PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/97)
UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
JUDUL: DEVELOPMENT OF A PC INTERFACED BLOOD PRESSURE METER (e-BPMS)
SESIPENGAJIAN: 2005/2006
Say a IDA LAILA BINTI AHMAD (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Fnlsofah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dcngan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Peipustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. * * Sila tandakan ( S )
•
S U L I T(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam A K T A R A H S I A R A S M I 1972)
•
T E R H A D(Mengandungi maklumat T E R H A D yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
IZI
T I D A K T E R H A D(T-ANDATANGAN P E N U L I S )
Alamat tetap:
146, TAMAN SRI INDAH JALAN LENCONG BARAT, 05050 KEDAH DARUL AMAN
(TANDAJ^fGANVEN^ELIA)
PROF. DR RUZAIRI ABDUL RAHIM
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: MEI 2006 Tarikh: M E I 2006
C A T A T A N : * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
** Jika tesis ini S U L I T atau T E R H A D , sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai S U L I T atau T E R H A D .
T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ) "
D E V E L O P M E N T O F A P C I N T E R F A C E D B L O O D P R E S S U R E METIER ( e - B P M S )
I D A L A I L A B I N T I A H M A D
A project report s u b m i t t e d in partial f u l f i l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the a w a r d of the d e g r e e of
M a s t e r of E n g i n e e r i n g (Electrical-Electronics & T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s )
F a c u l t y of Electrical E n g i n e e r i n g Universiti T e k n o l o g i M a l a y s i a
I declare that my project report entitled "
Development of a PC Based Blood Pressure
Meter (e-BPMS)" is the r e s u l t of m y o w n r e s e a r c h e x c e p t as cited in r e f e r e n c e s . T h e p r o j e c t r e p o r t h a s not b e e n a c c e p t e d f o r a n y d e g r e e a n d is not c o n c u r r e n t l y s u b m i t t e d
in c a n d i d a t u r e of a n y o t h e r d e g r e e .
S i g n a t u r e N a m e D a t e
Ill
To my BeCovedparents; TnciH Ahmad "Bin Shapii andTuan JAsfinah Masran,
thanks for encouragement and never ending support.
My dearest sisters; Ida Liyani and Ida Jarhana JAfiqah credits go to Both of
you for ad the joyous moments.
JAndfor my great hearted fiance; Hedzuan Shah "Bin \jussoff my deepest
appreciation for your great advise, constant sacrifice and endCess
understanding.
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T
A l h a m d u l i l l a h , in c o m p l e t i o n of this p r o j e c t r e p o r t I w o u l d like to e x p r e s s m y credit to all p e r s o n s w h o i n v o l v e d either directly or i n d i r e c t l y in g i v i n g u s e f u l i n p u t s to m e .
Firstly, m y h i g h e s t g r a t i t u d e to m y s u p e r v i s o r P r o f . D r . R u z a i r i B i n A b d u l R a h i m f o r his b e n e f i c i a l ideas, w o n d e r f u l g u i d a n c e a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t . W i t h o u t h i m , this p r o j e c t w o u l d not b e a s u c c e s s .
S e c o n d l y , I t o o k this o p p o r t u n i t y to t h a n k s m y s p o n s o r J a b a t a n P e r k h i d m a t a n A w a m ( J P A ) a n d K o l e j Universiti T e k n o l o g i T u n H u s s e i n O n n ( K U i T T H O ) f o r f u n d i n g m e to f u r t h e r m y studies.
