on
on
“Internet of Things for Underground
“Internet of Things for Underground
Drainage Monitoring System for
Drainage Monitoring System for
Metropolitan Cities”
Metropolitan Cities”
By By
Shubham Vinayak Thakare Shubham Vinayak Thakare
The Shirpur Education Society’s
The Shirpur Education Society’s
Department of Computer Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.
Maharashtra State, India
Maharashtra State, India
[2017-18]
[2017-18]
Seminar-II Report
Seminar-II Report
on
on
“Internet of Things for Underground
“Internet of Things for Underground
Drainage Monitoring System for
Drainage Monitoring System for
Metropolitan Cities”
Metropolitan Cities”
Submitted By Submitted By
Shubham Vinayak Thakare Shubham Vinayak Thakare
Guided By Guided By
Prof. M. M. mhajan Prof. M. M. mhajan
The Shirpur Education Society’s
The Shirpur Education Society’s
Department of Computer Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology Shirpur - 425405.
Maharashtra State, India
Maharashtra State, India
[2017-18]
[2017-18]
Shi
Shirpu
rpur,
r, Dist
Dist.
. Dh
Dhule (M.S.)
ule (M.S.)
Department of Computer Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering
Maharashtra State, India
Maharashtra State, India
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that minor project entitled
This is to certify that minor project entitled“Internet of Things for Underground Drainage“Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities”
Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities” has been carried out by team: has been carried out by team: Shubham Vinayak Thakare
Shubham Vinayak Thakare of TE Computer Engineering class under the guidance of
of TE Computer Engineering class under the guidance of Pro Prof. f. M. M. MahM. M. Mahajanajan during the during the academic year 2017-18.
academic year 2017-18. Date:
Date: Place
Place: : ShirpShirpurur
G
Guuiidde e SSeemmiinnaarr--III I CCoooorrddiinnaattoorr P
Prrooff. . MM. . MM. . MMaahhaajjaan n PPrrooff. . PP. . SS. . SSaannjjeekkaarr
H
H. . OO. . DD. . PPrriinncciippaall P
We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude towards the Department of We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude towards the Department of Com-puter Engineering RCPIT,Shirpur that gave us an opportunty for presentation of our Project puter Engineering RCPIT,Shirpur that gave us an opportunty for presentation of our Project in their esteemed organization. It is a privilege for us have to been associated with
in their esteemed organization. It is a privilege for us have to been associated with P Profrof. . M.M. M. Mahajan
M. Mahajan, our guide during project work.We have been greatly beneted by his valuable, our guide during project work.We have been greatly beneted by his valuable suggestion and ideas.It is with great pleasure that express our deep sense of gratitude to his suggestion and ideas.It is with great pleasure that express our deep sense of gratitude to his for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work.
for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work. We express our gratitude to
We express our gratitude to Pr Prof. of. NitNitin in N. N. PaPatiltil, , [HO[HOD D ComComputputer]er] for his constant for his constant encouragement, co-operation and support and also thankful to all people who have contributed encouragement, co-operation and support and also thankful to all people who have contributed in their own wa
in their own way in y in makmaking this project succeing this project success. ss. WWe e taktake e thithis s opporopportunitunity to ty to thanthank all k all thethe classmates for their company during the course work and for useful discussion we had with them. classmates for their company during the course work and for useful discussion we had with them.
We would also like to thank our Principal
We would also like to thank our Principal P Prorof. f. DrDr. . J. B. PaJ. B. Patitill, who presented us with, who presented us with such an opportunity to expand our horizons of knowledge prayed for us.
such an opportunity to expand our horizons of knowledge prayed for us.
