TT
OPLOTNE
OPLOTNE
O
O
PERACIJE
PERACIJE
K
K
ONDUKCIJA
ONDUKCIJA
–
– prenos toplote kroz čvrsto stanje
prenos toplote kroz čvrsto stanje
K
K
ONVEKCIJA
ONVEKCIJA
–
– prenos toplote sa fluida na zid ili sa zida na
prenos toplote sa fluida na zid ili sa zida na
fluid u zavisnosti od temperature.
fluid u zavisnosti od temperature.
P
P
ROLAZ
ROLAZ
toplote K
toplote K
–
– karakterističan za razmenjivače
karakterističan za razmenjivače
toplote.
toplote.
N
N
ESTACIONARNO
ESTACIONARNO
P
P
ROVOĐENJE
ROVOĐENJE
TT
OPLOTE
OPLOTE
(U
(U
NSTEAY
NSTEAY
SS
TATE
TATE
H
H
EAT
EAT
TT
RANSFER
RANSFER
))
This
This means the rate of heat tran
means the rate of heat transfer is not consta
sfer is not constant with
nt with
time as temperature difference between source and sink
time as temperature difference between source and sink
is changing over time. “Heat Equation” is important
is changing over time. “Heat Equation” is important
partial differential equation which describes the
partial differential equation which describes the
distribution of heat (or
distribution of heat (or
variation in temperature
variation in temperature
) in a
) in a
given region over time. For a function u(x,y,z,t)
given region over time. For a function u(x,y,z,t)
*θ(x,y,z,t)+ of three spatial variables (x,y,z) an the time
*θ(x,y,z,t)+ of three spatial variables (x,y,z) an the time
variable t, the heat equation is:
variable t, the heat equation is:
̇̇
(For U variation
(For U variation
is just a positive constant)
is just a positive constant)
Diferencijalna jenačina provođenja toplote
Diferencijalna jenačina provođenja toplote
̇
̇
- izvor ili ponor toplote (egzoterman ili endoterman
- izvor ili ponor toplote (egzoterman ili endoterman
proces) iliti generisanje toplote,
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brojilac (demonitaor
brojilac (demonitaor
–
– brojilac, numerator
brojilac, numerator
– imenilac)
–
imenilac)
–
– predstavlja zapreminski toplotni kapacitet
predstavlja zapreminski toplotni kapacitet, čije su
, čije su
jedinice
jedinice
**
++
,,
α
α
–
– termička
termička
difuznost,
difuznost,
**
++
:::
:::
**
++
,,
--
toplotna provoljivost za čvrste materije (
toplotna provoljivost za čvrste materije (thermal
thermal
conductivity
conductivity –
– obeležavaju je sa k inače
obeležavaju je sa k inače
),
),
c
c –
– specifični toplotni kapacitet
specifični toplotni kapacitet
**
++
za ravan zid
za ravan zid
–
– brzina promene temperature de
brzina promene temperature de
biti veda ako je
biti veda ako je
vede
vede
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
- trodimenzionalno nestacionarno
- trodimenzionalno nestacionarno
provođenje toplote
provođenje toplote
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
θ
- dvodimenzionalno
- dvodimenzionalno
θ
θ
θ
θ
–
– jednodimenzionalno
jednodimenzionalno
za
za
proces je stacionaran
proces je stacionaran
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S
S
TACIONARNI
TACIONARNI
:
:
̇̇
N
N
ESTACIONARNI
ESTACIONARNI
:
:
̇̇
Dvodimenzionalno stacionarno:
Dvodimenzionalno stacionarno:
̇̇
R
R
AZMENJIVAČI
AZMENJIVAČI
TT
OPLOTE
OPLOTE
(H
(H
EAT
EAT
EE
XCHANGERS
XCHANGERS
))
Su
Su
aparati u kojima se obezbeđuje razmena toplote
aparati u kojima se obezbeđuje razmena toplote
između 2 fluia. Oko 80% termičke energije se troši u
između 2 fluia. Oko 80% termičke energije se troši u
procesima hemijske procesne industrije (petrohemije,
procesima hemijske procesne industrije (petrohemije,
bazne industrije)
bazne industrije)
Koriste za grejanje ili hlađenje jenog ili rugog fluia i
Koriste za grejanje ili hlađenje jenog ili rugog fluia i
za rekuperaciju “otpane” toplote
za rekuperaciju “otpane” toplote
..
