Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) Science Management

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Extract of major parts of the

Manual of Modules

Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) Science Management

German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer

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1. Curriculum

The Curriculum of the master course “Science Management” is characterized by a combination of academic and practice-oriented teaching. The activities in the context of the modules are supplemented by evening lectures for which senior managers, reputable experts and

practitioners in the field of science managements well as alumni are invited for reporting on recent developments.

The core of the “Speyer profile” of science management is 4 basic modules providing a basic overview of the historic, legal and institutional framework of the higher education and science sector as well as of the basic principles and instruments of guidance and management of science institutions. In a complementary way, the 4 management modules focus on the acquisition of key management competencies. Thereafter, these modules can be developed further in 2 of 4 specialization modules offered. At the end of the basic modules, it is projected to prepare a transfer module and the master thesis.

2. Organisation of the course

The master programme “Science Management” is conceived as study course in parallel to a full-time job and combines intensive preparation and presence stages. For each module 2 or 3 days presence stages are projected generally ending on Saturday. At the end of the first two semesters, an examination day in combination with a module takes place where written of oral examinations can be conducted.

By means of a teaching-learning online platform, the students get the necessary information and study documents for the preparation and post-processing of the modules.

The programme ends with the academic degree “Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) Science Management” an is conceived as application-oriented master programme with 90 ECTS points in total during a period of 4 semesters.

3. Performance credits and examinations

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4. Commentary to the module manual

The manual comprises detailed descriptions of the single modules (incl. responsible lecturers, learning targets, learning contents, course achievements etc.). The assumed student workload of a performance point correlates to 25 up to 30 work hours. Therefore, the referring working time in the module descriptions is displayed as time range or as approximate value.

5. Course overview

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Basic module I: Science system and science management – basics, institutions, fields of action, challenge

Kind of module: Compulsory module ECTS: 6 ECTS points

Presence stage: 24 hours Self-study: 125-150 hours Duration: 1 semester

Language: German

Usability Compulsory module of master course science management

Brief description: The introductory module is based on the assumption that adequate ways of science management presuppose fundamental knowledge of the science system. The module deals with the special conditions of

knowledge production and procurement and provides a basic overview of the most important institutions and governance dimensions of the science system. The issue is treated by presentations of the topics “Science and society” and “Institutions and governance in the national science system”. Targets: The participants know the basic principles of the organisation and function

of science as well as its relation to other parts of the society based on theoretical and empirical knowledge of interdisciplinary science research and the case-related knowledge of the practice of science management. The participants are able to reflect the relation of science and science management and know the institutional framework of science

management.

Contents: ▪ The science system: Origin, growth, organisation and function. ▪ Science and its contact to the external world: The public, policy, economy.

▪ New developments: Knowledge society, networking, globalisation, science management

▪ National characteristics of the German science system in comparison, the heterogeneity of its institutions and ways of governance

Forms of teaching ▪ Presentations ▪ Seminars

▪ Management game where the participants can employ their new competences in an interactive and practical way.

Activities of the module Type of activity Presence

stage

Self-study ECTS points

Presentation 8 h ≈ 40 h 2

Seminar 8 h ≈ 70 h 3

Game 8 h ≈ 20 h 1

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For credit points presence stage

▪ Active participation in the different activities ▪ Elaboration of a term paper

Module exam Term paper

The term paper has to be written after the presence stage

Basic module II: Historic development and legal framework of the science system Kind of module: Compulsory module

ECTS: 6 ECTS points

Language: German

Brief description: This module gives an overview of the basic historic developments of the European science system and its current legal framework in Germany. The emergence of a (semi-)autonomous science system is a formative characteristic of the European history. The tension between the intellectual freedom (up to the science freedom of today) and the

concrete applicability and use of the abstract reflection (starting with the work of the Bolognese glossators 900 years ago) basically determines the history of the development of the science system and thereby also its present legal constitution. Thus the module links the depth of focus of a historic perspective beginning with medieval scholars and their forms of self-organisation with a look on its result, the rules and functions of the present differentiated science system.

Complementary to the historic view, the legal part of this module presents major rules and current reform initiatives of the German science law (Constitutional law and laws of the states, labour law, collective bargaining law, budget law, public procurement law, inventor law). By case studies, central aspects of the science and higher education law are explained in depth by a synopsis of the different areas of law.

