Culture in the Cockpit
– Collision or Cooperation?
Dr. Nicklas Dahlstrom Human Factors Manager
Understanding Safety
- The Changing Nature of Safety
How safe is flying?
Lives lost per year
100 000
10 000
1000
100
10
1
10 000
1 10 100 1000 1 million 10 million
(Adapted after Amalberti, 2005)
Numbers of events for each accident
Climbing Mt Everest
Health care (in USA)
Chemical manufacturing
100 000 Chartered
flights Road transport
(in USA)
Scheduled airlines
Rail transport (Europe)
A Story about Safety
? Ok Great!
Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Well Well Well Well----being being being being
Days Days Days 29 Days
29 29
29
ththththNovember 2013 November 2013 November 2013 November 2013 26 26 26 26
ththththNovember 2014 November 2014 November 2014 November 2014 Shelter
Shelter Shelter Shelter
Regular Regular Regular Regular feeding feeding feeding feeding
Attention Attention Attention Attention from farmer from farmer from farmer from farmer
(
Taleb, 2007)Why is this important now?
Why is this important now?
2014
2012 2013
(Flight Safety Foundation, 2015)
EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE EXPERIENCE EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE EXPOSURE EXPOSURE
The Changing Situation for Pilot Expertise
EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE
VARIETY VARIETY VARIETY
VARIETY REFLECTION REFLECTION REFLECTION REFLECTION
PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE Limited exposure
Limited exposure Limited exposure
Limited exposure Degraded experience Degraded experience Degraded experience Degraded experience Need for more training and more effective training Need for more training and more effective training Need for more training and more effective training Need for more training and more effective training
Reliability and Resilience
Goal: Safety Goal: Safety Goal: Safety Goal: Safety
Yes!
Yes!
Yes!
Yes! No! No! No! No!
We can design a perfect safe system!
We cannot design a perfect safe system!
Accidents = Human Error Accidents =
Weaknesses in system
Avoiding accidents:
Technology and SOPs Restrict the operator!
Avoiding accidents:
Understand the system Support the operator!
Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
Learning from failure Reliance on prediction
Limit operator action
Resilience Resilience Resilience Resilience
Learning from success Reliance on competence Support operator action
Understanding of Understanding of Understanding of Understanding of Human Factors Human Factors Human Factors Human Factors
The human operator The human operator The human operator The human operator keeps the system keeps the system keeps the system
keeps the system together! together! together! together!
Changing the Direction – Focusing on Culture
(Flight Safety Foundation, 2013)
People People People People
Training Training Training
Training Safety Safety Safety Safety
“Culture”?
• What is it?
• Different types?
• Does it affect or even determine behaviour?
Does culture affect behaviour?
ALGERIA ALGERIA ALGERIA ALGERIA ARGENTINA ARGENTINA ARGENTINA ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA AUSTRIA AUSTRIA AUSTRIA BAHAMA BAHAMA BAHAMA BAHAMA BAHRAIN BAHRAIN BAHRAIN BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BANGLADESH BANGLADESH BANGLADESH BELGIUM BELGIUM BELGIUM BELGIUM BOLIVIA BOLIVIA BOLIVIA BOLIVIA BRAZIL BRAZIL BRAZIL BRAZIL BRUNEI BRUNEI BRUNEI BRUNEI BULGARIA BULGARIA BULGARIA BULGARIA CANADA CANADA CANADA CANADA CHILE CHILE CHILE CHILE COLOMBIA COLOMBIA COLOMBIA COLOMBIA COSTA RICA COSTA RICA COSTA RICA COSTA RICA CROATIA CROATIA CROATIA CROATIA CYPRUS CYPRUS CYPRUS CYPRUS CZECH CZECH CZECH CZECH DENMARK DENMARK DENMARK DENMARK DOMINICAN DOMINICAN DOMINICAN DOMINICAN ECUADOR ECUADOR ECUADOR ECUADOR
EGYPT EGYPT EGYPT EGYPT ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA FIJI FIJI FIJI FIJI FINLAND FINLAND FINLAND FINLAND FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE GERMANY GERMANY GERMANY GERMANY GHANA GHANA GHANA GHANA GREECE GREECE GREECE GREECE GRENADA GRENADA GRENADA GRENADA GUATEMALA GUATEMALA GUATEMALA GUATEMALA HUNGARY HUNGARY HUNGARY HUNGARY ICELAND ICELAND ICELAND ICELAND INDIA INDIA INDIA INDIA INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA IRAN IRAN IRAN IRAN IRELAND IRELAND IRELAND IRELAND ITALY ITALY ITALY ITALY JAMAICA JAMAICA JAMAICA JAMAICA JAPAN JAPAN JAPAN JAPAN JORDAN JORDAN JORDAN JORDAN KENYA KENYA KENYA KENYA KOREA KOREA KOREA KOREA KUWAIT KUWAIT KUWAIT KUWAIT
LATVIA LATVIALATVIA LATVIA LEBANON LEBANONLEBANON LEBANON LUXEMBOURG LUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURG LUXEMBOURG MADAGASCAR MADAGASCARMADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR MALAWI MALAWIMALAWI MALAWI MALAYSIA MALAYSIAMALAYSIA MALAYSIA MALTA MALTA MALTA MALTA MAURITIUS MAURITIUSMAURITIUS MAURITIUS MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO NAMIBIA NAMIBIANAMIBIA NAMIBIA NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALAND NEW ZEALAND NORWAY NORWAY NORWAY NORWAY OMAN OMAN OMAN OMAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN P. NEW GUINEA P. NEW GUINEA P. NEW GUINEA P. NEW GUINEA PERU PERU PERU PERU PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES POLAND POLANDPOLAND POLAND PORTUGAL PORTUGAL PORTUGAL PORTUGAL QATAR QATAR QATAR QATAR ROMANIA ROMANIAROMANIA ROMANIA RUSSIAN FED.