Shubham Vinayak Thakare Shubham Vinayak Thakare
L
Liisstt ooff FFiigguurreess iiiiii
1
1 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn 11
11..1 1 EEmmbbeeddddeed d SSyysstteemms s OOvveerrvviieew w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
11..11..1 1 IInnttrrododuuccttiioon n oof f EEmmbebeddddeed d SSyysstteem m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
11..11..2 2 HHiissttoorry y aannd d FFuuttuurre e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11..11..3 3 RReeaal l TTiimme e SSyysstteemms s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11..2 2 AApppplliiccaattiioon n AArreeaas s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
11..22..1 1 CCoonnssuummeer r aapppplliiaannccees s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
11..22..2 2 OOffifficce e aauuttoommaattiioon n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
11..22..3 3 MMeeddiiccaal l eelleeccttrroonniiccs s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
11..22..4 4 CCoommppuutteer r nneettwwoorrkkiinng g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11..22..5 5 TTeelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonns s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11..22..6 6 WWiirreelleesss s tteecchhnnoollooggiiees s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11..22..7 7 IInnsseemmiinnaattiioon n . . . . . . . 55
11..22..8 8 SSeeccuurriitty y . . . . . . . 55
11..22..9 9 FFiinnaanncce e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11..3 3 OOvveerrvviieew w oof f EEmmbebeddddeed d SSyysstteem m AArrcchhiitteeccttuurre e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2 2 IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOON N TTO O WWIIRREELLEESSS S CCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOON N 99 22..1 1 AApppplliicacatitionons s of of WWiirerelleesss s DDatata a CComommmuunniiccatatiioons ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 22..2 2 GGlloobbaal l SSyysstteem m ffoor r MMoobbiille e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
22..3 3 GGSSM M sseerrvviiccees s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1122
3 3 EEXXPPLLAANNAATTIIOON N OOF F EEAACCH H BBLLOOCCK K 1144 33..1 1 PPoowweer r SSuupppplly y DDeessiiggn n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
33..2 2 mmiiccrrooccoonnttrroolllleerrs . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
33..3 3 ddeessccrriippttiioon n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
4 4 AARRDDUUIINNOO//GGEENNUUIINNO O UUNNO O 2244 44..1 1 WWhhaatt’’s s oon n tthhe e bbooaarrdd? ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2255
5 5 TTHHE E AARRDDUUIINNO O FFAAMMIILLY Y 2288 55..1 1 AArrdduuiinno o UUnno o ((RR33) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2288
55..2 2 FFeeaattuurrees s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2299 55..3 3 WWoorkrkiinng g wwiitth h WWaateter r FFlloow w SeSennssorors s & & AArrdduiuino no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2929
55..6 6 AApppplliiccaattiioon n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3333 6
6 CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN 3344
66..1 1 CCoonncclluussiioon n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3344 B
11..1 1 AArrcchhiitteeccttuurre e oof f EEmmbebeddddeed d SSyysstteem m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11..2 2 CCeennttrraal l pprroocceessssiinng g UUnniit t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
22..1 1 GGlloobbaal l SSyysstteem m ffoor r MMoobbiille e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1122
33..1 1 DDeessiiggn n oof f PPoowweer r SSyypppplly y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
33..2 2 IInntteerrnnaal l wwoorrkkiinng g oof f PPoowweer r SSuupppplly y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
33..3 3 BBrriiddgge e RReeccttiififieer r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166
33..4 4 MMiiccrrooccoottrroolllleer r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188
33..5 5 PPIIN N DDiiaaggrraam m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2200
44..1 1 AArrdduuiinnoo//GGeennuuiinno o UUNNO O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2255
55..1 1 AArrdduuiinno o UUNNOO((RR33) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2299
55..2 2 FFlloow w oof f SSeennssoorrs s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3300
Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for Internet of Things for Underground Drainage Monitoring System for
Metropolitan Cities Metropolitan Cities
India has announc
India has announceed d a a prprojeoject of ct of makimaking ng 100 smart cities. 100 smart cities. FFor making a or making a smarsmart t city one city one neneeeds ds to consider many parameters such as smart water, smart electricity, smart transportation etc. to consider many parameters such as smart water, smart electricity, smart transportation etc. Ther
There e will will bbe e a a neneeed d of of smarsmart t undeunderrgrground ound infrinfrastrastructuucturre e which which incluincludes des undeunderrgrground ound water water pip
pipelineelines, s, ccommuommunicnicatioation n ccablesables, , gas pipegas pipelineslines, , eleelectric flow, ctric flow, etc. etc. As As most of most of the cities in the cities in India India have adopted underground drainage system, it is very important that this system should work have adopted underground drainage system, it is very important that this system should work in
in prpropoper manner to er manner to kekeep the ep the city clecity clean, safe an, safe and heaand healthy. lthy. If If they fail to they fail to mainmaintain the tain the drdrainaainage ge syst
system em the the purpure e watewater r may may get get ccontaontaminatminateed d with with drdrainagainage e watewater r and and ccan an sprspreead ad infeinfectiouctious s dise
diseasesases. . So differSo different kind ent kind of of work has bework has been en done to done to detedetect, maintain and ct, maintain and manamanage ge thesthese e under under--gro
ground systems. und systems. Also LeAlso Leaks and aks and bursts are an unavoidable aspebursts are an unavoidable aspect of ct of water distribution systems water distribution systems mana
managemengement, t, and can and can acacccount for ount for signifisignificacant nt watewater r loss within loss within a a distdistributribution ion netwonetwork rk if if left left unde
undetetectected d for for long long pperioeriods. ds. This papThis paper er prpresenesents ts the the impleimplementamentation tion and and desigdesign n functfunctions ions for for monitoring and managing
monitoring and managing underundergrground drainage system with different approound drainage system with different approaches. aches. It also It also gives gives description about Water wise system and detection method to detect leakage defects in sewer description about Water wise system and detection method to detect leakage defects in sewer pip
pipeline. eline. Also some part of Also some part of cocondition rating model for ndition rating model for underundergrground Infrastructuround Infrastructure Sustainable e Sustainable Wate
Water r Mains Mains and and IntelligeIntelligent nt systsystem em for for underundergrground ound pippipeline eline asseassessmssment, ent, rrehabehabilitailitation tion and and management are explained.