Targets: The participants have a critical understanding of the historic foundation and see universities in their teaching and (later) research as European institutions. They know the multiple structures of the science systems in Europe, for instance, the diffusion of the idea of university to the colonial world or the special development in France since the revolution. In addition, the participants know the legal contexts of the German science systems of the higher education institutions and the extra-university research. They are sensitised to a legal view on questions of the freedom of science, organisation, budgeting, taxation and personnel affairs.

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Contents: ▪ Comparative reflection (in time and space) of the interpretation of science management and of its political-societal environment. ▪ Legal-institutional framework of science management Forms of teaching ▪ Presentations

▪ Colloquium

Activities of the module

Type of activity Presence stage Self-study ECTS points

Colloquium 12 h ≈ 45 h 2

Preconditions ▪ The participants have to read introductory literature for preparing the for credit points presence stage and elaborate a three-page essay as to specific questions

▪ Active participation, for instance, impulse presentation or elaboration of a solution for a concrete legal case in the presence stages

▪ Successful passing of a written exam Module exam Written exam

Basic module III: Management and controlling at scientific institutions Kind of module: Compulsory module

ECTS: 6 ECTS points

Language: German

Brief description: At first, this module gives an overview of the basic structure of the management concept, developed for and in the economy, of target-oriented leading by specific structures and processes with the point of view of efficiency and effectiveness. The critical success factors for economic and scientific processes and their differences are elaborated. The constitutional requirement of freedom and autonomy od science are discussed with reference to the question, to what extent the instruments of leadership developed by the economy can be applied for processes in science and what the implications, positive and negative, may be. As starting point the module deals with the basics of a strategic development, adequate for science, and implementation and the referring management of change. A necessary part of the management process is the feedback between strategy, operative planning, and the diagnosed result, for instance, by professional controlling. The concept of an integrated

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management adequate for science with different alternatives in their practical form is communicated.

Targets: The participants have a basic knowledge of the instruments of business economics and the necessary adaptation to the distinctly different processes in science: management adequate for science! Theoretical knowledge can be reflected by practical experiences; the participants dispose of an awareness of problems, a knowledge of problems and an orientation. They dispose of the competence, to guide a science process at different levels on their own autonomy or with external or internal

support – knowing where support is available – in all functions of management.

Contents: ▪ Management cycle: external and internal steerage

▪ Strategy development and implementation for science (Targets, contents, “factors of production”) and the potential instruments in this context

▪ Planning (“Production”, finance, personnel, time, co-operation/competition, public relations)

▪ Realization of controlling, in particular cost account, target-performance comparison and its consequences (e.g., adaptation of plan)

▪ (compulsory) internal and external communication

▪ External evaluation of means of legitimation as to scientific quality, effectiveness, efficiency and relevance

Forms of teaching ▪ Presentations with interactive reflections by the participants of practical examples

▪ Case studies for practical learning.

▪ Invited talks for discussing the topics of the module with active representatives of practice and science management

Case studies 12 h ≈ 50 h 2

Invited talks 4 h ≈ 25 h 1

Preconditions ▪ Preparation of a three-page essay for preparing the presence stage for credit points presence stage and on this basis elaborate a three-page essay as to

specific topics

▪ Active participation in all activities ▪ Successful passing of a written exam Module exam Written exam

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Basic module IV: Empirical methods in science management Kind of module: Compulsory module

ECTS: 6 ECTS points

Language: German

Usability Compulsory module of master course science management Brief description: The professionalization of science management implies increased

requirements as to the knowledge of methods of empirical science and social research. This module deals with procedures and methods relevant for auditing and performance measurement of scientific organisational units. It refers to quantitative as well as qualitative methods of data collection, exploitation and assessment.

Targets: The participants know the basics of the methods of empirical and social research. They are able to plan and perform the research process starting with the data collection, to the processing of data until the assessment of data on their own. They have an understanding of the special features of data in social research and the quality criteria for their assessment. They understand the logic of quantitative research methods and to apply it on concrete issues. They are versed in basic statistical methods for evaluating quantitative data and their computing by statistical software. The

participants are aware of the multi-dimensionality of scientific performance (Research, teaching, education of PhD graduates,

organisation of scientific infrastructure, transfer) and of the problem how to measure these dimensions. They are able to generate bibliometric indicators, and they also know the limits and pitfalls of measuring research performance by bibliometric methods.

