Computer programming (often shortened to programming ) is a process that

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CSC- 210

Object Oriented Programming

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LECTURE 1

PROGRAM DESIGN

TECHNIQUES

&

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

OUTLINE

• Program design techniques

• Programming Overview

• Programming Techniques

• Problem Solving Steps

• Introduction to Java

• Anatomy of Java

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PROGRAM DESIGN TECHNIQUES

Programming

Computer programming (often shortened to programming) is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs.

Programming Techniques / paradigms

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paradigms

A programming paradigm can be understood as an abstraction of a computer system, for example the von Neumann model used in traditional sequential computers.

For parallel computing, there are many possible models typically reflecting different ways processors can be interconnected to

communicate and share information.

In object-oriented programming, programmers can think of a program as a collection of interacting objects, while in functional programming

a program can be thought of as a sequence of stateless function evaluations.

In process-oriented programming, programmers think about

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EVOLUTIONS OF HIGH LEVEL

LANGUAGES

Programming languages have emerged as the powerful tools we use to describe algorithms for execution by

computers. Numerous

languages have been designed and implemented with varying goals and for different application areas. Evolution of high level

languages considers

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Unstructured Programming Procedural Programming Emerged in 1970’s

e.g. C, Fortran

Modular Programming Emerged in 1980’s e.g. Turbo Pascal, Ada Object-Oriented Programming Emerged in 1990’s

e.g. C++, Java, .Net

Structured Programming

Blocks like “if, if else, switch, for” controlled the program flow

Emerged in

1960’s

e.g. Pascal, Ada

EVOLUTIONS OF HIGH LEVEL

LANGUAGES

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UNSTRUCTURED STRUCTURED / PROCEDURAL

Main program directly operates on data Procedures, Methods or functions call each other

Data is always declared as global Data is handled in procedures or functions

Duplication of data and instructions occurs

Duplication of data and instructions don’t occurs

Whole logic is written in a single module

Logic is distributed into modules

Difficult to write a program Easy to write a program

Hard to understand and debug a program

Easy to understand and debug a program

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UNSTRUCTURED STRUCTURED / PROCEDURAL

Examples:

Early versions of BASIC (such as MSX BASIC and GW-BASIC), JOSS, FOCAL,

MUMPS, TELCOMP, COBOL,

machine-level code, early assembler systems (without procedural metaoperators), assembler debuggers and some scripting languages such as MS-DOS batch file language

Examples:

C, Pascal, Ada, Fortran etc.

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•

Procedures of a common

functionality are grouped

together

into

separate

modules.

•

The modules can be linked

together to complete a

whole task.

•

The

main

program

coordinates

calls

to

procedures

in

separate

modules.

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•

No matter how well structured,

large programs

become

excessively complex

.

•

They allow unrestricted access to

global data

.

•

Attributes

and

behavior

are separated such that they poorly

model of the real world.

MODULAR PROGRAMMING

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•

One of the most powerful and popular paradigms

•

Includes facilities for modular programming, and (in some sense)

procedural programming.

•

A program consists of a collection of cooperating objects rather

than a list of instructions (actions)

•

An object combines data structure and its related operations

together

OBJECT ORIENTED

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•

Reduced cognitive load (have less to think about and more

natural paradigm)

•

Isolation of programmers (better team programming)

•

Less propagation of errors more adaptable/flexible programs

•

Faster development due to reuse of code

BENEFITS OF

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Procedural (Structured)

Object-Oriented Programming

1 Algorithm is given importance. Data is given importance.

2 Can handle up to moderately complex programs.

Can handle very complex programs.

3 Flexibility is less. Flexibility is more.

4 Focus is on algorithm and control flow.

Focus is on object model.

5 Function call is used. Message passing is used.

6 Functions are independent of each other.

Each class is related in a hierarchical manner.

7 Less code reusability More code reusability

8 Less data security More data security

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Procedural (Structured)

Object-Oriented Programming

10 Views data and functions as two separate entities.

Views data and functions as a single entity.

11 Program is divided into a number of sub modules or functions or procedures.

Program is organized by having a number of classes and objects.

12 Solution is solution-domain specific.

Solution is problem-domain specific.

13 The flow of execution of the

programming is dependent on the structure of the program.

The basic entity is object. Each

computation is performed using objects only.

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•

Object programming was reported to exists in Simula 67 back in 1960s

•

Simula 67 is developed at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by

Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard.

•

Simula 67 is used to program Simulation

•

Influenced from Simula 67, later, the theory of OOP is introduced by

smallTalk (Xerox PARC) which further designed it to include the

pervasive use of objects and messages as the basis for computation.

