Pig Practical Review
Any materials, information, diagrams/drawings, and information gleaned from the lab experience itself should be reviewed prior to the individual pig practical. Practical questions are not limited to the items below.
Classification:
1. Name the primary reason pigs are in the phylum Chordata?
Spinal cord
2. What structures allow pigs to be in the same Class of organisms as humans?
Live births & nurse young (must have umbilical cord & mammary papillae)
3. Name the structure that is one of the reasons pigs are in the Order Artiodactyla.
Digits
External Features:
4. What are the two terms that indicate towards the head?
Cranial & anterior
5. What are the two terms that indicate towards the tail?
Posterior & caudal
6. What are the two terms that indicate towards the backbone?
Dorsal (superior – top/above)
7. What are the two terms that indicate towards the belly?
Ventral (inferior-beneath/below)
8. What four terms are used in coordination with a reference point and what do they indicate?
Distal – farthest from
Lateral – to the side
Medial – to the middle
9. Be able to identify pinnae ear, urogenital papilla conical structure under tail, mammary papillae nipples, umbilical cord projection from mid
abdomen, external nares nostrils, & digits toes. Oral Cavity:
10. Be able to identify: mandible jawbone, sensory papillae polyps on tongue
(taste buds), tongue, epiglottis conical structure covering trachea, glottis opening to trachea, naso-pharynx opening to the nasal
passages, trachea ventral opening beneath epiglottis, esophagus
dorsal opening behind the trachea, hard palate ridged area on
roof of mouth, soft palate smooth area on roof of mouth
towards back, & canine teeth
11. Understand how mechanical and chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity.
Chemical – saliva breaks down starches
Mechanical – tongue, teeth, hard palate working to break down food into smaller pieces
12. Understand how full visual access to the oral cavity was obtained in the dissection process.
Broke mandible to expose the epiglottis
Soft palate cover naso-pharynx
Epiglottis covers trachea
Abdominal Cavity:
14. Be able to identify: diaphragm muscular flap separating abdominal &
thoracic cavity – on top of liver and below lungs, liver largest
organ & in abdominal cavity, gall bladder small pouch on
underside of the liver –pigs right your left, bile duct, stomach large
pouch under the liver – pigs left your right, spleen thin
flap-like organ laying on top of stomach, pancreas spongy organ
below stomach, kidneys pair of organs on either side of
abdominal cavity, ureters coiled tubes from kidneys to urinary
bladder, small intestine any loose intestines, large intestine tightly
coiled intestines on your upper right, caecum dead end
intestinal projection in between the two intestines, rectum
green tube along dorsal side of abdomen from large intestine towards anus, urinary bladder in between umbilical
arteries on underside of cord flap, umbilical vein blue, & umbilical artery
red.
15. Be able to put in sequence the flow of food through the alimentary canal.
Mouth esophagus stomach small intestine
large intestine rectum anus
16. What is “food” called along the alimentary canal?
Stomach/small intestine – chyme
Large intestine/rectum - feces
17. Know the functions of each structure listed in #14 above.
Diaphragm – creates a pressure system in lungs to help breathe
Liver – makes bile – digestive (filter/excretory)
Gall bladder – stores bile
Bile duct – delivers bile
Stomach – begins protein digestion (pepsin, trypsin, & hydrochloric acid)
Spleen – filter white blood cells
Pancreas – produces insulin & other digestive juices
Kidneys – filter out wastes from blood
Ureters – deliver urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder
Small intestine – digestion ends & absorption, lipids digestion begin & end in intestine
Large intestine – water absorbed
Caecum – bacteria breaks down cellulose
Urinary bladder – stores urine before elimination
Umbilical vein & arteries transfer of nutrients & wastes from fetus/mother
18. Understand the role of villi in nutrient absorption.
Increases surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients
19. Understand the relationship between caecum and appendix.
Caecum in pig is used to break down cellulose
Appendix in human is vestigial
Thoracic Cavity:
20. Be able to identify: larynx large “box” anterior end of trachea in oral
cavity, trachea cartilage ringed tube, esophagus dorsal to trachea
smooth flattened muscular tube, thyroid gland bean shaped
dark organ on top of trachea, thymus gland runs alongside
trachea on either side and on top of heart - spongy, pericardium
thin membranous sac surrounding heart, heart, coronary artery red
vessel on the heart that feeds the heart oxygenated blood,
lungs, & diaphragm.
21. Know the functions of each structure listed above in #20.
Larynx – voice box
Trachea – windpipe
Esophagus – food tube
Thymus gland – immune system
Pericardium – surrounds heart
Heart – pumps blood
Lungs – gas exchange
Coronary artery – feeds oxygenated blood to heart muscle
Diaphragm – creates a pressure system within lungs to help with breathing
22. How does the thymus gland change with continued growth and development of the pig (& humans)?
shrinks
23. What is the rhythmic movement of food through the esophagus called? What if it changes direction?
Peristalsis – reverse peristalsis (vomit)
24. Be able to follow the flow of blood through the heart and indicate when it is oxygenated or deoxygenated.
body right atrium right ventricle lungs left atrium left ventricle body
right is deoxygenated and left is oxygenated
25. What role do the various vessels in the circulatory system play?
Veins – carry blood to the heart
Arteries – carry blood away from heart
26. What rings the trachea and why?
Cartilage – protects airway- keeps it open
27. What bone was broken to provide complete visual access to the thoracic cavity?
Sternum
Sex/Reproductive System:
28. Be able to visually “sex” a pig from its external features.
Urogenital papillae under tail = female
29. Be able to identify: fallopian tubes, ovaries, vas deferens, testes, epididymus, scrotal sac, urogenital papilla, vaginal opening, & urethra.
30. Know the function of each structure listed in #28.
Fallopian tubes – fertilization takes place
Ovaries – makes eggs
Vas deferens – transport semen (incl sperm)
Epididymis – store sperm
Testes – make sperm
Scrotal sac – holds testes
Urogenital papillae – covers vaginal opening & urethra
Urethra – eliminates urine (& semen in male)
General:
Digestive = mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, gall bladder, (liver & rectum)
Excretory – kidneys, urinary bladder, liver, rectum, anus, ureters, skin, urethra, spleen
Circulatory – heart, arteries, veins, capillaries (lungs)
Respiratory – lungs, trachea, mouth, nasal passages
Reproductive – ovaries, fallopian tubes, testes, vas deferens, epididymis, scrotal sac
32. Know why we used the pig as the organism to study within this unit.
Similar body organs/body plan (most like us)
33. Understand how all of the organs are held in place within the body cavity.