Introduction
Introduction
Undergro
Underground drainage system is important component of und drainage system is important component of urban infrastructurban infrastructure. ure. It is It is considerconsidereded to
to be be citcity’s lifey’s lifelinline. e. MosMost t manamanagemegement on nt on undeundergrorground drainaund drainage ge is manuais manual l therthereforefore e it is it is notnot efficien
efficient to t to havhave clean and e clean and workworking underground system. ing underground system. ThereforTherefore, it e, it is essentiis essential to al to develdevelopop a system which can
a system which can handle underground drainaghandle underground drainage e without humawithout human intervenn intervention. tion. UndergroUndergroundund Drainag
Drainage involve involves sewerage system, gas es sewerage system, gas pipeline netwpipeline network, water pipeline and ork, water pipeline and manholemanholes. s. Dif- Dif-ferent functions are described which are used for maintenance and monitoring underground ferent functions are described which are used for maintenance and monitoring underground drainage system. Underground manhole is one of the most efficient solutions to drainage drainage system. Underground manhole is one of the most efficient solutions to drainage .How-ever putting these manholes underground is very challenging. Also the difficulties derived from ever putting these manholes underground is very challenging. Also the difficulties derived from the fact that manhol
the fact that manhole e is hard to is hard to searsearch once it is ch once it is hidhide e undunder the er the road surfroad surface. ace. TherThereforefore, ite, it is necessary to develop a set of mechanism which can be used to search, authenticate manhole is necessary to develop a set of mechanism which can be used to search, authenticate manhole in order to manage this problem. Closings of these manholes are covered by a manhole cover. in order to manage this problem. Closings of these manholes are covered by a manhole cover. Manhole cover is a flat plug which is designed to protect from unauthorized access. Also some Manhole cover is a flat plug which is designed to protect from unauthorized access. Also some people implemen
people implements Underground Draints Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring Systemage and Manhole Monitoring System. . This is a moThis is a modeldel which provides a system which is able to monitor the water level, atmospheric temperature. which provides a system which is able to monitor the water level, atmospheric temperature. Also it can be used to find pressure inside a manhole and to check whether a manhole lid is Also it can be used to find pressure inside a manhole and to check whether a manhole lid is open.
open. AlsAlso o thithis s syssystem can tem can be be used to used to monmonitoritors s undundergrerground instound installalled electried electric c powpower lines.er lines. Manhole explosion is one of the most dangerous and serious problems as these explosions Manhole explosion is one of the most dangerous and serious problems as these explosions re-leases of chemical and electrical energy inside a manhole. Manhole explosion events can be of leases of chemical and electrical energy inside a manhole. Manhole explosion events can be of three types mainly smoking events, fires and explosion due to sudden raise in pressure so they three types mainly smoking events, fires and explosion due to sudden raise in pressure so they can monit
can monitor or thesthese e manmanholeholes s usiusing sensorng sensors. s. If such drainaIf such drainage ge syssystem gets blocktem gets blocked and ed and wawaterter ov
overfloerflows ws it can it can be be idenidentifitified ed by sensoby sensor r syssystem[tem[2]. 2]. AlsAlso o if suppose that if suppose that manhmanhole lid ole lid is open is open itit will immediately sense by the sensor in system, and that sensor sends information via will immediately sense by the sensor in system, and that sensor sends information via trans-mitter which is located in that area to the corresponding managing station. But sometime this mitter which is located in that area to the corresponding managing station. But sometime this fails to solve these kinds of problems because it increases the number of sensors. It is not able fails to solve these kinds of problems because it increases the number of sensors. It is not able to provide scalability. These are reasons for significant water loss. Therefore it is necessary to to provide scalability. These are reasons for significant water loss. Therefore it is necessary to build a system which has the ability to detect and localize pipe burst and leaks.
1.