•

Mid 1980s, OOP dominant the programming methodology through C++

(an extension of C Language)

•

More recently, a number of OOP languages exists

HISTORY OF

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The promising areas for application of OOP includes:

1.

Real time systems

2.

Simulation and modeling

3.

Object oriented databases

4.

Hypertext, hypermedia

5.

AI and expert systems

6.

Neural networks and parallel programming

7.

Decision support and office automation systems

8.

CIM/CAD systems

Object oriented technology is certainly changing the way

software engineers think, analyze, design and implement

systems today.

APPLICATIONS OF

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• Pure OO Languages

•

Smalltalk, Eiffel, Actor, Java, C#, Visual Basic

.NET

• Hybrid OO Languages

•

C++, Objective-C, Object-Pascal

OOP

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PROBLEM SOLVING USING

COMPUTER

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1.

Analyze

the problem: Outline

solution requirements and design an

algorithm.

2.

Implement

the algorithm in a

programming language (Java) and

verify that the algorithm works.

3.

Maintain

the program: Use and

modify if the problem domain

changes.

PROBLEM SOLVING

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PROBLEM SOLVING STEPS (Execution

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PROGRAMMING

APPROACHES

_{STRUCTURED DESIGN} _{OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN}

Problem is divided into smaller sub problems

Program is a collection of interacting objects

Data and operations are at different places

Objects consist of data and operations

Steps in Structured Design:

1. Large problem divided into subroutines or subprograms

2. All subprograms are solved individually

3. Solved subprograms are integrated together

Steps in OOD:

1. 1. Identify objects

2. Form the basis of the solution

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INTRODUCTION TO

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•

James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton

initiated the Java language project in June 1991

•

The language was initially called

Oak

after an oak tree that stood

outside Gosling's office

•

It went by the name

Green

later, and was later renamed

Java

,

from a list of random words

•

Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language

that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation

•

Sun Microsystems

released the first public implementation as

Java 1.0 in 1995

•

On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java's

core code available under free software/open-source distribution

terms (

GNU Public License)

ORIGINS OF

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1.

Java Standard Edition (Java

SE)

❖ For desktop, client/server application

2. Java Enterprise Edition

(Java EE)

❖ For e-business, e-commerce web based application

3. Java Micro Edition

(Java ME)

❖ For small devices, like palm, hand phone, etc

JAVA FAMILY

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Version Name Code Name Release Date

JDK 1.0 Oak January 1996

JDK 1.1 (none) February 1997

J2SE 1.2 Playground December 1998

J2SE 1.3 Kestrel May 2000

J2SE 1.4 Merlin February 2002

J2SE 5.0 Tiger September 2004

Java SE 6 Mustang December 2006

Java SE 7 Dolphin July 2011

Java SE 8 (Not available) March 2014

The following table summarizes all versions of Java SE from its early

days to the latest.

JAVA

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•

Simple

and familiar object oriented programming

•

Architecture neutral (

platform independent

)

•

Open Source

•

First rank in

TIOBE Index

•

De-Facto

standard programming language in

education

LEADS OF

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Sep 2017 Sep 2016 Programming Language Ratings Change

1 1 Java 12.687% -5.55%

2 2 C 7.382% -3.57%

3 3 C++ 5.565% -1.09%

4 4 C# 4.779% -0.71%

5 5 Python 2.983% -1.32%

6 7 PHP 2.210% -0.64%

7 6 JavaScript 2.017% -0.91%

8 9 Visual Basic .NET 1.982% -0.36%

9 10 Perl 1.952% -0.38%

10 12 Ruby 1.933% -0.03%

11 18 R 1.816% +0.13%

12 11 Delphi/Object Pascal 1.782% -0.39%

13 13 Swift 1.765% -0.17%

14 17 Visual Basic 1.751% -0.01%

15 8 Assembly language 1.639% -0.78%

16 15 MATLAB 1.630% -0.20%

17 19 Go 1.567% -0.06%

18 14 Objective-C 1.509% -0.34%

19 20 PL/SQL 1.484% +0.04%

20 26 Scratch 1.376% +0.54%

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1. Compiler (Interpreter):

Java Standard Edition (JSE)

2. Code Editor:

1.

Text Editor

:

TextPad, Notepad++

2.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

Netbeans, Eclipse, JCreator

JAVA PROGRAMMING

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javac

(Java

Compiler)

java

(Java Interpreter)

JAVA

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1. Install Java SE by clicking:

jdk-8u20-windows-i586.exe

(download from:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads)

2. Install Netbeans by clicking:

netbeans-8.0.-javase-windows.exe

(download from: http://netbeans.org/downloads)

Follow the entire installation process to complete

INSTALLATION

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HelloWorld.java

public class Hello {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World!"); }

}

HOW JAVA

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