c . i n H y d r o g e o l o g y i n 1968, U n i v e r s i t y of London, U.K. P r o f e s s i o n a l C a r e e r : 1963-1965 - S e r v e d G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y of P a k i s t a n , Q u e t t a , a s A s s t t . G e o p h y s i c i s t and c o n d u c t e d v a r i o u s g e o p h y s i c a l i n v e s t i -g a t i o n s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e t h e n P a k i s t a n . 1965-1977 - S e r v e d B a n g l a d e s h Atomic E n g e r g y Commission a s S c i e n t i f i c O f f i c e r / S e n i o r S c i e n t i f i c O f f i c e r and c a r r i e d o u t r e s e a r c h e s on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s of n u c l e a r t e c h n i q u e s f o r s o l v i n g h y d r o l o g i c a l / h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s of B a n g l a d e s h . 1 9 7 8 - t o d a t e - S e r v i n g P l a n n i n g Commission, Government of B a n g l a d e s h a s J o i n t C h i e f s i n c e J a n u a r y 1 9 7 8 . Engaged i n S c i e n c e and T e c h n o l o g y P l a n n i n g

d u r i n g 1 9 7 8 - 8 3 , and E n e r g y ( O i l , Gas andt

M i n e r a l R e s o u r c e s a s w e l l a s New and Renewable E n e r g y ) P l a n n i n g d u r i n g 198388 f o r t h e s o c i o -economic d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e c o u n t r y * S e r v i n g a l s o a s D i r e c t o r of a p r o j e c t which p r e p a r e d E n e r g y M a s t e r P l a n ( 1988-2000) f o r B a n g l a d e s h . C o n f e r e n c e / s e m i n a r a t t e n d e d . P a r t i c i p a t e d i n many n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e / s e m i n a r / w o r k s h o p i n U . K . , S u i t z e r l a n d , C a n a d a , I n d i a , T h a i l a n d , New Z e a l a n d e t c . on E n e r g y P l a n n i n g & management and S c i e n c e and T e c h n o l o g y D e v e l o p m e n t .

P u b l i c a t i o n s

have a b o u t 15 r e s e a r c h and o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s on G e o l o g y , w a t e r r e s o u r c e s , e n e r g y d e v e l o p m e n t e t c .

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p _{35 :} REFERENCES 1. United Nations, New York 2. 2 3. World Bank, Washington B.C. 5. UNDP and E S C A P 7. 6. CHOGRM-,. Commonwealth Regional Consultative Group on Energy 10. Plann'ng Commission Govt, of Bangladesh, 11. " 12. " 13. A. M i n i s t .j of P e t r o l e u m & Mine::al R e s o u r c e s Govt, of B a n g l a d e s h 15. Science. & T e c h n o l o g y D i v i s i o n , G o v t , of B a n g l a d e s h . 16. Khan, R . I . >, Hossain,M. Mosharraf

: World Development Report, 1988.

: UNCTAD Report on "Technology for Energy Sector Development in Developing Count-ries. No. UNCTAD/TT/83, 1986.

: The Energy Sector in Developing Countries?. Paul. Bundick, July, 1983.

: IDA Energy Assessment liission Report,1981. : Structural Change and Energy Policy

May, 1987.

: Strengthening En rgy Planning and Policy Analysis Capabilities, August, 1987.

: Trsn s-Country Power Exchange and Develop-ment, May, 1987.

: Fourth Meeting, Melbourne, Australia, August 15, 1985.

: Technical Workshop and Fifth Meeting. New Delhi, India, 8-14 November, 1986. : Revised Second Five Year Plan (1980-85),

December, 1982.

: Third Five Year Plan (1985-90), December, 1985.

: Final Report of the Bangladesh Energy Planning Project, August, 1987.

: Mid-term Plan Review of Power and Oil & Gas Sub-Sectors. September, 1988.

: National Energy Policy September, 1980. : Report on the SAARC Seminar on Delivery

System of Improved stoves for Rural Uses, Dhaka, June, 1988.

: Energy Situation in Bangladesh vis-a-vis Energy Policy. A paper presented to the 12th Annual conference of the Bangladesh Association for Advancement of Science January 13, 1987.

: Hydrocarbon Exploration cs Development and