1.1
1 Em
Embed
bedde
ded
d Sy
Syst
stem
ems
s Ov
Over
ervi
view
ew
1.1
1.1.1
.1 In
Introd
troduct
uction
ion of
of Em
Embedde
bedded Sy
d Syste
stem
m
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good example is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them are used everyday, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the everyday, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the prepa-ration of their lunch or dinner.
ration of their lunch or dinner. Th
This is is is in dirin direct conect contratrast to st to ththe e perspersonaonal l comcompuputer in ter in the famthe familily y rooroom. m. It too It too isis comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for comprised of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; example). However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it is
it is ablable e to to do many differdo many different thinent things. gs. ManMany y peoplpeople e use the use the term generterm general-al-purpopurpose computese computerr to make this distin
to make this distinctioction n cleclear. ar. As shippedAs shipped, , a a genegeneralral-pu-purpose compurpose computer is ter is a a blablank slate; thenk slate; the man
manufacufactureturer r does not does not knoknow what w what the custothe customer will do mer will do wiswish h it. it. One custoOne customer may use it mer may use it forfor a network file server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it a network file server another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great American novel[3].
to write the next great American novel[3].
Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For exam-ple, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls ple, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle’s emissions, and a third displays the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle’s emissions, and a third displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by some sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.
sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.
At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose computer is itself made up
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systemof numerous embedded systems. s. FFor example, my computer consistsor example, my computer consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of whi
which is ch is an embeddean embedded d syssystem. tem. EacEach h of these of these devdeviceices s concontaitains a ns a proceprocessor and softwssor and software andare and is desig
is designed to ned to perfoperform a rm a specispecific functific function. on. FFor examplor example, the e, the modem is designmodem is designed to ed to send andsend and rece
receivive e digidigital data ovetal data over r analanalog telephog telephone line. one line. ThaThat’s it t’s it and all of and all of the other devicthe other devices can es can bebe summarized in a single sentence as well[6].
summarized in a single sentence as well[6].
If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software cou
could ld be be comcomplpleteetely unnotly unnoticiced ed by the by the useuser r of of the devithe device. ce. SucSuch h is the is the cascase e fofor r a a mimicrocrowwavavee ov
oven, VCR, or en, VCR, or alaalarm clock. rm clock. In some cases, it In some cases, it wowould eveuld even n be be possipossible to ble to buibuild an ld an equiequivvalenalentt devi
device that ce that does not does not concontain the processotain the processor r and softand softwaware. re. ThiThis s coulcould d be be dondone e by replaby replacincing g thethe combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in hardware. combination with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in hardware. However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier, However, a lot of flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier, and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware[3]. and cheaper, to change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware[3].
1.
1.1.
1.2
2 Hi
Hist
stor
ory a
y and
nd F
Fut
utur
uree
Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems could not possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the world’s could not possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the world’s first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators produced by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of produced by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of cust
custom om inintegrtegrated circuated circuitsits-one for -one for eaceach h of of theitheir r new calculnew calculator models. ator models. The 4004 The 4004 wawas s InInteltel’s’s response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a general-purpo
purpose circuise circuit t that could be that could be useused d throthroughoughout ut the entithe entire re linline e of of calcalculculatorators. s. InInteltel’s idea ’s idea wawass that the software would give each calculator its unique set of features.
that the software would give each calculator its unique set of features.
The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the next decade.
next decade. EarlEarly y emembeddebedded d applapplicaicationtions s inclincluded unmannuded unmanned ed spaspace ce probeprobes, s, comcomputeputerizrizeded traffic lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode traffic lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode the waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens the waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens (bread machines
(bread machines, , food food processors, and processors, and micromicrowawave ovenve ovens), living ros), living rooms (televisionoms (televisions, stereos, s, stereos, andand remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit card readers).
card readers).
It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase rapidly
rapidly. . AlreadAlready there y there are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market poten-are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market poten-tial; light switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems tial; light switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems that don’t inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and that don’t inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly, individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems will be in demand for quite some time[5].
will be in demand for quite some time[5].
1.
1.1.