RUSSIAN FED.RUSSIAN FED.
RUSSIAN FED.
SERBIA SERBIASERBIA SERBIA
SENEGAL SENEGALSENEGAL SENEGAL SEYCHELLES SEYCHELLESSEYCHELLES SEYCHELLES SINGAPORE SINGAPORE SINGAPORE SINGAPORE SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SLOVENIA SLOVENIA SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SPAINSPAIN SPAIN SRI LANKA SRI LANKA SRI LANKA SRI LANKA SWEDEN SWEDEN SWEDEN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SWITZERLANDSWITZERLAND SWITZERLAND SYRIA SYRIASYRIA SYRIA TAIWAN TAIWAN TAIWAN TAIWAN TANZANIA TANZANIATANZANIA TANZANIA THAILAND THAILANDTHAILAND THAILAND TONGA TONGA TONGA TONGA TRIN. & TOBAGO TRIN. & TOBAGO TRIN. & TOBAGO TRIN. & TOBAGO TURKEY TURKEY TURKEY TURKEY U.A.E.
U.A.E.U.A.E.
U.A.E.
UKRAINE UKRAINE UKRAINE UKRAINE U.S.A.
U.S.A. U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.K.U.K.U.K.
U.K.
VENEZUELA VENEZUELA VENEZUELA VENEZUELA YUGOSLAVIA YUGOSLAVIA YUGOSLAVIA YUGOSLAVIA ZIMBABWE ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE ZIMBABWE
English Second English Second English Second English Second
Language Language Language Language
55 55 55 55 % % % %
UAE UAE UAE UAE
7 7 7 7 % % % %
English English English English First First First First
Language Language Language Language
45 45 45 45 % % % %
A Multicultural Airline
More than 4000 Pilots from more than 120 countries
More than 4000 Pilots from more than 120 countries
More than 4000 Pilots from more than 120 countries
More than 4000 Pilots from more than 120 countries
National Culture – Dimensions
Power Distance Power Distance Power Distance Power Distance
Acceptance of differences in power and hierarchy Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Avoidance
Desire to avoid any form of ambiguity or uncertainty Individualism versus Collectivism
Individualism versus Collectivism Individualism versus Collectivism Individualism versus Collectivism
Motivation for decisions and actions, doing something for oneself or for a group (family, community, nation etc.) Masculinity versus Femininity
Masculinity versus Femininity Masculinity versus Femininity Masculinity versus Femininity
Assertiveness/competitiveness versus modesty/caring
National Culture - Exercise
Where in the world do you think that Power Distance
is likely to be very high?
Maybe in the Far East?
Yes, I think so.
Me too. I will fill this up to
almost full … about 80%.
National Culture - Exercise
ROK ROK ROK ROK
Emirates Pilot Culture
– Collision or Cooperation?
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
Number of RespondentsNumber of RespondentsNumber of RespondentsNumber of Respondents
My professional culture as a pilot overrides My professional culture as a pilot overrides My professional culture as a pilot overrides My professional culture as a pilot overrides my national culture when on the flight deck.
my national culture when on the flight deck.
my national culture when on the flight deck.
my national culture when on the flight deck.
(Scott, 2013, based on 613 responses from EK pilots)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
Number of RespondentsNumber of RespondentsNumber of RespondentsNumber of Respondents
My colleagues treat me differently on My colleagues treat me differently on My colleagues treat me differently on My colleagues treat me differently on account of my nationality/culture.
account of my nationality/culture.
account of my nationality/culture.
account of my nationality/culture.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
Number of RespondentsNumber of RespondentsNumber of RespondentsNumber of Respondents
I feel respected and valued by fellow crew members.
I feel respected and valued by fellow crew members. I feel respected and valued by fellow crew members.
I feel respected and valued by fellow crew members.
(Scott, 2013, based on 613 responses from EK pilots)
Emirates Pilot Culture
– Collision or Cooperation?
Influencing Culture via HF/CRM Training
• Development and delivery for:
– Flight Crew – Cabin Crew – Combined CRM
– Dispatch, Third Party etc.
• Train the Trainer
(Standardisation meetings, instructor courses, etc.)
• Knowledge – Interaction – Tools
Does it work?
• Research at a UK academic medical center
• Initial mandatory CRM training for 517 staff (surgeons, anaesthesiologists, nurses etc.),
including checklists, pre/ and post-operative briefs
• Pre-operative briefings up in the operating room from 6.7% to 99% within four months
• Wrong site surgeries and retained foreign bodies down from 7 in 2008 to none in 2008, but after 14 months of additional training up to 9 in 2009
• Malpractice expenses from 793 000 $ (2003- 2007) to 0 (zero) since 2008
(Ricci & Brumsted, 2012)