Contents: ▪ Quantitative methods of data acquisition (Mail and online surveys) and data exploitation (statistical parameters, handling of software for data analysis)

▪ Bibliometric measures and parameters, handling of bibliometric databases

▪ Quantitative methods, conduct of interviews, transcription and assessment

Forms of teaching ▪ Presentation ▪ Exercise at the PC ▪ Tutorial

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Exercise 8 h ≈ 70 h 3

Tutorial 4 h ≈ 20 h 1

Preconditions ▪ Elaboration of an essay for preparing the presence stage for credit points ▪ Active participation in the module activities

▪ Exercises Module exam Exercise

Management module I: Finance and cost management

Language: German

Brief description: The financing of public science institutions fundamentally changed in the last 10 years. Still in the 1990ies, the incremental approaches with a basically systematic and financial periodic update of public budgets were dominant. At the beginning of the 21st century other techniques of

finance became relevant: Theoretically based on approaches of New Public Management the input-oriented institutional financing – with different speed of change at the federal and state level – was replaced by program- or result-oriented financing thereby rewarding the provision of defined outputs or the achievement of defined results by specific amounts. The basis of this way of financing are applied externally (thus in the relation between funding and scientific institutions) as well as within the scientific institutions; they imply a significantly stronger decentralization of decision competences and thereby an increasing responsibility for budgeting at decentralised levels. At the same time, the result-oriented controlling (controlling adequate for science) and success control play a greater role. Targets: The participants know the basic targets and all instruments of the public

budgeting of science institutions. The new knowledge and competencies are engrossed and reflected by practical examples of all fields of science. The participants provide own contributions to the further development of the instruments.

Contents: ▪ New Public Management ▪ Public finance law

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▪ Budget law ▪ Target agreement ▪ Programme budgeting

▪ Performance-oriented budgeting ▪ Success control/reporting systems ▪ Accounting systems

Forms of teaching ▪ Presentations with practical examples ▪ Seminar

▪ Project working group (project AG)

Project AG 12 h ≈ 12h 1

Preconditions ▪ Elaboration of an essay for preparing the presence stage for credit points ▪ Active participation in the module activities

▪ Exercises Module exam Exercise

Management module II: Leadership and co-operation in science organsiations Kind of module: Compulsory module

ECTS: 6 ECTS points

Language: German

Usability Compulsory module of master course science management Brief description: This management module deals with behaviour pattern and social

processes in organisations in a social- and organisational-psychological perspective.

Targets: The participants have a basic knowledge as to behaviour pattern in organisations in a social- and organisational-psychological perspective. They have a methodological competence in leadership and in co-operation within and between organisational units. The participants can understand and influence social processes in organisations. In addition they are able to reflect their own (leadership) behaviour by means of diagnostic tools. Contents: ▪ Leadership theories and instruments

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▪ Service provision and social processes co-operation within and between organisational units

▪ Leadership in the context of a broader organisational setting – reflection of the organisational culture and shaping of processes of change

▪ Offer of diagnose and coaching with reference to behaviour pattern in a professional context (Preferred role in teams, general idea of leadership and co-operation (self-perception, perception of external observers), value orientation, job-oriented personality profile (self-perception, perception of external observers, 360 degree feedback)

Forms of teaching ▪ Presentation

Orientation and thematic overview ▪ Seminar

Engrossment of selected topics of leadership and co-operation by the participants

▪ Exercise/case study/diagnostic

Elaboration of practice-oriented case studies and exercises of critical situations of leadership and co-operation which are reflected theoretically and methodologically. Diagnosis of the own leadership behaviour and of the behaviour in group situations

Exercise/case study 9 h ≈ 50h 2

Preconditions ▪ Active participation

for credit points ▪ Brief elaboration of a project (e. g., realisation of a case study) in the field “leadership and co-operation” out of the daily routine of a science

organisation

Module exam Written elaboration of a project (e. g., realisation of a case study) as to a self-defined topic

Management module III: Social competences

Presence stage: 64 hours Self-study: 85-115 hours Duration: 3 semesters

Language: German

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Brief description: The shaping of human fields of work requires social competences. For science management, especially competences in arranging dialogs, the prevention and handling of conflicts, the work in committees and the contact to media and the public are necessary. The module imparts helpful insights, methods and competences in the segments “Shaping and

moderating dialogues”, “Conflicts and handling of conflicts” and “Media and public relations” by an interactive approach with the aim of

application in practice.

