Re-Examination of the Records of Activities of Asama Volcano

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ῌ

*

Re-Examination of the Records of Activities of Asama

Volcano

Tsutomu Miyazaki*

Disaster prevention advisor, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Abstract

Mt. Asama is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan. We have had some reliable historical documents on its volcanic activity since as early as++*2(around the end of the Heian era). These historical documents had been collected since the end of the Edo era : middle of the+3th century. In particular, from the Meiji era (+201ῌ+3+,) untill the present, several authors published eruption histories of Mt. Asama based on geophysical and geological observations conducted with modern technology.

To elucidate the long-term pattern of volcanic activity, we compared several publications on the eruption history of Mt. Asama. Eventually, we encountered contradictory and/or confused descriptions of many particular volcanic events among these publications, even in modern times. We investigated and corrected these errorneous records with the aid of some reliable research papers, and ﬁnally present the eruption history of Asama volcano from a uniﬁed viewpoint.

The volcanic activity of Mt. Asama can be summarized and described by subdividing the following four periods depending on the quality of descriptive data :

Period +:02/ῌ+213 AD. Two devastating eruptive activities occurred during this period ac-cording to historical documents.

Period ,:+22*ῌ+3--AD. A volcanological observatory was established at Yuno-Taira on the western mountainside of the volcano, where observations were made during the summer. Mt. Asama started to experience strong activity from the beginning of the,*th century.

Period -:+3-.ῌ+3.- AD. A new volcanological observatory was established on the eastern mountainside by Earthquake Research Institute, the University of Tokyo. Full-time observations were conducted with modern volcanological instruments, which resulted in an empirical law for the forecasting of summit explosions in a typical andesite volcano. Mt. Asama erupted almost continuously during this period.

Period .:+3..ῌ+33* AD. During and just after World War II, the observation system was maintained at a minimal level, but never stopped. After the War, research activity reached the highest instensity, which contributed to the development of observation skills and instruments for volcanology. However, in the latter half of the period, the activity of Asama volcano greatly declined to be almost quiescent.

For periods-and., we attempted to introduce the classiﬁcation of eruptive intensity.

Key words: Asama volcano, Volcanic activity, Records of eruptions, Re-examination of records, Eruptive history

* e-mail : [email protected] +3*ῌ**+- 0ῌ,2ῌ/*-

Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo Vol.12,**-_pp.,2-ῌ

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(13)

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(14)

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Y?[ Y?[ =++,2¡O, % G= < 1 Y[ 0/ ¢= < 1 YZ[ 0DD,N+++2O,D=,2 D COWKN ;=£iyn 0 / 1%1.2¤JCD,N ., +1+*.+- 1-+/ = Ym[ O >¥a +? 1JCD,N n,-=pJCDp DN .- +1++ Yrῌs< [ x,iy-%JCD,N R"& ¥ $A}hyi ¦3 y§`+,4N 1O,N ,1 4-,/71O,N o ¨,#1/ YAm[ e 5 ©1|K667ª«8¬s8 'y+,1e®N 1JCD,N !.+-1O,N iy/ ¯&=J°pDN ±%;9² / ?y³/D 1%K%3,N .. +1+- - 0,3 42+37 xDiy%JCD,N Yrῌs< [ R"& 6´ µ}:yhiN D C?n 0JC -0=pD% ¶;·%¸D1D3,N ./ +1+13,- ,2+3 5<=;%¹¨qJCD,% %E=oºO,N Ym[ 5<6´ +? »ῌ = ¼296¼

(15)

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&P4&Rj;O'Drtu&tvwx; &@G y(G)zb{|? 2 s0;,,F& /0> !/0rD% j;O'*DrG }~+bO&t&d@ G nt,vG 2 d-R Fd !/0rD % G c#d. AG /0 A> /0> F/;,22 ῌ /0> a !;-c.% ῌ&;O'G 3/0>/G Dr0 21G {|bOjt2@rv 2q, G/;2G/;,2 id0;,2tvFdA 2 ῌA /;,2F& tv/32 2F ῌ G 6M 4&j;O' PQ+1,+0;,,R S ![\% 4&Pj2lRpj;O'G 4 _ G >G }S54?@67 /0>S8d2g8 ? /0>2S9:+**km;d G ¡¢ &d@2:&d [\F&@<£ ¤F&2? q idL¥Ld_b /01 2=¦G S5§>¨/0 >ῌS©ª~«?@¬- A/;,2 Ps0;,,R ®d2g8? q /* +1,, 1 4xG 3$/0>A 2& ῌ @ G ¯n6 !°±% P²AG BC3³DG +031´+1--iFµA¶·G+322R ¸¹ b& ῌ /0A>ºE» ¼297¼

