Review Class Day 4 The World, 1000-1500 AD
Song, Mongols, Feudal Japan, Abbasid Empire, Agricultural Revolution, Renaissance, Reformation, African Trading Kingdoms, Inca & Aztecs
Asia: The Tang & Song Dynasties
- A Golden Age in China (Tang: 600s-900s; Song: 960-1279 CE)
Revival of ______________________________, which became the basis for government and Society Continued and expanded the __________________________ system
Large ____________________________ of government-paid officials
_____________________________ = held the power
Return to traditional Values
-Achievements
-Chinese ________________________ expands as both an art form and a literary form -First _________________________________________ (Tang)
-The Song created a movable-type printing press that resulted in…
_________________________________ built
Chinese Pagodas become a popular architectural style Influenced Chinese architecture for centuries
Evidence of ________________, __________________, ______________________ to build them Technology
-Asia: The Mongols
Nomadic herders from Asia; were skillful ____________________ & ________________________
Began to grow their empire in 1200 under the leadership of ________________________________ Was the largest empire in the world
For the most part, was a tolerant ruler: respected the arts & learning Expected that those he conquered would __________________________
A grandson of Genghis Khan established rule over Russia (= ___________________________________) that lasted until the late 1400s
Occupied __________________
Long-term impact was _________________________ from the rest of western Europe & a tradition of __________________________________
_____________________ conquered China in 1279 and adopted a Chinese name: the _________________ dynasty Established great cities that flourished with trade
A Mongolian descendant (Babur) also established the ____________________ dynasty in India (1526-1857) __________________________ was a Muslim but preserved religious tolerance in his empire The Pax Mongolia
= political stability that allowed for an exchange of goods & ideas between the East & the West Maintained safety along the __________________________
-Gunpowder, porcelain, papermaking, windmills Explorers
_____________________________ = an Italian merchant who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan & remained there for many years (introduced Europeans to the beauty & riches of China)
_______________________ = a scholar from Morocco who traveled to the Middle East, throughout Asia & Spain
Decline of the Mongols
Empire _______________________
Excellent at ________________________ power, not as skilled at ________________________ that power (government): incompetent or corrupt rulers
Death of strong leaders & resentment of the favoritism given to Mongols in foreign governments caused foreigners to want to rebel as soon as they saw weakness
Japanese Imperial Period: Heian Court (645 CE -1159 CE)
Japanese Emperors passed laws to adopt ____________________________________ Move to centralize imperial power
Writing System [later changes to be distinct] Chinese Belief Systems
_____________________ = “way of the gods” Polytheistic
___________________________
An example of cultural diffusion from Korea & China (remember that it originated in ____________) Absorbed into Shintoism
Sengoku Period: “Warring States” 1100’s -1603 CE Power of the emperors’ declined in 1100s
Remained only as figureheads = a leader or head without real power _________________________ “military governors” held the actual power
Created their own “dynasties” Ruled in the emperor’s name Feudal military dictatorship
From 1100s-1603 powerful clans and families fought for title of Shogun (Sengoku Period)
A Feudal system developed to provide __________________ and ___________________ during the chaos Japanese Feudalism
Emperor in name only
Military aristocracy (elite) controlled land and power
Exchanged _______________ for ____________________ _____________________ had the real power (Shogunate)
____________________ = vassal lords, controlled large armies and large domains (fiefs) Samurai served as their soldiers and bodyguards
_____________________ = warrior class, name means “those who serve” Equivalent to European ________________________
Class System of Feudal Japan
~85% of the population were commoners
Peasants formed the largest class and were considered superior to (above) artisans and merchants Artisans worked with stone, wood or metal
The Middle East: The Abbasid Dynasty (750 CE)
Moved Capital to _____________________, which became a _______________________________ Oversaw the beginning of the _________________________________
Relative peace, prosperity, and achievements in economics & commerce, the arts, literature, Learning, mathematics and medicine.