XIV
A B S T R A C T
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 B a c k g r o u n d 1.2 T h e o r y
1.2.1 B l o o d P r e s s u r e
1.2.2 F a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g to b l o o d p r e s s u r e d i s e a s e s
1.2.3 B l o o d P r e s s u r e I n s t r u m e n t s 1.3 B l o o d P r e s s u r e M e a s u r e m e n t s M e t h o d s
1.3.1 A u s c u l t a t o r y T e c h n i u q e
1.3.2 A u t o m a t e d A u s c u l t a t o r y t e c h n i q u e 1.3.3 O s c i l l o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e
1.3.5 T o n o m e t r y t e c h n i q u e 9 1.3.6 A m b u l a t o r y b l o o d p r e s s u r e 9
m o n i t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e ( A B P M )
1.3.7 P u l s e d y n a m i c t e c h n i q u e 10 1.3.8 P l e t h y s m o g r a p h y t e c h n i q u e 10 1.3.9 F i n g e r c u f f t e c h n i q u e 10 1.4 S t a t e m e n t of the p r o b l e m 11 1.5 P r o j e c t O b j e c t i v e s 11 1.6 S i g n i f i c a n c e of p r o j e c t 12
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 R e v i e w of related literature 13
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 M e t h o d c h o s e n 2 5 3 . 2 I n s t r u m e n t s 2 6
3.2.1 H a r d w a r e 2 7 3.2.2 S o f t w a r e 2 9 3.2.3 S y s t e m I n t e g r a t i o n 31
4 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
4 . 1 H a r d w a r e D e s i g n 3 2 4 . 2 H a r d w a r e Parts 3 3
4.2.1 P r e s s u r e s e n s o r ( M X 5 0 5 0 G P ) 3 3 4 . 2 . 2 O p e r a t i o n a l a m p l i f i e r ( L M 3 2 4 N ) 3 5
4 . 2 . 3 D i f f e r e n t i a l a m p l i f i e r 3 6 4 . 2 . 4 T w o p o l e s h i g h p a s s r e s i s t a n c e - 37
c a p a c i t a n c e ( R C ) filter
4 . 2 . 5 P I C 1 6 F 8 7 7 3 8 4 . 2 . 6 M A X 2 3 2 4 1 4.2.7 R S 2 3 2 Serial i n t e r f a c e 4 3
i x
4.3.1 S o f t w a r e H a n d s h a k i n g 4 7 4.3.2 H a r d w a r e H a n d s h a k i n g 4 8
4 . 4 Full circuit o p e r a t i o n 4 8 4 . 5 H a r d w a r e T e s t i n g 4 9
4.5.1 A l p h a T e s t i n g 4 9 4 . 5 . 2 S y s t e m T e s t i n g 4 9
5 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 S o f t w a r e D e s i g n 5 0 5 . 2 G r a p h i c a l U s e r I n t e r f a c e D e s i g n 5 0
5.2.1 F l a s h S c r e e n 51 5.2.2 M a i n S c r e e n 51 5.2.3 e - B P M S File M e n u 5 3 5.2.4 e - B P M S V i e w M e n u 5 5 5.2.5 M e a s u r e m e n t I n t e r f a c e 5 6
5.2.6 E r r o r I n d i c a t i o n 5 8 5 . 3 P I C P r o g r a m m i n g 5 8 5 . 4 W a v e f o r m R e c o n s t r u c t i o n A l g o r i t h m 6 3
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 H a r d w a r e E x p e r i m e n t s 6 4 6.1.1 P r e s s u r e s e n s o r 6 4 6.1.2 D i f f e r e n t i a l A m p l i f i e r 6 6 6.1.3 T w o p o l e s high p a s s R C filter 6 7
6.1.4 P I C 1 6 F 8 7 7 m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r 6 9 6.1.5 M A X 2 3 2 - R S 2 3 2 i n t e r f a c e 7 0 6.1.6 e - B P M s o u t p u t (blood p r e s s u r e 7 1
r e a d i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n )
6 . 2 S o f t w a r e S i m u l a t i o n 7 3 6.2.1 W a v e f o r m R e c o n s t r u c t i o n 7 3
6.2.2 C o m p a r i s o n of R e s u l t s 7 4
7 . 2 L i m i t a t i o n s of e - B P M S 78 7.3 F u t u r e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n 79
REFERENCES 81
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1.1 B l o o d p r e s s u r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r adults g i v e n 3
b y A H A
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 S p h y g m o m a n o m e t e r 5 1.2 D e t e r m i n a t i o n of b l o o d p r e s s u r e u s i n g 8
o s c i l l o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e
2.1 O M R O N b l o o d p r e s s u r e m e t e r 19 2 . 2 C I T I Z E N b l o o d p r e s s u r e m e t e r 2 0 2.3 B I P I T O N E b l o o d p r e s s u r e m e t e r 2 0 2.4 H E A L T H - O - M E T E R b l o o d p r e s s u r e m e t e r 21
2.5 L U M I S C O P E b l o o d p r e s s u r e m e t e r 2 2 2 . 6 F O R E C A R E b l o o d p r e s s u r e m e t e r 2 3 3.1 B a s i c p r i n c i p l e in o s c i l l o m e t r i c m e t h o d 2 6