Targets: The participants have a conscious access to processes, implications, backgrounds and regularities of interpersonal interaction. They dispose of a repertoire of communicative methods and competences enabling them to pursue their goals in different settings. They are able to actively

participate in group discussions and know technical and strategic methods to achieve constructive results in group discussions.

The participants have insight in the special circumstances, conditions of emergence and the progression of conflict processes. They dispose of methods to avoid or limit escalating developments. They are able in a specific situation to deliberately employ a methodology oriented towards an intended target.

The participants have a good insight in relevant working conditions and the special professional perspective of journalists. They know decisive criteria of a professional press release and are able to write such a release themselves. They are familiar with the peculiarities of interviews in press media, radio and television. They know about the possibilities to correct and measures to intervene in the case of hurtful presentations.

Contents: ▪ Conditions of agreement: Definitions, axioms and models; non-verbal, para-verbal and verbal qualities of expression and impression; inherent and psycho-logic; variants due to cultural differences

▪ Concept of dialogues for achieving information, clarification,

investigation, representation of interests, assertion, exertion of influence, promotion, motivation, harmonisation

▪ Effective participation in discussion groups, result-oriented leadership in meetings and moderation of work groups

▪ Nature, emergence and development of conflicts

▪ Pattern of interaction, styles of communication and behaviour, cultural influences

▪ Determining factors such as emotions, interests, membership in an interest group, functions, roles, hierarchy etc.

▪ Methods of listening, asking, communicating, ensuring, guiding, intervening, manipulating

▪ Conditions and behaviours of journalistic work, initiation and

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▪ Measures of press, media and public communication such as press releases, interviews, open house presentations etc.

Forms of teaching ▪ Theory impulses, demonstration

▪ Case studies, role playing, analysis by video recording ▪ individual, partner, group work

Type of activity Presence stage Self-study ECTS points Negotiation and moderation 24 h ≈ 25 h 2

Management of conflicts 24 h ≈ 25 h 2

Contact to media 16 h ≈ 35 h 2

Preconditions ▪ Regular and active participation in all activities for credit points

Module exam No exam

Management module IV: Development of personnel and organisation

Language: German

Usability Compulsory module of master course science management Brief description: The core of each science institution is the personnel. The latter is

characterised by its competencies, its knowledge and its dynamic – embedded in internally and externally set normative frame conditions -, often described as “expert organisation”. For complying with the steadily changing requirements of an expert organisation, the development of personnel and of organisation are considered as two areas of activity in a reflexive context. The module intensively deals with the different

instruments for the development of personnel and organisation.

Targets: The participants can engage in considerations of personnel planning and in the design of job advertisements describe the qualification profiles for specific fields of activity. They know the methods of personnel selection, beginning with pre-selection up to conducting selection interviews. They are able to observe the competences of the collaborators as to the target-oriented design of the work and to transfer the referring conclusions into the social and “entrepreneurial” reality. They conceive “active styles of leadership” with renunciation of the purely subject-oriented execution of duties in favour of a leadership function with orientation on collaborators and a focus on motivation and real guidance.

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The participants know the organisational structure as hierarchic frame as well as the organisation of processes derived from the regulation and formalisation of internal processes. They know the process of discussing and finding the overall concept (corporate identity) and have the

competence for a “strategic vision” and of a management of change processes.

Contents: ▪ Methods of personnel planning and personnel selection

▪ Overview of the civil service and collective bargaining legislation ▪ Development of personal as key instrument of management ▪ Methods of organisation development

▪ Expert organisations and “Centres of Excellence” as forms of organisation of science institutions

▪ Project AG: practical examples whereby the participants can translate their competences

Project AG 16 h ≈ 65 h 3

Preconditions ▪ The participants have to read literature for preparing the presence for credit points stage

▪ Active participation in all activities

▪ Elaboration of homework in form of small group work with reference to a topic in organisation or personnel matters or treatment of a case

constellation in single work Module exam Homework, written elaboration

Engrossing Module I: Evaluation and Quality Management

Kind of module: Compulsory optional module ECTS: 7 ECTS points

Language: German, English

Usability Compulsory optional module of master course science management Brief description: The introduction of New Public Management, the requirement of

accountability and the increasing relevance of internal and external

evaluation have changed the German science landscape. The module deals with the question which forms of internal and external valuation are used

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in the German science system, which impact they have on the

performance of teaching and research, and how a meaningful application of internal and external mechanisms of evaluation can be designed by a well- reflected quality management.

