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(1)

Measuring the Effectiveness of the

Promotional Program

Measuring the Effectiveness of the

Promotional Program

19

(2)

Pros and Cons of Measuring Advertising

Effectiveness

Reasons to Measure

Reasons to Measure

Ad Effectiveness

Ad Effectiveness

ƒ Avoid costly mistakes

ƒ Evaluate alternative

strategies

ƒ Increase efficiency of

advertising in general

Reasons Not to Measure

Reasons Not to Measure

Effectiveness

Effectiveness

ƒ Cost of measurement

ƒ Problems with

research

ƒ Disagreement about

what to test

ƒ Objections of creative

personnel

ƒ Lack of time

(3)

Advertising agencies sometimes do not like

testing of their ads

(4)

Testing Factors

¾ What to test

ƒ Source factors

ƒ Message variables

ƒ Media strategies

ƒ Budget decisions

¾ When to test

ƒ Pre-testing

ƒ Post-testing

¾ Where to test

ƒ Laboratory tests

ƒ Field tests

¾ How to test

ƒ Testing guidelines

ƒ Appropriate tests

(5)

Testing Methods

¾ Pretesting

– Laboratory Methods

ƒ Consumer juries

ƒ Portfolio tests

ƒ Physiological

measures

ƒ Theater tests

ƒ Rough tests

ƒ Concept tests

ƒ Reliability tests

ƒ Comprehension tests

ƒ Reaction tests

¾ Pretesting

– Field Methods

ƒ Dummy ad vehicles

ƒ On-air tests

¾ Posttests

– Field Methods

ƒ Recall tests

ƒ Association measures

ƒ Single-source systems

ƒ Inquiry tests

ƒ Recognition tests

ƒ Tracking studies

(6)

Positioning Advertising Copy (PACT)

Testing Principles

1. Provide measurements relevant to objectives of advertising

2. Require agreement on how results will be used before each test 3. Provide multiple measures (Single measures aren't adequate) 4. Be based on a model of human response to communications 5. Consider multiple versus single exposure to the stimulus

6. Require alternative executions to have the same degree of finish 7. Provide controls to avoid the biasing effects of exposure context 8. Take into account basic considerations of sample definition

(7)

Concept Testing

¾

¾

Objective:

Objective:

– Explores consumers’ responses to various ad concepts as

expressed in words, pictures, or symbols

¾

¾

Method:

Method:

– Alternative concepts are exposed to consumers who

match the characteristics of the target audience

– Reactions and evaluations of each are sought through a

variety of methods, including

ƒ Focus groups

ƒ Direct questioning ƒ Survey completion

– Sample sizes vary depending on the number of concepts

to be presented at the consensus of responses

¾

¾

Output:

Output:

– Qualitative and/or quantitative data evaluating and

comparing alternative concepts

(8)

Focus Group Limitations

¾ The results are not quantifiable

¾ Sample sizes are too small to generalize to larger

populations

¾ Group influences may bias participants’ responses

¾ One or two members of the group may steer the

conversation or dominate the discussion

¾ Consumers become instant “experts”

¾ Members may not represent the target market

(Participants may be a certain type of person)

¾ Results may be taken to be more representative

(9)

Rough Art, Copy, and Commercial Testing

¾

¾

Comprehension and reaction tests

Comprehension and reaction tests

¾

¾

Consumer juries

Consumer juries

ƒ Advantages

ƒ Control

ƒ Cost effectiveness

ƒ Disadvantages

ƒ Consumer may become a self-appointed expert

ƒ Number of ads that can be evaluated is limited

ƒ A halo effect is possible

ƒ Preference for ads types may overshadow

objectivity

(10)

Rough Testing Terms

Animatic

Animatic

Rough

Rough

– Succession of drawings/cartoons – Rendered artwork – Still frames – Simulated movement: ƒ Panning/zooming of frame/rapid sequence

Photomatic

Photomatic

Rough

Rough

– Succession of photographs – Real people/scenery – Still frames – Simulated movements: ƒ Panning/zooming of frame/rapid sequence