1.3
3 Re
Real
al Ti
Time
me Sy
Syst
stem
emss
One subcla
One subclass of ss of emembeddebedded d is wortis worthy of hy of an introdan introductiuction at on at this pointhis point. t. As commonAs commonly de-ly de-fined
fined, , a a realreal-ti-time system is me system is a a compcomputer systeuter system m that has that has timtiming constring constrainaints. ts. In In otheother r wowordsrds,, a real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or a real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for com-pletion. And, for all practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer[4]. pletion. And, for all practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer[4]. The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time system is part of an airplane’s flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the system is part of an airplane’s flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passen-gers and
gers and crew to crew to be be endaendangerngered ed by a by a sinsingle missegle missed d deaddeadlinline. e. HoHowewevever, r, if insteaif instead d the systemthe system is involved in satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data is involved in satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data pac
packeket. t. The more severThe more severe e the conseqthe consequencuences, the es, the more likmore likely it ely it wilwill l be be saisaid d that the that the deaddeadlinline e isis ”hard” and thus, the system is a hard real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of ”hard” and thus, the system is a hard real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion are said to have ”soft” deadlines[1].
this discussion are said to have ”soft” deadlines[1].
All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers of real-t
the software and hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives the software and hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives depend upon three system’s proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive depend upon three system’s proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive paper-work[7].
work[7].
1.
1.2
2 Ap
Appl
plic
icat
atio
ion
n Ar
Area
eass
Ne
Nearlarly y 99 99 per per cecent of nt of the procethe processssors manors manufaufactuctured end red end up up in in emembeddbedded ed sysyststemems. s. ThThe e em em--bedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very bedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical en-gineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation, gineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation, military and so on.
military and so on.
1.2
1.2.1
.1 Co
Consu
nsumer
mer app
applia
liance
ncess
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary, At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control
systems for transmission control, , engine spark control, air-conditiengine spark control, air-conditioning, navigatoning, navigation etc. ion etc. EvenEven wri
wriststwawatchtches es are are nonow w becombecoming embedding embedded ed syssystemstems. . The The palpalmtmtops are ops are powpowerfuerful l emembeddebeddedd systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and word
word processing[processing[8].8].
1.
1.2.
2.2
2 Offi
Office
ce au
auto
toma
mati
tion
on
The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying machine, fax machine, The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying machine, fax machine, key teleph
key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc. one, modem, printer, scanner etc. IndustriIndustrial automation: al automation: TToday a lot oday a lot of industriesof industries use
use emembeddebedded d syssystems for tems for proceprocess ss concontroltrol. . ThesThese e incincludlude e pharpharmacmaceutieuticalcal, , cemecement, sugar, nt, sugar, oiloil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The embedded systems for exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pres-sure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored sure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take appropriate action based on the monitored lev
levels to els to concontrol other devictrol other devices es or or to to send inforsend informatimation on to to a a cencentraltralizeized d monimonitoritoring ng statstation. ion. InIn hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, hazardous industrial environment, where human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, whi
which are ch are progprogrammrammed to ed to do specific jobs. do specific jobs. The robots are The robots are nonow w becombecoming very powing very powerfuerful l andand carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly[5].
carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as hardware assembly[5].
1.2
1.2.3
.3 Me
Medic
dical
al ele
electr
ctroni
onics
cs
Alm
Almost every medicost every medical al equequipmipmenent t in the in the hosphospital is ital is an an emembeddebedded d syssystem. tem. ThesThese e equequipmipmententss include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners; include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray scanners; equi
equipmenpment t useused d in in blood blood analanalysiysis, s, radiradiatioation, n, colocolonoscnoscopopyy, , endoendoscopscopy y etc. etc. DevDevelopelopmenments ts inin medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases[2].
1.2
1.2.4
.4 Co
Compu
mputer
ter net
netw
work
orking
ing
Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are embedded systems.
are embedded systems.
1.2.
1.2.5
5 T
Teleco
elecomm
mmunica
unication
tionss
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as subscriber ter-minals and netwo
minals and network equipmentrk equipment. . The subscriber terminals such as The subscriber terminals such as key telephonkey telephones, ISDN phones,es, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment includes mul-tiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems tiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc.
etc. IP phone, IP IP phone, IP gategatewawayy, , IP gatekIP gatekeeper etc. eeper etc. are the are the latlatest embeddest embedded ed syssystemtems s that provthat provideide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet[2].
very low-cost voice communication over the Internet[2].
1.2
1.2.6
.6 Wir
Wirele
eless
ss tec
techno
hnolog
logies
ies
Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications using em
embedbedded sysded systemtems. s. ThThe e momobibile phonle phone e is one is one of of ththe e mamarvrvelels s of the of the lalast st decdecade of ade of the 20ththe 20th cen
centurytury. . It It is is a a vevery ry powpowerfuerful l emembeddebedded d syssystem that tem that proprovidvides es vovoice commuice communicanicatiotion n whiwhilele we are
we are on the on the momoveve. . The PersThe Personal Digional Digital Assital Assistanstants and ts and the palmthe palmtops can now be tops can now be used toused to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems[5].
station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems[5].