Targets: The participants know the function of evaluation and its different forms in the science system as well as the management of quality and performance of teaching and research oriented on processes and criteria of evaluation. Due to a basic knowledge of scientific production processes they identify problems and special conditions of application at an early stage and thus are able to conceive self-contained adaptations. They can deal with complex causalities and multiply intertwined structures and

interdependencies in the science system, e. g., the interdependence between knowledge production and the support of scientific post graduates and the maintenance of the communication infrastructure in science. They develop a sensitivity for the polymorphism of disciplinary science production and are able to orient quality management towards different standards and performance dimensions. They can recognise and use knowledge from other disciplines in its relevance for possible problem solutions. Furthermore they are able to recognise relations to other control instruments and programme targets based on their knowledge of the ways of functioning of science and its conditions of performance. The participants can reflect the relation of science and science management as well as their own role and dispose of knowledge of the institutional

framework of science management.

Contents: ▪ New Public Management and evaluation in the science system: Theoretic background, forms of internal and external evaluation, diffusion and impact on research and teaching

▪ Quality management and performance: Reflection of disciplinary differences in science production and knowledge transfer

▪ Use of specific instruments in quality management (e. g., indicator models for performance-based award of funding at the university and department level, surveys of students and graduates, agreements on targets, salary of professors, accreditation of study courses): Conditions of application and use adequate to science.

▪ Evaluation and quality management in the context of a modified

governance structure at universities and research institutions: Germany in international comparison

▪ Project AG: practical examples whereby the participants can translate their competences; case examples of the use of instruments in science management for practical knowledge

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Project AG 8 h ≈ 45 h 2

Preconditions ▪ The participants have to read introductory literature for preparing the for credit points presence stage and elaborate a three-page essay as to a specific topic

based on the reading

▪ Active participation in all activities ▪ Elaboration of an essay in homework Module exam Homework, written elaboration

Engrossing Module II: Research Support

Usability Compulsory optional module of master course science management Brief description: The contents of this engrossing module aim at recognising research

support as basis and measure of public, societal and entrepreneurial activities for persisting in the national and international competition for the most successful search for new knowledge and its exploitation.

Thereby the focus is on the division of labour in the national and European system of research and its support, their institutions and instruments. Targets: The participants know the different accesses to research support, their

frame conditions, Instruments and institutions. They know the advantages and disadvantages of stronger public versus stronger private

entrepreneurial affected support systems., they have knowledge of

examples of successful and less successful approaches to research support on national and international, in particular European level. They know the criteria for the assessment of and the decision on concrete projects of application and co-operation and can reflect the frame conditions of good research support.

Contents: ▪ Research support by the example of Germany, in particular actors and instruments

▪ Division of labour between national and EU support, between the public and commercial area and in international comparison

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Forms of teaching ▪ Presentation ▪ Guest lecture ▪ Colloquium

Guest lecture 4 h ≈ 20 h 1

Preconditions ▪ Elaboration of an essay in preparation of the presence stage for credit points ▪ Regular and active participation in the offered activities

▪ Elaboration of an essay in homework or presentation Module exam Homework (written elaboration) or presentation

Engrossing Module III: Innovation and transfer

Usability Compulsory optional module of master course science management Brief description: The module presents different facets of a topic which is increasingly

relevant for science management in the 21st century. The coordination and interaction processes between science and economy are of special

importance. But also the cultural, political and legal framework of innovation and transfer processes will be addressed.

Targets: The participants have a basic knowledge of processes and structures in innovation and transfer as well as knowledge on steerage in this field. They are able to apply their knowledge in practical situations.

The participants know the basic concepts of innovation and are able to understand the differences between linear and non-linear models and technical and organisational innovations. They know the concept of “National Systems of Innovation (NIS)” and are able to position Germany in comparison to other countries. They know the forms of knowledge and technology transfer between science and economy.