Neophodni su za procese destilacije
Neophodni su za procese destilacije
–
– dovodi se toplota
dovodi se toplota
a bi se tečna faza isparila i na vrhu estilacione kolone
a bi se tečna faza isparila i na vrhu estilacione kolone
se ponovo kondenzovala u npr Libigovom kondenzatoru.
se ponovo kondenzovala u npr Libigovom kondenzatoru.
I
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Razmenjivač toplote obija naziv prema procesnom
Razmenjivač toplote obija naziv prema procesnom
fluidu
fluidu
. Ako procesni fluid hladi onda imamo hladnjak.
. Ako procesni fluid hladi onda imamo hladnjak.
K
K
LASIFIKACIJA
LASIFIKACIJA
::
Prema načinu ostvarivanja kontakta fluia pri
Prema načinu ostvarivanja kontakta fluia pri
razmeni toplote
razmeni toplote
Prema kompaktnost površine za toplotnu
Prema kompaktnost površine za toplotnu razmenu
razmenu
Prema konstruktivnim karakteristikama
Prema konstruktivnim karakteristikama
Prema konfiguraciji tokova fluida
Prema konfiguraciji tokova fluida
Pre
Prema broju fluia koji učestvuju u toplotnoj razmeni
ma broju fluia koji učestvuju u toplotnoj razmeni
(1, 2, 3 ili više, ko regeneratora nije neobično a se
(1, 2, 3 ili više, ko regeneratora nije neobično a se
jedan fluid u jednoj fazi procesa zagreva toplotom koju
jedan fluid u jednoj fazi procesa zagreva toplotom koju
je sam predao u drugoj fazi procesa)
je sam predao u drugoj fazi procesa)
Prema mehanizmu prenosa toplote
Prema mehanizmu prenosa toplote
P
P
REMA
REMA
N
N
AČINU
AČINU
O
O
STVARIVANJA
STVARIVANJA
K
K
ONTAKTA
ONTAKTA
D
D
IREKTNI
IREKTNI
K
K
ONTAKT
ONTAKT
Neophono je a se fluii nakon hlađenja ili grejanja
Neophono je a se fluii nakon hlađenja ili grejanja
mogu razdvojiti
mogu razdvojiti
Retko se koristi i fluidi su u direktnom kontaktu.
Retko se koristi i fluidi su u direktnom kontaktu.
I
I
NDIREKTNI
NDIREKTNI
K
K
ONTAKT
ONTAKT
R
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Termički izolovani.
Termički izolovani.
Najčešde se koriste u inustriji
Najčešde se koriste u inustriji
The term recuperator refers as well to liquid-liquid
The term recuperator refers as well to liquid-liquid
counterflow
counterflow
heat exchangers used for heat recovery in
heat exchangers used for heat recovery in
chemical and refinery industries and in closed processes
chemical and refinery industries and in closed processes
such as ammonia-water or LiBr-water absorption
such as ammonia-water or LiBr-water absorption
refrigeration cycles
refrigeration cycles
..
Donja slika pokazuje tri osnovne konfiguracije, svi su
Donja slika pokazuje tri osnovne konfiguracije, svi su
suprotnostrujni,
suprotnostrujni,
R
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Preko površine za toplotnu razmenu prvo stuji topliji
Preko površine za toplotnu razmenu prvo stuji topliji
flui (hlai se) a površina akumulira toplotu. Potom se
flui (hlai se) a površina akumulira toplotu. Potom se
preko tako zagrejane površine pušta hlaniji fluia i on
preko tako zagrejane površine pušta hlaniji fluia i on
prima toplotu.
prima toplotu.
The flow through the heat exchanger is cyclical and
The flow through the heat exchanger is cyclical and
periodically changes direction. It is similar to a
periodically changes direction. It is similar to a
countercurrent heat exchanger. However, a regenerator
countercurrent heat exchanger. However, a regenerator
mixes the two fluid flows while a countercurrent
mixes the two fluid flows while a countercurrent
exchanger maintains them separated. The temperature
exchanger maintains them separated. The temperature
profile remains at a nearly constant temperature, and
profile remains at a nearly constant temperature, and
this includes the fluid entering and exiting each end.
this includes the fluid entering and exiting each end.
