Unit 2 colonial america (3).pptx

UNIT TWO

CHAPTER 3

Colonial Society

• _Population

• 1700 – 250,000

• _{1750 – 1.5 million,} • _{1776 - 2.5 million}

• _{Cause of increase in population}

• immigration and high native birth rate.

• Lower mortality rates due to open space and limited

exposure to disease.

• eventually due to increased

Colonial Society

• _{Diversity - “melting pot”}

• _{from British Isle; English,}

Welsh, Scotch, Scotch-Irish and Irish

• _{Western Europe; France,}

German States, Switzerland

• _{Swedish, Finnish and}

Dutch

• _{Africans – brought against}

Colonial Society

• _{Social Classes – upward mobility possible.} • _{Aristocracy – wealthy planters, merchants,}

clergy, printers and lawyers

• _{Middle Class – small farmers and skilled}

workers

• _{Lower Classes – indentured servants and}

Colonial Society

•

Regions

•

New England

•

rocky, inhospitable terrain and climate

discouraged agriculture, subsistence

Colonial Society

•

economy

lumber

•

ship building

whaling

•

fishing (cod and

mackerel)

Colonial Society

•

Middle Colonies: “Bread Colonies”

fertile land and favorable climate

Colonial Society

• _{Rivers; Hudson,}

Susquehanna and

Delaware – Fur Trade with the Indians

• _{Harbors allow for}

trade.

• _{*Textbook, “best}

Colonial Society

• _{Southern Colonies}

• _{forests enabled ship building.} • _{fertile soil: warm climate}

• _{plantation society, indigo, rice and tobacco}

Colonial Life

•

Family – “

foundation

of colonial society”

Colonial Life

• _{Role of the Father} • _patrilineal

• _patriarchal • _Women

• _{pre 18th century – women enjoyed higher status} • _{18th century}

• _{Why women were treated as inferior?} • _marriage

Colonial Life

Margaret Brent

• _{Landholding woman in} Maryland.

• _{Led a force of troops in} support of the governor during a rebellion.

Colonial Life

•

Children

• _{How children were}

viewed?

• _{Why have children?} • _Childhood

• _{Adolescence did not exist,} • _{High infant mortality rates}

made emotional

Colonial Life

•

Religion

•

“Except for work, religion remained the

Colonial Life

•

Why so important?

•

provided community with a sense of

purpose.

•

socially desirable habit

Colonial Life

•

Changes

•

move towards more rational, less

theological explanation of the world.

•

man was not the product of original sin.

•

churches united against irreligion,

Colonial Life

•

Great Awakening

(1730’s – 1740’s)

•

Religious revival

among colonists

Colonial Life

• _{George Whitefield (1714-1770)} • _{Influenced by Methodism}

• _{English preacher}

• _{toured colonies seven times}

• _{in New England preached in the}

fields when denied the use of a church

• _{subjected listeners to the certainty}

of hellfire and eternal damnation unless repentance was immediate and complete

• _{many wept and he impressed}

Franklin

Colonial Life

•

Jonathan Edwards

(1703-1758)

•

most famous sermon -

“Sinners in the Hands of

an Angry God”

•

distrusted the idea of

simple conversion

Colonial Life-Education

• _Education • _Notes

• _{Should be able to}

read the Bible

• _{Many colonists were}

educated (mostly boys).

• _{Many towns had}

Education (continued)

• _{Higher Education –}

Colleges

• _{Harvard (1636) –}

First college in America

• _{College of William}

and Mary (1693) – in Virginia

Education (continued)

• _{College of New Jersey (1746) – Princeton (1754)} • _{Academy of Philadelphia (1751) -Uni. Of Penn}

(1791)

Colonial Life - Culture

• _Culture

• _{Literature, Almanacs and the Press}

• _{Library Company of Philadelphia}

• founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1731

• first subscription library society

• early libraries belong to the wealthy

• book were expensive,

Culture (continued)

• _{Almanacs – “Poor Richards Almanac” (1732)} • _{published by Benjamin Franklin}

• _{most regularly printed work}

• _{forecast weather, recap past year,}

general information

• _{filled with aphorisms,}

• _{“Early to bed, Early to rise . . .}

Culture

(continued)

•

Press:

•

Boston News-Letter

, first colonial newspaper

(1704)

•

Most newspapers were for advertisements, a

listed departure time of ships.