(16)

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(17)

/0῎ +1/,ῒ ῍ΐ῔,ῒ῎ ῏ῐῑῌ +12-- !" #$ %&' () *+,&-. */0 !" # $%&*'1 ( )ῌ*+2, 3 #$ 4(-56- . 7/08 */19:;<28 -3 4=>058 6?@A78.<ῌB 9C 0D<EF A78<- :? GE;D<ῌHI< >/9JC< $=-. 90>!/?0<?F :;<9@ A<B KC$=L-.;M!0C NO3 P-, 9 @ @ DPQRD P .-.STDUV$ /1῎ +1/.ῒ ῍ΐ῔.ῒ῎ ῏ῐῑῌ0C+3=D2C 1= 5@ $C<W=X Y; @EZ P@[\2]F#$ 1C,= D2C+3= @ ^ _ `aVGbKC=;0cdY;-9ef g=A*Q῍hHDiQDj kIJ$Klῌ /?0 @ ^ Q]FD 56(QLmD M3 Klῌ/?0 7 @ND0n@OoDPjp P(@QR^ @@9 )ῌ *+2, 56- 3#$ %qO,S' ῌTr῎ UGῌ_ WC-.<Cῌ 00 d?EVWA;s!Xt uR7@v=-.Yῌ ZV [A.\ D]0*w xS^ P$-.@+1/.y-._n Qz.'DUV$ {D /0 ] FD|&-@ +1/, , #${n =(-}`a~@bPQRDV 2 @ %0' -/ +1// #$ 4 -$cD$ ῌ @ Dd DD -P@ @e!@#$ 4f25g +3++@ //C,0=h1C+= i {n.\ P5 U[ j+1 #$/ +1// -+12-Qa~1RD U1 - klm@D !0C,3=1C=5@< i i1QV nD P o{npqD / 7r 0s$eftuE. -3vw7x ay D z{|Q.D J}5D~1+0*, $ -} 4¡ ¢£ ¤¥ Lq @ /L@c¦V$ § +31. DD eftuE. [/ @ P #$9N¨ @ e!©D U ?v 7ªxax?. i«¬/-.UV "#$ ® ¯g2 +32+ @ °±O²³ %´Q' %' °±°±µ ¶· ( 3#$ 4@ J¸KIk H¹HAlHFº .k{P#$ DD S» ¼299¼

(18)

!"#$ % &'()*+,"#-./0123%

ῌ4,25678/92:;<=>2:

?@/A B/0C4D:E9 F;:1% "#/2:+,1<=GHF7:

IJ8 K&'(L 1MN% OP"#1 QR2ST U/ K&'(L E1"#0 9VW/ X&'YZ[ F7:%-\F]/ X&'Y^Z[ _OP/51"#` /8E1OP/51"#0% aA41bc Fde/f19gh2:44i K"#jL% K&'#(L kF`l:1@mF7: /n E1"#0% bo5p q+30+r+32+5\ s% t5 1uvwxyz0:1F{|}~2: 7: }3% KῌyL % +1/351r2 qOP3 5-+*r++\ 17:

Table+. Comparison of the records of the+1//Horeki eruption with those of the +12-Tenmei erution.

῍

(19)

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(20)

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(21)

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(22)

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(23)

+23* +0 +3+* ,. +23+ . 0+ !+++1+2,2 ,3 -*"#$%&'()* +,-./ 012 3.45+23. ,1 67 8912 670+23.:;<',2 +1=>ῌ?@ +3++ +23- ,0 ABC?)DEFG0HIJK',2 02῍ +23.ῒ ῌΐῐ,1ῒ῍ ῎῏ῑ .0 +*L7MNO(P $Q R JK STUV9 W XOYZ* [\93A]0Y]= X0^ 2 _,1.2`abcd ()e BC)? fg +23.a

Table,. Chronological table of eruptions of Asama volcano. BC)?67.4hij

(24)

.++ 3 !"#$%1&2 '()* +,-./01,*2345!6+ 6 7/89 7:;<9 =+2>-:;<?@(AB CDEFGHIJK 7: ;<9 .+1 >/L$MN/0 1<O,PQR STUVW(XYZ[\1<[\1]^Z _`ab cde<fghijk(1 l+*m ῍nb 7:;<9 7/89 +/op 1 lqr +23.bn Is%t .+2 .-/'/0 / 0'(uv ,Pw<xyz +,-.+6%{ 2|t6+6 lqr +23.bn Table,. continued. }ῌ ~ 306