Controlled ______________________ trade from Asia to Europe -Caravans, common currency, credit, banks, insurance
Created ________________________ to manage product prices, quality, and organize labor Eventually fell apart into several competing dynasties/Islamic Kingdoms
Baghdad sacked by _______________________________ (1200s) Golden Age continued even after fall of Abbasid Dynasty
Areas of Golden Age linked by common religion The Golden Age of Islam
Economic Achievements: ____________________________ & ___________________ -Developed extensive trade routes/systems
-The Arts: elaborate ___________________: artistic writing to decorate buildings/art-often was:
Geometric Design, did not often depict people (Islam forbade this), influenced by Roman mosaic Styles -Literature: _____________________ was the most important, but also Oral histories & Arabic Poems
Europe, 1000-1300 AD: A Second “Agricultural Revolution” Warmer climate, New farming methods
New _______________________ that went across the chest (not neck)
___________________________ = farmers grow crops on 2/3 of land each year (rather than ½) Winter wheat or rye
Spring oats, barley, peas or beans
Caused food production to ___________________, therefore the population also ____________________ Effects of the Crusades
-Increased Trade: with the Middle East, Asia & Africa but also local craftsmen specialized & goods were traded in villages at weekly fairs
Growth of Towns & Cities
Allowed a _____________________ to start to emerge
Revival of Learning
Borrowed ideas & information from the Muslims
Some authors began to use _______________________ = an everyday language of one’s homeland This provided an opportunity for ordinary citizens to teach themselves to read (knowledge = power) The Renaissance
Went hand in hand with the commercial revolution European cities became a center for art & learning
Merchants became wealthy so they had extra money to spend on “frivolous” things In addition, massive death brought social change
The _________________________ was carried by fleas on rats though trade routes from Asia Struck Europe in ______________; killed ___________ of the population
Terrifying: created chaos in society
Mindset of Europeans was shaken: lost faith in God, less worried about the afterlife “Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow you may die.”
Economic effects: trade declined, prices rose, workers were scarce
Serfs could demand __________________________, feudalism continued to crumble Humanism =
Looked to ancient Greek & Roman society
People can make the world a better place (no longer at the whim of _____________) people openly enjoyed material luxuries, fine music & tasty foods
Secular = worldly = __________________ & concerned with the here & now Religion was still important, but not the only thing in life
You no longer need to suffer when you’re alive in order to go to heaven The Black Plague was fresh in people’s minds
“momento mori” = remember you are mortal/that you will die The Renaissance: An Artistic Revolution
-Emphasis on _____________________ Glorify/appreciate _____________________
-Technique of __________________________, which creates the appearance of 3D on canvas The printing press with moveable type was invented in 1440 by ________________________
Had a revolutionary impact on society:
-The Bible was printed in vernacular, so people began to interpret it themselves, which caused them to become critical of the behavior of priests & the clergy (this lead to the Reformation)
-Remember, ”knowledge is power”
Weakening of the Roman Catholic Church The Great (Western) Schism (1378-1417)
The home of the Roman Catholic Church was moved from Rome to Avignon, France Europeans divided loyalty
Result was that the power of the Church __________________________ John Wycliffe
Preached that Jesus Christ (not the pope) was the head of the Church Offended by the worldliness & wealth of the pope & clergy
Translated the Bible into ____________________ (more people could read it, knowledge = power) Arrested & burned at the stake by church leaders
Martin Luther
-Took a stand against John Tetzel, who was selling _____________________ =
-Luther was a German monk who wrote the _______________________ (= formal statements) in 1517, which attacked the “pardon merchants”
-His actions started the ___________________________ = a movement for religious reform Effects
--___________________ & ___________________ gained power
Groundwork set for a rejection of Christian belief that occurs in western culture in later centuries Creates a concept that individual people can access religion (God/heaven) without the interference of priests, the pope, rulers by simply having the ability to read the Bible
_______________________________ = Roman Catholic church tried to reform & win back members, formed the Jesuit order
West African Kingdoms: Mali 1200’s - 1450
Discovered new routes across the Sahara