In regenerative heat exchangers, the fluid on either side
In regenerative heat exchangers, the fluid on either side
of the heat exchanger is nearly always the same fluid.
of the heat exchanger is nearly always the same fluid.
The fluid is cycled through the heat exchanger, often
The fluid is cycled through the heat exchanger, often
reaching high temperatures. The fluid may go through
reaching high temperatures. The fluid may go through
an external processing step, and then it is flowed back
an external processing step, and then it is flowed back
through the heat exchanger in the opposite direction for
through the heat exchanger in the opposite direction for
further processing. Usually the application will use this
further processing. Usually the application will use this
process cyclically or repetitively. Thus, in regenerative
process cyclically or repetitively. Thus, in regenerative
heat exchangers, a
heat exchangers, a
fluid incoming to a process is heated
fluid incoming to a process is heated
using the energy contained in the fluid exiting this
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reclaimed nearly in a thermodynamically reversible way.
reclaimed nearly in a thermodynamically reversible way.
This type of heat exchanger can have a thermal
This type of heat exchanger can have a thermal
efficiency of over 90%, transferring almost all the
efficiency of over 90%, transferring almost all the
relative heat energy from one flow direction to the
relative heat energy from one flow direction to the
other. Only a small amount of extra heat energy needs
other. Only a small amount of extra heat energy needs
to be added at the hot end, and dissipated at the cold
to be added at the hot end, and dissipated at the cold
end, even to maintain very high or very low
end, even to maintain very high or very low
temperatures.
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R
R
AZMENJIVAČI
AZMENJIVAČI
SS
A
A
FF
LUIIZOVANIM
LUIIZOVANIM
SS
LOJEM
LOJEM
(F
(F
LUIISE
LUIISE
B
B
E
E
H
H
EAT
EAT
EE
XCHANGER
XCHANGER
))
Fluiizovan sloj je sloj nasutih čvrstih čestica koje
Fluiizovan sloj je sloj nasutih čvrstih čestica koje
ispoljavaju karakteristike fluida.
ispoljavaju karakteristike fluida.
Koriste se ko
Koriste se ko raa sa tečnim fluiima kaa je potrebno
raa sa tečnim fluiima kaa je potrebno
smanjiti proces taloženja naslaga i prljavštine iz tečnih
smanjiti proces taloženja naslaga i prljavštine iz tečnih
fluida (proces se naziva Fouling ili Scaling) u cevima
fluida (proces se naziva Fouling ili Scaling) u cevima
razmenjivača iliti “onečišdenje” ono što obeležavaju sa
razmenjivača iliti “onečišdenje” ono što obeležavaju sa
R
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Pokretljivost
fluidizovanog
sloja
daje
ovakvim
Pokretljivost
fluidizovanog
sloja
daje
ovakvim
razmenjivačima ve izrazite prenosti u onosu na
razmenjivačima ve izrazite prenosti u onosu na
klasične razmenjivače tipa cev
klasične razmenjivače tipa cev-u-cev.
-u-cev.
1) “krstarede kretanje” elemenata sloja sprečava
1) “krstarede kretanje” elemenata sloja sprečava
taloženje naslaga i smanjuje koroiranje cevi, i
taloženje naslaga i smanjuje koroiranje cevi, i
2) Koeficijent prelaza toplote α u sloju je skoro uplo
2) Koeficijent prelaza toplote α u sloju je skoro uplo
ve
vedi nego ko klasičnih razmenjivača
di nego ko klasičnih razmenjivača
Cena im je u rangu
Cena im je u rangu cena klasičnih razmenjivača.
cena klasičnih razmenjivača.