Live

Live

-

-

Action Rough

Action Rough

– Live motion – Stand-in/nonunion talent – Nonunion crew – Limited props/minimal opticals – Location settings

A Finished Commercial Uses

A Finished Commercial Uses

– Live motion/animation – Highly paid union talent – Full union crew

– Exotic props/studio sets/special effects

(11)
(12)

Consumer Juries

ƒ Potential viewers (consumers) evaluate ads

ƒ Viewers give their reactions and evaluation

ƒ Viewers rate or rank order the multiple ads

ƒ Ads are rated according to:

– The order of merit method or

– The paired comparison method

ƒ Juries typically have 50 to 100 participants

ƒ An overall reaction to each ad is obtained

ƒ A rank ordering of ads is also obtained

(13)

Questions Asked in a Consumer Jury Test

1. Which of these ads would you most likely

read if you saw it in a magazine?

2. Which of these headlines would interest you

the most in reading the ad further?

3. Which ad convinces you most of the quality

or superiority of the product?

4. Which layout do you think would be most

effective in causing you to buy?

5. Which ad did you like best?

(14)

Pretesting Finished Ads

Portfolio tests

Portfolio tests

– A laboratory method

– Includes test and control ads

– Portfolio test have problems

• Factors other than creativity and/or presentation may affect recall

• Recall may not be the best test

Readability tests

Readability tests

Flesch

Flesch

Formula

Formula

– Based on syllables per 100 words

– Other factors also considered

ƒ Copy may be too mechanical ƒ No direct input from reader

Dummy advertising vehicles

(15)

Diagnostic Research Inc. (DRI) Print Ad Test

¾

¾

Objective:

Objective:

– Test recall and readers’ impressions of print ads

¾

¾

Method:

Method:

– Mall intercepts, about 225 people, 2 or more cities

– Participants take home “test magazines”

– Participants phoned the following day to measure . . .

ƒ Recall of ads ƒ Interest in content ƒ Supplementary information

¾

¾

Output:

Output:

– Scores reported on . . .

ƒ Recall of copy and visual elements ƒ Recall of sales messages

(16)

IPSOS-ASI’s Next*Print

¾

¾

Objective:

Objective:

– To assist in copy testing of ads to determine:

ƒ Main idea communication ƒ Likes and dislikes

ƒ Believability

– Ad attribute ratings

ƒ Overall likability

ƒ Brand attribute ratings

¾

¾

Method:

Method:

– Current issues of magazines

– Recall measures for 150 respondents

– Diagnostic measures from 105 to 150 respondents

¾

¾

Output:

Output:

(17)

Pretesting Finished Broadcast Ads

¾Theater tests

–Measures changes in product preferences

–May also measure . . .

ƒ Interest in and reaction to the commercial

ƒ Reaction from an adjective checklist

ƒ Recall of various aspects included

ƒ Interest in the brand presented

ƒ Continuous (frame-by-frame) reactions

¾On-air tests

–Insertion in TV programs in specific markets

–Limitations are imposed by “day-after recall”

(18)

Physiological Test Measures

Pupil dilation

Pupil dilation

– Instrument: pupilometer

ƒ Dilation associated with action

ƒ Constriction indicates disinterest

Subject

Stimulus Object

Male

Female

Nude

Female

Nude

Male

Nude

Infant

(19)

Physiological Test Measures

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

[

[

aka

aka

Electodermal

Electodermal

response (EDR)]

response (EDR)]

¾ GSR/EDR characteristics:

– Sensitive to affective stimulation

– May present a picture of attention

– May measure long-term recall

(20)

Eye Movement Research

¾

¾

Objective:

Objective:

– To track eye movements to determine . . .

ƒ What readers read on print ads

ƒ Where attention is focused in TV commercials

¾

¾

Method:

Method:

– Eye movements are tracked using . . .

ƒ Fiber optics

ƒ Digital data processing ƒ Advanced electronics

– Scan paths on

ƒ Print ads and material ƒ Billboards

ƒ Commercials

¾

¾

Output:

Output:

– Relationships among what is . . .