1.
1.2.
2.7
7 In
Inse
semi
mina
nati
tion
on
Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and engineering acti
activitvitiesies. . The measurThe measuring equipming equipmenent t we use we use in in laborlaboratoratories to ies to meameasure paramesure parameters such asters such as weig
weight, temperature, pressure, humidiht, temperature, pressure, humidityty, voltage, current etc. , voltage, current etc. are all are all embedded systemsembedded systems. . TTestest equi
equipmenpment t sucsuch h as as oscioscillolloscopescope, , spectspectrum rum analanalyzeryzer, , logilogic c analanalyzeryzer, , protprotocol ocol analanalyzeryzer, , radiradioo comm
communiunicatication on test set test set etc. etc. are embeddeare embedded d syssystems built around powetems built around powerfurful l proceprocessorssors. s. ThanThankk to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel[7].
easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel[7].
1.
1.2.
2.8
8 Se
Secu
curi
ritty
y
Secu
Securitrity y of persons and of persons and infinformaormatiotion n has alwahas always been ys been a a major issue. major issue. WWe e need to need to protprotect ourect our home
homes s and officesand offices; ; and also the informand also the informatiation we on we trantransmismit t and storeand store. . DevDevelopeloping embeding embeddedded sys
systems for tems for secsecuriturity y applapplicaticationions s is is one one of of the the mosmost t luclucratirative ve busbusinesinesses ses nonowawadadays. ys. SecuSecuritrityy devi
devices at ces at homhomes, es, officoffices, es, airairports etc. ports etc. for authenfor authenticatication and tion and veverificrificatioation n are embeddeare embedded d sys sys--tems
up in
up in emembeddebedded d syssystemstems. . EmEmbeddebedded d syssystems find applitems find applicatications in ons in evevery indusery industritrial segmenal segment- t-consumer electronics, transportation,
consumer electronics, transportation, aviavionics, biomedical onics, biomedical engineerengineering, ing, manumanufacturinfacturing, g, processprocess control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc.
etc. UseUsed d to to encrencrypt the ypt the datadata/v/voicoice e being transmbeing transmittitted ed on on comcommumunicnicatioation n linlinks ks sucsuch h as as tele tele--phone lines.
phone lines. BiometrBiometric systems using fingerprint and face ic systems using fingerprint and face recognirecognition are tion are now being extensivelnow being extensivelyy used for
used for user authentiuser authentication in banking applicationcation in banking applications as s as well as for well as for access control in high securityaccess control in high security buildings.
buildings.
1.
1.2.
2.9
9 Fi
Fina
nanc
ncee
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money) ma-chines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and chines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an embedded
embedded systemsystem!!
1.3
1.3 Ov
Overv
erview
iew of E
of Em
mbedde
bedded Sy
d Syste
stem Ar
m Arcchit
hitect
ecture
ure
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system The software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a layered architecture.
architecture can be represented as a layered architecture.
Figure 1.1: Architecture of Embedded System Figure 1.1: Architecture of Embedded System
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above
the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system.
system in every embedded system. FFor small appliances such as remote or small appliances such as remote contrcontrol units, air ol units, air condi- condi-tioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the software tioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the software specific to that
specific to that applicapplication. ation. FFor applicationor applications invols involving complex processing, it is advisable toving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application software with the operati
the operating ng syssystem and tem and then transthen transfer the fer the ententire softire softwaware re on to on to the memory chithe memory chip. p. Once theOnce the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time you don’t need to reload new software[7].
you don’t need to reload new software[7].
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are :
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are :
•
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
•
• Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory) Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)
•
• Input Devices Input Devices
•
• Output devices Output devices
•
• Communication interfaces Communication interfaces
•
• Application-specific circuitry Application-specific circuitry
Figure 1.2: Central processing Unit Figure 1.2: Central processing Unit 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcon-troller
proce
processossor. r. Its main attracIts main attraction is tion is t2hat2hat t on the on the chchip itselfip itself, , therthere e wilwill l be be manmany y otheother r com com--ponents such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. ponents such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external So, for small applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external com
componenponents requirts required will be ed will be vevery less. ry less. On the On the otheother r handhand, , micmicroprroprocessocessors are moreors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly powerful, but you need to use many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing. for applications in which signal processing is involved such as audio and video processing. 2. Memory
2. Memory
The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, (ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whe
whereas ROM retaireas ROM retains the ns the concontentents even if ts even if the powethe power r is switcis switched off. hed off. So, the So, the firmfirmwawarere is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the is stored in the ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is executed.