Contents: ▪ Basic concepts and current research as to innovation and transfer processes

▪ Dimensions of innovation and transfer processes in comparison (e. g., between countries, regions institutions)

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▪ Legal, organisational and economic aspects of co-operation between science and economy

Forms of teaching ▪ Presentation ▪ Guest lecture ▪ Seminar ▪ Project AG

Preconditions ▪ The participants must read introductory literature for preparing the for credit points presence stage

▪ On the basis of the literature the participants must elaborate an oral presentation

▪ Elaboration of a project plan

▪ Written homework/essay after the project stage Module exam Homework (written elaboration)

Engrossing Module IV: Internationalisation

Usability Compulsory optional module of master course science management Brief description: The module comprises the central dimensions of internationalisation of

science and of science and higher education institutions as well as the resulting empirical diagnoses (Transnationalisation of curricula, flows of mobility, institutional networking etc.) and political and practical

implications (new requirement profiles and expectations of competences). In addition important forms and institutions of support, funding and analysis of processes of internationalisation in science and higher education are introduced and discussed.

Targets: The participants know the central empirical parameters and categories of internationalisation of science and science institutions.

Guest lecture 4 h ≈ 25 h 1

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They are familiar with the strategies and the agenda of important political actors and support institutions as to internationalisation and can put them into relation to the profile data and strategic demands of higher education and science institutions. They are able to develop themselves operative targets, instruments and performance figures.

Contents: ▪ Central dimensions of internationalisation of science and science and higher education institutions and empirical diagnosis

▪ Forms and institutions of support, funding and analysis of processes of internationalisation

▪ Legal, financial and institutional framework of partnerships with other scientific institutions abroad

Forms of teaching ▪ Presentation ▪ Colloquium

▪ Case analyses in group work ▪ Evening lectures

Preconditions ▪ The participants must work through a reader for preparing the for credit points presence stage, linked to referring key questions and their answers

▪ Active participation in all activities ▪ Group presentations

▪ Written homework referring to the projects Module exam Project homework (written elaboration)

Transfer project

Kind of module: Compulsory module

ECTS: 10 ECTS points

Presence stage: 16 hours

Job shadowing: 80 hours (2 weeks) Self-study: 155-200 hours

Duration: 2 semesters Language: German

Brief description: The transfer project aims at the transfer of the knowledge acquired in the study course to the practice of higher education and science institutions. Type of activity Presence stage Self-study ECTS points

Colloquium 7,5 h ≈ 80 h 3

Case analysis 4 h ≈ 50 h 2

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The participants identify a concrete problem in practice respectively a question which can be analysed or brought to application by specific management instruments in a science institution. Guided by a supervisor the students develop possible solutions. Thereby a job shadowing in an institution of the higher education or science system is scheduled.

Thereafter the students and supervisors present and dicuss the results in a colloquium.

Targets: The participants are able to apply the knowledge acquired in the study course in a concrete and systematic way on specific problems. They dispose of a broad spectrum of analysis, problem recognition and creativity. They are able to solve concrete practical problems of science management in organisations, institutes or enterprises in a target-oriented way.

Preconditions of Successful passing of all base modules, the management module I and participation a further management module

Forms of teaching ▪ Colloquium

Preconditions ▪ Identification of a concrete practical problem and elaboration of for credit points a synopsis

▪ Job shadowing

▪ Elaboration of a written project report ▪ Active participation

▪ Presentation of project results

Module exam Project homework (written elaboration)

Master thesis

Kind of module: Compulsory module

ECTS: 20 ECTS points

Self-study: 500-600 hours Duration: 1 semester

Usability Compulsory module of master course science management Brief description: Elaboration of a master thesis

Targets: The students are able to keep track of the contexts of the field and to apply the practice-oriented knowledge. They have the competence to scientifically work in a self-contained way, to apply scientific methods and Type of activity Presence stage Self-study ECTS points

Job shadowing 80 h ≈ 140 h 8

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knowledge to professional details as well as to interdisciplinary practical contexts.

Contents: ▪ Self-contained elaboration of a problem possibly in continuity to the contents of the transfer project

▪ Agreement on the self-selected topic with the supervisor selected by the student

Preconditions of Successful passing of all base modules, the management module I and participation a further management module and application to eamination in due time Preconditions ▪ Elaboration of a master thesis