•

Franklin’s

Pennsylvania Gazette

(1729),

Culture

(continued)

•

Freedom of the Press

•

The Trial of

John Peter Zenger

(1734 –

1735)

•

Zenger was arrested for libel

(1734-1735)

•

wrote articles in New York Weekly

Journal

•

critical of New York Governor, William

Culture

(freedom of the press continued)

•_{lawyer, Andrew}

Hamilton, admitted

Zenger wrote articles, proved allegations were true thus not libel.

•_{acquitted in ten minutes}

by jury of peers

•_{established the}

foundations for

Culture

(continued)

•

Sciences and The Arts

Sciences

•

stress on the

understanding of

the universe

Culture

(continued)

• _{Benjamin Franklin many useful} experiments,

• _{lighting rod} • _bifocals

• _{swim fins}

• _{a glass armonica}

• _{watertight bulkheads for ships} • _{an odometer}

• _{the wood stove} (called the Franklin

Culture

•

Arts & Leisure

•

barely established, not enough leisure class to

establish such activities.

•

culture centered on the family, story telling,

singing or reading the Bible

•

life depended on physical exertion, few

Slavery

• _{Indentured Servants} • _{First African “Slaves”} • _{Early Slaves}

• _{treated the same as}

Indentured servants

• _{racial attitudes were not as}

prominent

• _{Some could enjoy a}

measure of freedom, own property and sue in court.

• _{African Indentured}

Slavery

• _{Why Africans?}

• _{they were viewed as inferior because they were not} Christian.

• _{they were viewed as primitive, due to there lack of} clothes

Slavery

• _{Why Africans?}

• _{had immunities to certain}

diseases both European and tropical, thus they

lived longer. (3 to 5 times)

• _{if they escaped they could}

not go home, nor blend in

• _{they were cheap,}

Slavery

•

Alternatives

•

Native population of the Americas were

killed off by disease and familiarity made

them useless.

•

prisoners would die from tropical diseases

and could escape and blend in with the

Slavery

• _{History of Slavery}

• _{developed throughout world history}

• _{slavery was very common in Africa:}

• _{labor shortages led to a booming trade in slaves}

• _{warfare most common method for gaining slaves, the losing}

army was enslaved.

Slavery

•

Atlantic Slave Trade

(1440 – 1880)

• _{Demand for labor led to need for workers, slaves:} • _{plantations spread throughout the Americas}

• _{demand for sugar in Europe, begun in 11th}

Slavery

• _{Middle Passage – voyage from Africa to the}

Americas

Slavery

• _Stages

• _capture

• _{tied together with rope around neck} • _branded

• _{shipped to the Americas}

Slavery

• _{Slavery in the American Colonies} • _Family

• _{stable family relationships}

were inhibited

• _{slave codes did not recognize}

slave marriages

• _{families could be torn apart at}

any moment

• _{change to matrilineal}

• _{children tended to stay with}

mothers

Slavery

• _Labor

• _{most were employed in field work}

• _{some were trained as carpenters, coopers, smiths and tanners} • _{House servants and overseers}

• _{the working day lasted dawn to sunset}

Slavery

• _{Social & Cultural Life} • _{very little of their}

African heritage survived into the second generation

• _{spoke hundreds of}

different languages

• _{were not converted to}

Slavery

• _{Slave Codes} • _{17th Century}

• _{legal status not clearly defined} • _{some gained freedom.}

• _{18th Century – laws passed defining status of slaves} • _{English children born to slaves - slave status}

• _{Baptism could not change slave status}

• _{owners could not be charged if slave died as a result of}

punishment

• _{Blacks could not purchase “Christian servants”} • _{law creating “perpetual slavery”}

Bacon’s Rebellion

-1676

•

Nathaniel Bacon

•

Aristocrat

•

led army of lower

Bacon’s Rebellion

-1676

•

war against Natives

and government

•

rebellion eventually

failed

•

led to the passage of

Bacon’s Rebellion

•

Why the codes were changed

•

fear of future uprisings – control slaves

•

S. Carolina 60% Blacks

Colonial Governments –

Self Governments

• _Causes

• _{England’s shift to Parliamentary Government} • _{Charles I (1625 – 1649) beheaded}