program is program is executed. 3. Input devices
3. Input devices
Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capa-bilit
bilityy. . There will be There will be no keyboard or a no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interactimouse, and hence interacting with the ng with the embeddedembedded system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one ke
key to y to givgive a e a specispecific commafic command. nd. A keypA keypad may be ad may be used to input onlused to input only the y the digdigitsits. . ManManyy embedded systems used in process control do not have any input device for user embedded systems used in process control do not have any input device for user inter-action; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that action; they take inputs from sensors or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.
are in turn fed to other systems. 4. Output devices
4. Output devices The output device
The output devices s of of the embeddthe embedded ed syssystems also have very limitems also have very limited capabited capabilitlityy. . SomeSome embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system modules, or for
status of the system modules, or for visual indvisual indication of alarms. ication of alarms. A small Liquid CrystaA small Liquid Crystall Display (LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters.
Display (LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters. 5.
5. CommCommunicatiounication interfacesn interfaces
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may hav
have to e to transmitransmit data t data to a to a desktop. desktop. TTo facilitate this, the embedded systems are provio facilitate this, the embedded systems are providedded with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Se-rial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.
rial Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc. 6.
6. AppliApplication-cation-specific circuitryspecific circuitry
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an em-bedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor bedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either to carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either thro
through the ugh the 230 volt230 volts s maimain n supsupply or ply or throthrough a ugh a battbatteryery. . The hardwThe hardware has are has to design into design in such a way that the power consumption is minimize.
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
In the world today, everything would be incredibly different if it were not for wireless In the world today, everything would be incredibly different if it were not for wireless com-munication devices. The fact that we can communicate with people in other parts of our own munication devices. The fact that we can communicate with people in other parts of our own coun
country and try and the worlthe world d is amazinis amazing g and has and has led to led to lots of lots of chchangeanges s in human histin human historyory. . TherThere e areare various kinds of wireless communication tools and here we will look at a few different kinds as various kinds of wireless communication tools and here we will look at a few different kinds as well as the benefits of having them.
well as the benefits of having them. 1. Short Distances
1. Short Distances
Sometimes wireless communication does not happen across thousands of miles but only Sometimes wireless communication does not happen across thousands of miles but only acro
across a ss a few feet. few feet. FFor instanor instance, if ce, if yoyou u hahave a ve a teltelevievisiosion n witwith h a a remoremote contrte control, there isol, there is communication happening between the two. The remote control tells the television what communication happening between the two. The remote control tells the television what to do and this information is transferred without the use of any wires. You could also use to do and this information is transferred without the use of any wires. You could also use wal
walkie talkies for this purpose. kie talkies for this purpose. These are little devices that work like telephoThese are little devices that work like telephones exceptnes except with different methods and will allow two people or a group of people to talk to each with different methods and will allow two people or a group of people to talk to each other from a small distance away, such as at a festival or celebration.
other from a small distance away, such as at a festival or celebration. 2. Benefits of Short Distance Wireless Communication
2. Benefits of Short Distance Wireless Communication Hav
Having these short distance devices allowing these short distance devices allows many things to happen. s many things to happen. YYou do ou do not have to getnot have to get up to change the channel, for one thing. With walkie talkies you are able to communicate up to change the channel, for one thing. With walkie talkies you are able to communicate with a group of people, which means that people who need to work together such as police with a group of people, which means that people who need to work together such as police men or fire fighters or security guards can do so at special events without having to take men or fire fighters or security guards can do so at special events without having to take the time to dial a phone number. This can save time and sometimes lives.
the time to dial a phone number. This can save time and sometimes lives. 3. Medium and Long Distances
3. Medium and Long Distances
Anything that can connect to the internet is capable of going through medium or long Anything that can connect to the internet is capable of going through medium or long distanc
distances. es. Many forms of wireless commMany forms of wireless communicatiunication such as cell on such as cell phones and laptop comput-phones and laptop comput-ers can send information from ten feet to thousands of miles because they can connect to ers can send information from ten feet to thousands of miles because they can connect to the internet.