K
K
OMPAKTOST
OMPAKTOST
P
P
OVRŠINE
OVRŠINE
Z
Z
A
A
T
T
OPLOTNU
OPLOTNU
R
R
AZMENU
AZMENU
Cilj je a se što veda površina za razmenu toplote smesti
Cilj je a se što veda površina za razmenu toplote smesti
u aparat
u aparat –
–
kompaktni, a manje nekompaktni
kompaktni, a manje nekompaktni
Kompaktnost
Kompaktnost
P
P
REMA
REMA
K
K
ONSTRUKTIVNIM
ONSTRUKTIVNIM
K
K
ARAKTERISTIKAMA
ARAKTERISTIKAMA
:
:
C
C
EVNI
EVNI
(REKUPERATORI)
(REKUPERATORI)
cev u cevi
cev u cevi
sa zmijastim cevima
sa zmijastim cevima
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pločasti
pločasti
R
R
EGENERATORI
EGENERATORI
P
P
REMA
REMA
K
K
ONFIGURACIJI
ONFIGURACIJI
T
T
OKOVA
OKOVA
F
F
LUIDA
LUIDA
S
S
A JEDNIM PROLAZOM FLUIDA
A JEDNIM PROLAZOM FLUIDA
istostrujni
istostrujni
suprotnostrujni
suprotnostrujni
unakrsnostrujni
unakrsnostrujni
S
S
A VIŠE PROLAZA FLUI
A VIŠE PROLAZA FLUI
A
A
sa istaknutim površinama
sa istaknutim površinama
cevni
cevni
pločasti
pločasti
sa
sa
cevnim snopom i omotačem
cevnim snopom i omotačem
pločasti
pločasti
P
P
REMA
REMA
M
M
EHANIZMU
EHANIZMU
P
P
RENOSA
RENOSA
T
T
OPLOTE
OPLOTE
konvekcija u jednofaznom fluidu sa 2 strane
konvekcija u jednofaznom fluidu sa 2 strane
površine za toplotnu razmenu
površine za toplotnu razmenu
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sa fluida na zid ili obrnuto,
sa fluida na zid ili obrnuto,
q
q
–
– toplotni flux,
toplotni flux,
–
–
thermal diffusivity
thermal diffusivity
[In the study of transport phenomena (heat transfer,
[In the study of transport phenomena (heat transfer,
mass transfer and fluid dynamics),
mass transfer and fluid dynamics),
flux is defined
flux is defined
as the
as the
amount that flows through a unit area per unit time.
amount that flows through a unit area per unit time.
Generally that definition is the definition for flux density.
Generally that definition is the definition for flux density.
Flux in this definition is a vector.
Flux in this definition is a vector.
Generally
Generally
,
, in
in particular
particular
in the field of electromagnetism and mathematics, flux is
in the field of electromagnetism and mathematics, flux is
usually the integral of a vector quantity, flux density,
usually the integral of a vector quantity, flux density,
over a finite surface.
over a finite surface.
]]
Grejanje fluida:
Grejanje fluida:
Dolazi o prelaza toplote strujanjem fluia už zia koji
Dolazi o prelaza toplote strujanjem fluia už zia koji
može biti ravan ili cilinričan
može biti ravan ili cilinričan
|
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w
w
–
– brzina
brzina strujanja
strujanja fluia.
fluia. Za
Za oređivanje
oređivanje α
α koristi
koristi se
se
teorija sličnosti ili kolburnov pristup
teorija sličnosti ili kolburnov pristup
TT
EORIJA
EORIJA
SS
LIČNOSTI
LIČNOSTI
N
N
USELTOV KRITERIJUM
USELTOV KRITERIJUM
(Nusselt - gives a measure of the
(Nusselt - gives a measure of the
ratio of the total heat transfer to conductive heat
ratio of the total heat transfer to conductive heat
transfer.)
transfer.)
::
Odnosi se na prinudno strujanje
Odnosi se na prinudno strujanje
Za turbulentno:
Za turbulentno:
Pogonska sila za strujanje fluida je razlika pritisaka
Pogonska sila za strujanje fluida je razlika pritisaka
(ostvaruje se pomodu pumpi i
(ostvaruje se pomodu pumpi i kompresora)
kompresora)
R
R
EJNOLDSOV BROJ
EJNOLDSOV BROJ
(is a dimensionless number that gives a
(is a dimensionless number that gives a
measure of the ratio of inertial forces
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- toplotna provodljivost (
- toplotna provodljivost (
k
k
- thermal conductivity)
- thermal conductivity)
[W/(m K)];
[W/(m K)];
α
α
--
termička ifuznost
termička ifuznost
--
thermal iffusivity, α
thermal iffusivity, α
=
=
λλ / (ρc
/ (ρc
p
p
), [ m
), [ m
2
2
/s]
/s]
G
G
RASHOFOV BROJ
RASHOFOV BROJ
–
–daje odnos sile potiska (buoyancy)
daje odnos sile potiska (buoyancy)
prema viskoznim silama koje deluju na
prema viskoznim silama koje deluju na
flui. (često se
flui. (često se
koristi
koristi ko
ko izučavanja
izučavanja prirone
prirone konvekcije)
konvekcije)
-1
-1
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–
– se manje menjaju sa
se manje menjaju sa
promenom
promenom
a
a
najviše.
najviše.