(25)

.,2 0-* +* .-* */ !" #$%!&' ()*+,-."/ 01++/2345 6789:;< = 1> =1?> @AB +23.bC // 1+/ DEF"GH 67 IJ< =1?> = 1> /+- KLIMNA!EF 6/+0 %OPQ< =1?> /,/ 0 67IJ< = 1?> = 1> 0+. 3-*RSTUV WXY Z[\EF , ] @, ^-_`C 23a b cdeTU f ghXijklm +*-* nopEqr Ep+-st:+0 @0 grCuv EFAw MN x)yA z{eT|U @++RnEF- C Qy}de|U+++n-.*EF ~ de|U+de 7|U @}C EF [/ =1?> = 1> 0 1!\+ῌ @+23.aC!J"; \b 0,* +*R ῌ @+23.bC !;"Gb =!Y hn++3 @0C !\Gn +,*+*RTn + rb!Gn!+.n¡h¢ n fhb0£¤!¥T¦§+ !¨¦©+ª«r¬!®r b ¯n"¢n> +23.° ± . 0 ++ @+.A²C +1 +2 ,2 @KLI³´A!EFC -* / / +- @MN!EFC ,/ 0+. @S cd z{ de ~d 7 EFC ,* 03῍ +233ῒ ῌΐῐ-,ῒ῍ ῎῏ῑ -++ +µ¶·¸/ 6¹

Fig,. Map showing the locality of the Asama volcano and its vicinity in+300. 1±;º»

(26)

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:J+ :῍y ῍y K =>8῍y =

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(27)

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(28)

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(29)

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(30)

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(31)

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(32)

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(33)

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(34)

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¸"O Omori,+3+.a*+XB9novE

¹º4C wX BCDB$%O1#6

vUN 1# B$% +*m&' ()*+

»ῌ ¼

(35)

Omori,+3+.a 2,-/ B +*m Omori,+3+.a 2,3 ,*-//- Omori,+3+.c 30 / B +*m Omori,+*+.a 33++.3,+/3 Omori,+3+.c 3,/+ B +*m Omori,+3+.a 3,2, B +*m Omori,+3+.a +*+2+ B +*m Omori,+3+.a -*+3++.. 0,/+*,* ! "# Omori +3+.a $%&'()* +, -./+/kg01234.567 +**89 ῌ 8+, : ;89 <=+3++ῌ >?=*)+3 -/@8 /0 A)* +*,, *-.0*. B CDE> F GHIJ),*/km K, L MN O8C+BP QRS TU,PVW ! ! CAX;, )YZ [\"]8:QRST^W_ ` ab#cd(e$89J fgh Omori +3+, CEAi()* +,-*-+0B*j kTlW m%FnW fgh op*-+0 qr&cVs'tj9 uL CU,Pvwx (yz, ){ | T}~ *<AF+,W A~ *-,. -.8CA/~ Omori,+3+, +3++>F 0 +-/12 0 2 +0 34tj +1+2 +3 5b ,* ,+ ,, ,- ,. ,/ ,0: ,.tj 0 +* +- ,+ :tj -++ +/ +0 +1+2+3 :tj 6r,+ tj,, ,-,.,/: tj.,- .: - . %Fn W 1 2 3 ++ +, +- +0 7tj /2+/,18F+9:_ ;J .a ,9 +2-* 8< W F=8V> /3 01 ,2 -* 1+,-01 2 3++ +.+/,* ,+,1 2+ - / 0 2+/*..,/*F+8Fz P,9O+9?a ¡+9 <,*9 ¢a09 3a+.9 £¤;< 2+0 +1 +2 +3 tj ,* ,, ,- ,3 30 3 ,/ ,3 +*+2+*,,BCE ¥Z +,- *-+0 F=8vwx(y L -++3++@ >F¦W §¨<©

ª«2¬®#AOmori+3+.bA¯(

)* 2, +3+, ./ ++. TB<9 °°±C +..+ D9 f²³h ´E89 +,2*0-*+3,/L op8m T/P µ¶F"] 7Gtj9 fgh §·0H +3+,+ ,2 +.,/ ¸¹ºu tj §· 0H +3+,, ,+-+.,, +- *1 +.O 7tj9 fgh Omori,+3+.c ,,,+3,*,,/*L8;m T/P fgh Omori,+3+.c §·0H +3+, , .3 +,-/ L8T/P fgh Omori,+3+.c >F&I »J ¼317¼