the internet. WirelesWireless communicats communication of ion of this form has this form has changchanged the ed the worlworld dramaticallyd dramatically.. One of the most widely acknowledged benefits of long distance wireless communication is One of the most widely acknowledged benefits of long distance wireless communication is that people can perform their jobs at a distance. If they are trying to contact their boss that people can perform their jobs at a distance. If they are trying to contact their boss or write a report, they can do so from almost any part of the globe without having to be or write a report, they can do so from almost any part of the globe without having to be phys
Another benefit of long distance wireless communication is that families can stay in touch Another benefit of long distance wireless communication is that families can stay in touch wi
with each othth each other eveer even n if one if one of them is of them is fafar r awawayay. . It used to It used to be be ththat if at if somsomeoeone was onne was on a business trip, they would have to write a letter to communicate with their loved ones. a business trip, they would have to write a letter to communicate with their loved ones. Now they can communicate through video and show their family exactly where they are Now they can communicate through video and show their family exactly where they are so that the family can connect about these experiences and maintain closer relationships so that the family can connect about these experiences and maintain closer relationships wit
with h eaceach h otheother[3]r[3]. . The types and forms of The types and forms of wirwireleseless s commcommuniunicatication are on are chchangianging at ng at aa rapid pace to include ever more increasing advances in technology. The benefits of these rapid pace to include ever more increasing advances in technology. The benefits of these devices are many and range from benefits that relate to our jobs to those that relate to devices are many and range from benefits that relate to our jobs to those that relate to our lovin
our loving connection to our g connection to our familifamilies. es. There is virtuallThere is virtually no y no end to the end to the amounamount that humant that human kind can advance given the incredible leaps and bounds we are making with technology! kind can advance given the incredible leaps and bounds we are making with technology!
2.1
2.1 App
Applic
licati
ations o
ons of Wir
f Wirele
eless Da
ss Data C
ta Comm
ommuni
unicat
cation
ionss
Wireles
Wireless data s data commcommunicatiunications are ons are an essential componenan essential component of t of mobile computimobile computing. ng. The variThe variousous available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. Supporting
Supporting techntechnologies include:ologies include: 1.
1. Wi-Fi is a wirelesWi-Fi is a wireless local area network that enabls local area network that enables portable computing devies portable computing devices to connectces to connect eas
easily to ily to the interthe internet. net. StanStandarddardized as ized as IEEIEEE E 802.802.11a,11a,b,gb,g,n, ,n, Wi-Wi-Fi Fi apprapproacoaches speedshes speeds of some types of wired Ether
of some types of wired Ethernet. net. Wi-Wi-Fi has become the Fi has become the de facto standde facto standard for access inard for access in priv
private homes, within offices, and ate homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. at public hotspots. Some businessSome businesses charge customers aes charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods.
the sales of their goods. 2.
2. CellulCellular data service offers covar data service offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cellsiteerage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cellsite.. Speed
Speeds s hahave ve incincreasreased ed as as tectechnolhnologieogies s hahave ve evevolvolved, ed, from from earlearlier ier tectechnolhnologiogies es sucsuch h asas GSM,CDMA and GPRS, to3G networks such as W-CDMA,EDGE or CDMA2000
GSM,CDMA and GPRS, to3G networks such as W-CDMA,EDGE or CDMA2000
3. Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are 3. Mobile Satellite Communications may be used where other wireless connections are un-available, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations Satellite Communication are available, such as in largely rural areas or remote locations Satellite Communication are especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military.
especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military.
2.
2.2
2 Gl
Glob
obal
al Sy
Syst
stem
em fo
for M
r Mob
obil
ilee
It is
It is a a glogloballbally y acceaccepted standpted standard for ard for digidigital cellutal cellular commlar communiunicatication. on. GSM is GSM is the name of the name of standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900MHZ[5].
operating at 900MHZ[5].
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been devel-oped without the benefit of standardized specification. This presented many problems directly oped without the benefit of standardized specification. This presented many problems directly related to
related to compatibcompatibilitilityy, , especiallespecially y with the with the devedevelopmenlopment t of of digital radio technologydigital radio technology. . The GSMThe GSM standard is intended to address these problems.
GSM-Introduction
GSM-Introduction
•
•
Architecture
Architecture
•
•
Technical Specifications
Technical Specifications
•
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Frame Structure
Frame Structure
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Channels
Channels
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Security
Security
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Characteristics and features
Characteristics and features
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Applications
Applications
Definition
Definition
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard
developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
GSM-History
GSM-History
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Deve
Developed by Group Sp
loped by Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative
ecial Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative
of CEPT (Conference of European Post and Telecommunication)
of CEPT (Conference of European Post and Telecommunication)
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Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
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Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards
Insti-tute )
tute )
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Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
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Under ETSI, GSM is named as “Global System for Mobile communication
Under ETSI, GSM is named as “Global System for Mobile communication
““
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Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 Coun-
Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
Coun-tries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
tries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
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More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscribers in
More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscribers in
India.
Figure 2.1: Global System for Mobile Figure 2.1: Global System for Mobile