• _{Oliver Cromwell – Commonwealth}

• _{military dictator}

• _{Charles II (1660 – 1685)} • _{James II (1685)}

• _{Glorious Revolution (1688)}

Colonial

Governments

• _{Colonial Governments} • _{“Salutary Neglect” –}

Edmond Burke,

political philosopher

• _{“helpful neglect”} • _{allows self}

government in colonies

• _{Must not evade or}

Colonial Governments

•

Democratic Institutions

Colonial

Governments

•

Types of governments

•

Royal Colonies (8)

monarch selects

governor and appoints

members of the council,

upper house

•

lower house reps

selected by qualified

voters

•

NH, Mass, NY, NJ,

Colonial Governments

•

Self Governing

(2)

•

colonists directly or indirectly elect

governor and members of both houses

Conn. & RI

•

Proprietary

(3)

•

proprietor selects governor

•

eligible voters select members of

assembly

Attempts to Control the

Colonies

• _{Navigation Acts (1651 – 1696)}

• _{restricted trade to ships registered in}

England, India and America.

• _{banned foreign shipping}

• _{required European exports to come through}

England

• _{colonial exports to England only} • _{custom agents}

Attempts to Control the

Colonies

•

Lords of Trade

(1675)

– created by Charles II

•

part of Kings Privy

Council

•

in charge of

commercial and

colonial affairs

•

created the Dominion

Attempts to Control the

Colonies

•

Dominion of New England

(1685)

created by James II

•

united NY and NJ with New England

•

Sir Edmond Andros appointed Governor

abolished legislative assemblies and

imposed mercantilistic rules

Struggle For the Colonial

Empire

• _{King Phillips War (1675}

– 1676)

• _{King Phillip – Wampanoag} Tribe

• _{wanted to avenge his} brothers death

• _{plot was revealed,} tribe members tried and hanged.

Struggle For the Colonial

Empire

• _{Early Wars between England and}

France

• _Causes

• _{control of North America’s}

inhabitants and territory.

• _{English colonies westward}

expansion that encroached on Native American and French territory.

• _{Religion – Catholic France v.}

Anglican England

French & Indian War

• _{The French & Indian War (1754-1763)}

• _{French, Canadians and Natives vs. British, Americans}

and Natives

• _Issues

• _{Indian Alliances}

French & Indian War

• _{Dispute over land in the Ohio Valley} • _{Major Battles & Events}

• _{Battle of Great Meadows (1754)} • _{Colonel George Washington}

• _{southeast of Fort Duquesne (near Pittsburgh),}

begins the French & Indian War.

• _{sent by Gov. Robert Dinwiddie to remove}

French

French & Indian War

•

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

plan by Benjamin Franklin

French & Indian War

• _{Major General Edward Braddock killed in an}

attempt to take Fort

• _{ambushed and defeated British take Nova Scotia,}

French & Indian War

• _{Battle of Lake George}

(1755)

• _{won by British and}

American

• _{led by Sir William}

Johnson

• _{1756-war officially}

French & Indian War

• _{Fort William Henry}

(1757)

• _{French capture Ft.}

William Henry

• _{The French threaten}

Albany.

• _{William Pitt becomes}

French & Indian War

•

Fort Frontenac

(1758)

•

captured by Lt. Colonel John Bradstreet

Split the French forces and cut off French

French & Indian War

•

Forts Ticonderoga (1759)

French & Indian War

• _{Quebec (September, 1759)} • _{captured by General}

James Wolfe

• _{defeated French Army} under Marquis de

Montcalm

• _{Both Marquis de Montcalm} and Wolfe are mortally

wounded

French & Indian War

• _{Montreal (1760)}

• _{captured by General Amherst}

• _{Major Robert Rogers and his Rangers take Fort}

Detroit

• _{The British victory over the French in North}

French & Indian War

• _{Treaty of Paris (February 10, 1763)} • _Results

• _{eliminates France as colonial power}

• _{Native Americans in the west remain hostile to}

the British.

• _{Indian Power broken in Ohio Valley}

• _{Pontiacs Rebellion (1763), unable to take Ft.}

Detroit