(36)

.+/+3/* Omori,+3+.c -,+3+, / +0+*-* !"#$ %& 'Omori +3+.a ()*+,#-0-*+. B/0 +*m12 34 Omori,+3+.a 1+ +1--/* 5 34 Omori,+3+.c 1, */-**1 5 Omori,+3+.c 1+0 *1.0 6 77 6 7 8 9: 5; 2<=>?@AB ,. B /0+*m12 Omori,+3+.a CD+3+, 1 1,++. B/0 +*m12 34 Omori,+3+.a 1,,,. B/0 +*m12 34 Omori,+3+.a 1-*+. B/0 +*m12 34 Omori,+3+.a %EFGH 2-+3,*/2/+*-5 3 4 Omori,+3+.c 21*2+..2 *3.-,-5 34 Omori,+3+.c 2,, */,//* 5 34 Omori,+3+.c 2,- +/+.*+ 5 34 Omori,+3+.c 2,0+. B/0 +*m12 34 Omori,+3+.c +*,+*+3.*I J@KL MNO %PQ$ $R6 7STGH UV WQXQ-SY Z[$ +*-\.-,*.*.+*I ]^ +*1 *,__89: `a MNO +*3\+* 3,+-*+**-,* IEbH]^ +,+-\+.-+ cPB def AQ gh ij7 AQ $ 6 7!"!k#lmMNO 2 n o$ %p nq r& s' tu vw x( hy hz{ %PQ$ $R6 Sh,|})Q h*~S+G[,H 73, 12-8.Hh/"#01 2 Q$ --3a4# 7 *2,*^ ++.*G+.*/ +3*01M5GH6 7Q-Pb 7ijABh /"# 8+.*3,/,|5 H+*>]?#~E f 9-"!:# 56 ; 5< J@=>8 E+*cm ]?n 5 R+//* !@!A++km89:- +-,- EGH¡ Q¢£¤¥ BCH +.¦*2§ A,#h]¨ ©#jª]D«¬^ §@® +-km¯°B5;+.¦+*±$²³ ´BGAhE0mJª¬¬O §@@®+0kmhµ-*1 ^++Fo¶H7"®· h<]?nB]¸,#f!:G#$ Omori,+3+.c HB +3+, 6 7A +,2 MN 89: KL ,2MN ¹º,+-,*+. *1I 5; `aMN,,, .3 +/ 0-* 1+,5 +0 6 7 7 0» 1,+ ,, -* 2-1 ,, ,- 5 2,0 +*, P MN % §]2}B +*-\. 1 MN 3\+* EbH +,+-\+. -+ cP h A MN %§,|2} ¼ῌ I _318_

(37)