3.2 B l o c k d i a g r a m f o r e - B P M S 2 7
3.3 H a r d w a r e f l o w c h a r t 2 8 3.4 S o f t w a r e f l o w c h a r t 3 0 4.1 M P X 5 0 5 0 G P p r e s s u r e s e n s o r 3 3
4 . 2 E x p e c t e d o u t p u t of p r e s s u r e s e n s o r 3 4 4 . 3 P o w e r s u p p l y d e c o u p l i n g and filtering circuit 3 4
4 . 4 L M 3 2 4 N o p e r a t i o n a l a m p l i f i e r 35 4 . 5 D i f f e r e n t i a l a m p l i f i e r circuit 3 7 4 . 6 E x p e c t e d oscillation signal given b y 3 7
differential a m p l i f i e r
4 . 7 E x p e c t e d filter f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e 3 8 4.8 Basic m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r b l o c k d i a g r a m a n d 3 9
xiii
4 . 9 Test set up for M A X 2 3 2 4 2 4 . 1 0 E x p e c t e d o u t p u t f r o m M A X 2 3 2 4 2
4.11 M A X 2 3 2 chip c o n f i g u r a t i o n and its 4 3 internal o u t l o o k
4 . 1 2 Bi-directional R S - 2 3 2 i n t e r f a c e 4 4 4 . 1 3 H a n d s h a k i n g t i m i n g d i a g r a m 4 7
5.1 Flash screen 51 5.2 e - B P M S m a i n screen 5 2
5.3 T e x t d o c u m e n t of " I n f o " b u t t o n 5 2 5.4 e - B P M S w a v e f o r m d i s p l a y s c r e e n 5 3
5.5 e - B P M S file m e n u 5 4 5.6 E x a m p l e of result to b e printed 5 4
5.7 e - B P M S " a b o u t " s c r e e n s h o t 5 5 5.8 e - B P M S d a t a b a s e s c r e e n s h o t 5 6 5.9 e - B P M S patient b l o o d p r e s s u r e status d i s p l a y 5 7
5 . 1 0 S a m p l e of w a v e f o r m r e c o n s t r u c t e d b y e - B P M S 5 7
5.11 e - B P M S error i n d i c a t i o n 5 8 5 . 1 2 Initialization of register A D C O N 1 a n d 5 9
all ports u s e d
5 . 1 3 S e t t i n g of t r a n s m i s s i o n m o d e a n d b a u d rate 6 0 5 . 1 4 P C detection of S T A R T / S T O P data t r a n s f e r 61 5 . 1 5 Starting the A n a l o g - t o - D i g i t a l C o n v e r s i o n 61
O p e r a t i o n
5 . 1 6 A D R E S L and A D R E S H setting f o r d a t a t r a n s f e r 6 2
5 . 1 7 D e t e c t the e n d of C a p t u r e D u r a t i o n 6 2 5 . 1 8 R o u t i n e f o r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of w a v e f o r m 6 3 6.1 D i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e o b t a i n e d f r o m s e n s o r 65
6.2 D i f f e r e n t i a l a m p l i f i e r circuit 6 7 6.3 Filter f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e 6 8 6.4 I n p u t / o u t p u t of a n a l o g to digital c o n v e r t e r ( A D C ) 6 9
6.5 O u t p u t of b o t h pin T2EN and T 2 0 U T 71 6.6 E x a m p l e of b l o o d p r e s s u r e w a v e f o r m o b t a i n e d 7 2
7.1 U n w a n t e d notch a n d jitters c a p t u r e d 7 8 7 . 2 I n c o n s i s t e n t r e a d i n g w h e n p r e s s u r e 7 9
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ ABBREVIATIONS
A/D
A n a l o g - D i g i t a lAAMI
A s s o c i a t i o n of A d v a n c e m e n t M e d i c a l I n s t r u m e n t a t i o nABPM
A m b u l a t o r y B l o o d P r e s s u r e M o n i t o r i n gADC
A n a l o g to digital C o n v e r t e rAHA
A m e r i c a n H e a l t h A s s o c i a t i o nA
p A t t e n u a t i o nASCII
A m e r i c a n S t a n d a r d C o d e f o r I n f o r m a t i o n I n t e r c h a n g eatm
A t m o s p h e r i c unit ( p r e s s u r e m e a s u r e m e n t )CMOS
C o m p l e m e n t a r y M O S F E TCOM
C o m p o n e n t O b j e c t M o d e lCP
C u f f P r e s s u r e s i g n a lCPU
Central P r o c e s s i n g U n i tCTS
C l e a r T o S e n dDIY
D o It Y o u r s e l fDSR
D a t a Set R e a d yDTR
D a t a T e r m i n a l R e a d ye-BPMS
E l e c t r o n i c B l o o d P r e s s u r e M e a s u r e m e n t S y s t e mEIA/TIA-232E
Serial C o m m u n i c a t i o n S t a n d a r dEMI
E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c I n d u c e d V o l t a g eFET
Field E f f e c t T r a n s i s t o rGND
G r o u n dGPIB
G e n e r a l P u r p o s e I n t e r f a c e B u sGUI
G r a p h i c a l U s e r I n t e r f a c eHz
H e r t z (unit of f r e q u e n c y )MS Chart
M i c r o s o f t C h a r t ( A c t i v e X f u n c t i o n )MS Comm.