ƒ Seen ƒ Recalled

(21)
(22)

Brain Wave Research

¾

¾

The electroencephalograph (EEG)

The electroencephalograph (EEG)

– Alpha activity

ƒ Degree of activation

ƒ Alpha states associated with

– Inactivity

– Resting

– Sleeping

¾

¾

Hemispheric lateralization

Hemispheric lateralization

– Distinguishes between activity in the

:

ƒ Left hemisphere of the brain

– Processes visual stimuli

ƒ Right hemisphere of the brain

– Processes verbal stimuli

(23)

Posttests of Print Ads

Inquiry tests

Inquiry tests measure the effectiveness

based on inquires generated from ads

appearing in various print media

¾Informal inquiry of customers, prospect

¾Ads in successive issues, same medium

¾Split-run tests, different ads, same medium

¾Runs of same ad, different media

(24)

Ad Response Methods

Methods used frequently or very frequently by 2705 respondents

41% 35% 30% 26% 31% 28% 23% 22% 21% 20% 20% 17% 15% 10% 6% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Mail notes to vendors

Send e-mail messages Contact distributors' websites Send faxes to vendors Discuss products with sales reps Stop at vendors' trade show exhibits Go to magazine websites Telephone local distributors/reps Telephone manufacturers Contact vendors' websites Send back reply cards/coupons DIRECT METHODS Pass ads on to others for possible action Discuss advertising products with others Save ads for reference Return reader service cards INDIRECT METHODS

(25)

Posttests of Print Ads

Recognition tests

Recognition tests (

(

Starch Readership Report)

Starch Readership Report)

ƒ Noted Score – percentage of readers who remember seeing the ad ƒ Seen-associated score – percentage of readers who recall seeing or

reading any part of the ad identifying the brand

ƒ Read-most score –percentage who report reading at least half of copy portion of ad

¾

¾

Purports to measure . . .

Purports to measure . . .

ƒ Pulling power of elements of the ads ƒ Effectiveness of competitors’ ads

ƒ Comparison of alternative executions of ads ƒ Readership score indications of involvement

ƒ Critics identify potential problems . . .

ƒ False claiming of recognition

ƒ Interviewer sensitivities and biases ƒ Low reliability and validity of scores

(26)
(27)

Posttests of Print Ads

Gallup

Gallup

-

-

Robinson Magazine Impact

Robinson Magazine Impact

Research Service

Research Service -

Magazines placed in

homes and respondents are asked to read them.

A telephone interview is conducted a day later.

Measures:

Measures:

¾ Proven Name registration – percent who can

accurately recall the ad

¾ Idea Communication – number of sales/copy

points they can recall

¾ Favorable buying attitude – extent of favorable

purchase reaction to brand or company

(28)

Posttests of Broadcast Commercials

¾ Day after recall tests

¾ Diagnostic Tests

¾ Test marketing

(29)

IPSOS-ASI’s Next*TV

¾

¾

Objective:

Objective:

– To assist in testing commercials to determine:

ƒ Potential for impacting sales

ƒ How ad contributes to brand equity

ƒ How it aligns with existing ad strategies, objectives ƒ How to optimize effectiveness

¾

¾

Method:

Method:

– Consumers view videotape programs in their homes

– Ads are imbedded in the programs

¾

¾

Output:

Output:

– Day-after recall and persuasion scores

– Purchase intent and frequency

– Brand equity differentiation

(30)

Ipsos-ASI Offers a Comprehensive

Testing Measure

(31)

Factors that Make or Break Tracking Studies

1. Properly defined objectives

2. Alignment with sales objectives 3. Properly designed measures

4. Consistency through replication of the sampling plan 5. Random samples

6. Continuous interviewing, not seasonal 7. Evaluate measures related to behavior

8. Critical evaluative questions early to eliminate bias 9. Measurement of competitors’ performance

10. Skepticism about questions asking where ad was seen or heard 11. Building of news value into the study

12. “Moving averages” used to spot long-term

13. Data reporting relationships rather than as isolated facts 14. Integration of key marketplace events with tracking results

(32)

References

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