-_________________________________ was the Mali’s most powerful king -Undertook the __________________ or pilgrimage to Islam’s holy city of Mecca
Caused cultural diffusion between Africa and Islamic kingdoms of the Middle East -City of Timbuktu
Under the Mali Empire the city of Timbuktu became a powerful ____________________________________ (center of Saharan trade routes, libraries, mosques & madrasas-schools)
East-African City-States: ______________________
-Involved in Indian Ocean Trade
__________________ as _________________ an important factor Traded with Arabia, Islamic Kingdoms, India, China, and Southeast Asia
***Similar to other trade cities such as Venice in Europe, Calcutta in India, Novgorod in Eastern Europe, and Nanjing in China
Aztecs (Mexico, AD1200-1500s)
Capital city: Tenochtitlan founded in 1325 (now Mexico City)
______________________ with pyramids, canals, causeways, aqueducts
Used chinampas = ______________________________________________________________ to grow food -Social pyramid, one Emperor with absolute power
-Military conquest and tribute from conquered people
-Religion: ________________________; sun god nourished with human blood—large scale sacrifices Tenochtitlan was a _________________________________
-Spanish conquest led to downfall
Inca (Andes mountains/South America’s Pacific coast, AD 1200s-early 1500s -____________________ & _______________________
-Government: divided territory, central bureaucracy
-Allowed those they conquered to keep their customs in order to gain loyalty; relocated those who resisted -Controlled all resources (socialism/welfare), tribute = labor
Accomplishments-Engineering:
Calendars (night & day)
Religion: ________________________ (worshiped gods of the sun, moon, stars, thunder) Downfall: ruler died, civil war broke out
Quiz
1. One long-term effect of the Crusades was the (1) development of Pax Mongolia
(2) fall of the Ming dynasty
(3) control of Jerusalem by Europeans
(4) growth of trade and towns in western Europe
2. What was a result of the Great Schism? (1) it unified Europeans
(2) it weakened the power of the Roman Catholic Church (3) it moved the home of the Roman Catholic Church to London (4) it increased the power of the pope
3. Which group used the stirrup, skilled horsemanship, and siege warfare techniques to conquer much of Asia and part of Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries?
(1) Japanese (2) Persians (3) Vikings (4) Mongols
4.
Based on the information on this map, which statement is a valid conclusion? (1) Indian Ocean trade existed before the European Age of Exploration. (2) African cities were isolated from overseas trade.
5. Letting some farmland remain unplanted as a means of increasing food production is most closely associated with (1) modern irrigation methods
(2) the three-field system (3) the enclosure movement (4) slash-and-burn agriculture
6. Which action is linked to the spread of the Black Death to Europe during the 14th century? (1) trade with Asia
(2) conquest of Japan (3) trade across the Sahara
(4) exploration of the Western Hemisphere
7. Humanism during the Italian Renaissance was focused on (1) the affairs of the church
(2) self-sufficiency
(3) the importance of the individual (4) political theories
8. A key feature of European Renaissance culture was
(1) an outlook emphasizing classicism, secularism, and individualism (2) a reliance on the Pope and his knights to maintain political stability (3) a shift in production from the domestic system to the factory system (4) a way of thinking stressing humility and Christian faith
• Literacy rates rise.
• Shakespeare’s sonnets circulated. • Secular ideas spread.
9. Which innovation led directly to these developments? (1) printing press (3) paper currency
(2) astrolabe (4) caravel
10. Which situation is considered a cause of the other three? (1) Religious unity declines throughout Europe.
(2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation begins.
(3) The power of the Roman Catholic Church decreases. (4) Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses.
11. Which change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther? (1) increasing the sale of indulgences
(2) installing statues of saints in churches
[Left] Terracing in southern Chinese river valleys. [Right] Terracing at the Inca city of Macchu Picchu.
12. These photographs indicate the people of China and the people of Ancient Peru modified their environment to (1) create effective trade routes
(2) increase the amount of land available for agriculture (3) move large quantities of water into cities
(4) provide an effective defense
13. Which achievement played an important role in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations? (1) Use of gunpowder
(2) Production of corn (3) Domestication of horses
(4) Development of sugar plantations
14.
Which letter on this map represents an archipelago?