M i c r o s o f t C o m m u n i c a t i o n ( A c t i v e X f u n c t i o n )MSC
M u l t i m e d i a S u p e r C o r r i d o rNIBP
N o n I n v a s i v e B l o o d P r e s s u r ePa
P a s c a l unit (pressure m e a s u r e m e n t )PC
P e r s o n a l C o m p u t e rPIC
P e r i p h e r a l I n t e r f a c e C o n t r o l l e rRC
R e s i s t o r - C a p a c i t o rRS-232
S e r i a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n P r o t o c o lRTS
R e q u e s t to S e n dRXD
R e c e i v e d dataSI
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y s t e m (unit of m e a s u r e m e n t )SPBRG
B a u d rate g e n e r a t o rTTL
T r a n s i s t o r - T r a n s i s t o r L o g i cTXD
T r a n s m i t dataUART
U n i v e r s a l A s y n c h r o n o u s R e c e i v e r / T r a n s m i t t e rV
V o l t (unit of v o l t a g e )VB6
V i s u a l B a s i c 6.0VD C D i r e c t current V o l t a g e
Van,
V o l t a g e o u t p u tVs
V o l t a g e S u p p l yx v i i
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A P I C P r o g r a m m i n g 85 B V B P r o g r a m m i n g 88 C e - B P M S Circuit D i a g r a m 9 2
D S t a n d a r d B l o o d P r e s s u r e T a b l e 9 3
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
721
1.2 Theory
1.2.1 Blood pressure
B l o o d p r e s s u r e is d e f i n e d as the p r e s s u r e of the b l o o d against the w a l l s of the arteries. It is the r e s u l t a n t of t w o f o r c e s . O n e is c r e a t e d b y the heart as it p u m p s b l o o d into the arteries a n d t h r o u g h the c i r c u l a t o r y s y s t e m . T h e o t h e r is the f o r c e of the arteries as t h e y resist the b l o o d f l o w . B l o o d p r e s s u r e is m e a s u r e d in m i l l i m e t e r s of m e r c u r y ( m m H g ) and r e c o r d e d as t w o n u m b e r s s y s t o l i c p r e s s u r e "over" diastolic p r e s s u r e . F o r e x a m p l e , the d o c t o r m i g h t say " 1 3 0 o v e r 8 0 " 1 3 0 / 8 0 m m H g as a b l o o d p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t is t a k e n w h e n the d o c t o r p u t s the c u f f a r o u n d p a t i e n t ' s a r m a n d p u m p s it up.
T h e p r e s s u r e e x e r t e d b y the c u f f will b l o c k the b l o o d f l o w in the v e s s e l . A s the p r e s s u r e is r e l e a s e d s l o w l y , b l o o d starts to f l o w a g a i n a n d the d o c t o r c a n h e a r the f l o w u s i n g a s t e t h o s c o p e . T h e n u m b e r at w h i c h b l o o d starts f l o w i n g again is r e c o r d e d as m a x i m u m o u t p u t of p r e s s u r e of t h e h e a r t (systolic). T h e n , the d o c t o r will c o n t i n u e r e l e a s i n g the p r e s s u r e of the c u f f a n d listens until there is n o s o u n d . T h e n u m b e r (80) indicates the p r e s s u r e in the s y s t e m w h e n the h e a r t is r e l a x e d (diastolic).
( h y p e r t e n s i o n ) . T h e r a n g e of b l o o d p r e s s u r e r e c o m m e n d e d b y A H A is s u m m a r i z e d in the T a b l e 1.1 b e l o w .
T a b l e 1.1: B l o o d p r e s s u r e classification f o r adults g i v e n b y A H A
C a t e g o r y S y s t o l i c ( m m H g ) D i a s t o l i c ( m m H g )
N o r m a l < 130 < 8 5 H i g h N o r m a l 130-139 8 5 - 8 9 H y p e r t e n s i o n
S t a g e 1 ( m i l d ) 1 4 0 - 1 5 9 9 0 - 9 9
S t a g e 2 ( m o d e r a t e ) 160-179 1 0 0 - 1 0 9 S t a g e 3 ( s e v e r e ) 1 0 8 - 2 0 9 1 1 0 - 1 1 9 S t a g e 4 ( v e r y s e v e r e ) > 2 1 0 > 1 2 0
B l o o d p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g is k n o w n to b e varied b e t w e e n o n e p e o p l e to a n o t h e r . It is r e c o m m e n d e d b y A H A that ideally, b l o o d p r e s s u r e m u s t b e c h e c k e d at least t w i c e a y e a r a n d it s h o u l d b e m o r e o f t e n if it is high. S o m e of the f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g b l o o d p r e s s u r e can b e c l a s s i f i e d into several c a t e g o r i e s c o n c e r n i n g p h y s i o l o g i c a l , g e n d e r , l i f e s t y l e s and m a n y others. T h e e l a b o r a t i o n of t h e s e f a c t o r s will b e in f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n .