-.+3+, Omori,+3+.b ! 2-῍ +3+-ΐ ῌῑῐ,ΐ῍ ῎῏ῒ ,"+++.#+/.* $ %& ' ()*+ ,-./! 01 2+3+-,"! ."+2 ,-#/-/* %&()*+ ,-./! .",+3,- - $ %&(45)* +! -.! 6789: Omori,+3+.c! /"+0+0#.,;$ %& '() *+,-./!<-=>?1Omori, +3+.c @AB ! /"+1 ,+#.*CD῍E:=FG *E H- I. J(-K*L E +1M(89: 2 +3+-/ "! /",1*/#,,+1 ;$ NO P QRS(; )*+ ,-./!*/#,/C %&TU(0VWXO*+ 2 +3+-/" Omori,+3+1! /",3;$ OP %& 'YZ[\ ]+ !? ^_ à ba"#$% c!? d()*+!$&Zef 4gU(6h89:! ij'(k(< -lmE:,)noE: ,-./! *p.*3/*cmqrs %t+ ! uv s ,-.w ! Omori,+3+.c > 6h?@A8x! 0"+-,-#*++0 ;$(; )*+! ,-./ Omori,+3+1! 0"+0yz8 2+3+-0"! 0"+1,,#.1.+ ;,-U (1){v(|*;+} ! ~%tD1 ῍/0X 1*2:( 3#,-(z0S1 /4V 54V%t6*6wE U*78 VW n*E:V F! 4 =F/1U(kYZw19 (:B:! -h1;-<(6wE >+1% ef r w = w >!? d:1?@e e% k_$%"#ba ^_ àdc !? :! ,-./ Omori,+3+.c= +11 ¡(89:V F! <-> 6h?1ABC@AB ! : , -9¢£0S <- D ¤8 0E +3+-! 0"+2*0#,+*- ;$()* +! ,-./ Omori,+3+1! 0",**.#*0.1 ;;(1rYZ F]4jU()*+! :0(1?@=x"# ()! 6h¥?1;G;3*km ,-. ,! Omori,+3+.c 1<-> 6h?@A B ! 0",.++#-1-. ;$()* +!*3#+*C/6h8x! ,-./ Omori, +3+1! ,-#-.+1 ; ¦,-9§ Omori, +3+1! 0",0*2#*3.* ;ref % + ()*+ !?! :0$%"#ba+ ()*+ c !?! 6h¥?1;%&*¨©V ,-./! s=x-zª Omori,+3+.c!: > 6h?@A8x! ,-#.+/3 >¥?1%5-VE ! % &6h89: ,-./! ,-U(1Hx=x ¦v«I¬§Omori, +3+.c >?@A8x! 1"++,#+1*+ )>*JF! ®K¯6h8x ,-./ Omori,+3+.c! 1"1 *1#+*-, C $ %&( )*+ ,-./!,-=L1 M°±+%t/.w1²9: Omori,+3+.c!,+#.0/0 $(; )*+ ,-./! -f+/ ^-z*²N! ¦,-9§ Omori,+3+.c! 1"2 */#,/,/ $(; )* + ,-./! <-1³O=x´´; ! %t.s )*+! ¦,-9§ Omori,+3+.c! 1"+- +0#*++3 ; $6h 89:! )1µVEG0 à=xk_P9 : c!?! .¶(1ῌ+(k·£ (>* : ,-./!,-¢£= V QR 1¡(ῌS¸*¹E :! -yTºU» ¼319¼

(38)

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O ($a%,]a O &@

+ ῍B'O(] E c #Omori,+3+.c$ 2%+-&+1'.+.* #Omori, +3+1$ 2%+.& *1'---, *1',/++ )¡¢ n*1'---, *1'/+++ )¡¢n++ '-/,2 ++'.*,/ )¡¢n +.',, -2 +.'-++, )¡¢n +1'+..0 +1'+2*. )¡¢n+1',0-, +1 ',1*. )¡¢n +1'-*/1 +1'-, ,2 )¡¢n #Omori,+3+1$ £¤ l*mEGcb #st +3+-u2 %$ 2%+/& *3'/3++ (¥F> ,+ :;< *3'/,.* +*'*,-. ) ¡ ¢ n #Omori,+3+1$ +/'/2.0 (¥F>,+ :;< +/'/2,* +0'*1-2 )¡¢n +0' .2.1 +0'/3+. )¡¢n +1'** ,, +1'*0,, )¡¢n+1'*2/. (¥F> ,+ CD,'EF> #Omori,+3+1$ £¤ l*mEGcb #st +3+-u2 %$ 2%+0&+1& £¤m lmGcb #st +3+-u2%$ 3%,+&+-'/*/3 ,-+YO ,¦b§b 1%+-&|}0%,0& #¨C2 '$ *©ªd +> :;< #Omori, +3+1$ O 9Yijc>

+*%1&++'-,-- n--a]#Omori, +3+1$ +*%3& *+'*3+* ( #Omori,+3+1$ +*%+/& ,,'.-- ( )* xy C« ~¬,®@> :;< #Omori, +3+1$ +*%+1& +/',1.1 ( )* ¯ C« ~¬,®@> :;< #Omori, +3+1$ +*%,,& *-'//., #Omori,+3+1$ +*%,0& *-'+.-2 #°">±' Omori,+3+.c$²g ³.´ µ/+ ,- :;< #Omori,+3+1$ O9Y ijk@ +> ++%-& *,',/-2 # ° " >± ' Omori,+3+.c$)*|}xy,- ¶0 =+ ·&¸|}¨g.'d/'d! 1Gcb :;< +1'+/ )*|}xy,- : ;< ++%.& *2'-/ )* xy ¯,- :;< ++%/& +*'/1 xy,- ¹+0 ',* xy,- :;< ++%0& *0'*..3 #°">±'c >Omori,+3+.c$)*|}C«,- : ;< +-',,+0 #°">±'c>Omori, +3+.c$)*|}C«,- º2m* !1Gcb :;< »ῌ 3 ¼320¼

(39)

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(40)

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(41)

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(42)

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(43)

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(44)

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