-
-
hiraulički
hiraulički
prečnik
prečnik
cc
,,
m
m
,,
n
n
su empirijske konstante.
su empirijske konstante.
Zbog razlike u temperaturama dolazi do
Zbog razlike u temperaturama dolazi do
deformacije strujnog polja pa se uvodi
deformacije strujnog polja pa se uvodi
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oređuje
oređuje se grafički ili analitički
se grafički ili analitički
u cevima.
u cevima.
Termo-Termo-hiraulični
hiraulični
proračun
proračun
=
=
pa
pa
pritiska
pritiska
u
u
razmenjivaču toplote usle gubitaka iz bernulijeve
razmenjivaču toplote usle gubitaka iz bernulijeve
jenačine:
jenačine:
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–
– Faning (Fanning friction factor)
Faning (Fanning friction factor)
se oređuje grafički ili analitički
se oređuje grafički ili analitički
JJ
ENAČINA
ENAČINA
EE
NERGETSKOG
NERGETSKOG
B
B
ILANSA
ILANSA
R
R
AZMENJIVAČA
AZMENJIVAČA
TT
OPLOTE
OPLOTE
̇ ̇ ̇̇
⏟⏟
̇̇
⏟⏟
̇
̇
- toplotni kapacitet
- toplotni kapacitet
**
++
Index t
Index t –
– topliji, h
topliji, h –
– hladniji fluid.
hladniji fluid.
R
R
ASPOELA
ASPOELA
TT
EMPERATURA
EMPERATURA
U
U R
R
EKUPERATORIMA
EKUPERATORIMA
Fluidi tokom razmene toplote ne menjaju agregatno
Fluidi tokom razmene toplote ne menjaju agregatno
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Ukoliko tokom razmene toplote dolazi do fazne
Ukoliko tokom razmene toplote dolazi do fazne
transformacje:
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Termički proračun razmene toplote
Termički proračun razmene toplote
Hiraulički proračun
Hiraulički proračun razmene toplote
razmene toplote
Kod
Kod
termičkog proračuna
termičkog proračuna
cilj nam je da odredimo
cilj nam je da odredimo
i za
i za
to koristimo 2 metode: a) Metodu srednje logaritamske
to koristimo 2 metode: a) Metodu srednje logaritamske
razlike temperatura b) metodu prenosnih jedinica.
razlike temperatura b) metodu prenosnih jedinica.
U razmenjivaču je uvek izobarski proces
U razmenjivaču je uvek izobarski proces p=const
p=const
M
M
ETOA
ETOA
SS
RENJE
RENJE
LL
OGARITAMSE
OGARITAMSE
R
R
AZLIKE
AZLIKE
TT
EMPERATURA
EMPERATURA
::
Assume:
Assume:
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P
P
ROTIVSTRUJNI
ROTIVSTRUJNI
--
menja se už aparata –
menja se už aparata – pogonska sila. Odnosi se na
pogonska sila. Odnosi se na
jedan presek a ne neke srednje vrednosti. Dakle kao
jedan presek a ne neke srednje vrednosti. Dakle kao
ili
ili
na krajevima razmenjivača
na krajevima razmenjivača
̇ ̇
̇ ̇
̇ ̇
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̇ ̇
̇ ̇
Log mean temperature difference - The log mean
Log mean temperature difference - The log mean
temperature difference (also known by its acronym
temperature difference (also known by its acronym
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relatively small range
relatively small range
. However, if the specific heat
. However, if the specific heat
changes, the LMTD approach will no longer be accurate.
changes, the LMTD approach will no longer be accurate.
* A particular case where the
* A particular case where the
LMTD is not applicable
LMTD is not applicable
are condensers and reboilers
are condensers and reboilers
, where the latent heat
, where the latent heat
associated to phase change makes the hypothesis invalid
associated to phase change makes the hypothesis invalid
(nije linearna promena temperature).
(nije linearna promena temperature).
* It has also been assumed that the heat transfer
* It has also been assumed that the heat transfer
coeffficient (K=[W/(m
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I
I
STOSTRUJNI
STOSTRUJNI
̇ ̇
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