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Publication bias: what is it? How do we measure it? How do we avoid it?

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Figure

Figure 1 Number of references relevant to publication bias identified from searching PubMed
Figure 3 Results of a meta-analysis of cohort studies on publication bias. Odds ratio .1 indicates that studies with statistically significant or positive results were more likely to be formally published than those with nonsignificant or nonpositive results (data from Song et al 200944).Abbreviation: Ci, confidence interval.
Figure 4 Funnel-plot illustration with sufficient number of nonbiased studies. Each point represents a study in a meta-analysis.

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