ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264
f)_
'-INPUT - OUTPUT ELASTICITIES:
ΤΗΕ
CASE OF WESTERN THESSALY
Abstract
The input - output models haνe been used enough in regional economy and regional deνelopment all oνer the world, more specifically afterwards 1950. The input - output models giνe in detail depiction of regional economic sectors. The present work deals with the calculation of elasticities of production, income and employment of 29 sectors of economic actiνity for Western Thessaly. The sectors of 'Products of Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry', 'Constructions', 'Hotels and Restaurants', 'Foods - Drinks -Tobacco', 'Textile Matters and Products', «Real Estate Services, Services of Renting and Enterprising', constitute the more dynamically sectors of economy under reνiew.
Περίληψη Τα υποδείγματα εισροών - εκροών έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί αρκετά στην περιφερειακή οικονομία και ανάπτυξη σε όλο τον κόσμο, ειδικότερα μετά το 1950. Ένα υπόδειγμα εισροών - εκροών δίνει μια λεπτομερή απεικόνι ση της περιφερειακής οικονομίας και των κλάδων που την απαρτίζουν. Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με τον υπολογισμό των ελαστικοτήτων παραγωγής, εισοδήματος και απασχόλησης 29 κλάδων οικονομικής δρα στηριότητας, για τη Δ. Θεσσαλία. Οι κλάδοι «Προϊόντα γεωργίας, θήρας και δασολογίας», «Κατασκευαστικές εργασίες», «Υπηρεσίες ξενοδοχείων και εστιατορίων», «Τρόφιμα - ποτά - Καπνός», «Κλωστοϋφαντουργικές ύλες και προϊόντα», «Υπηρεσίες που αφορούν ακίνητα, υπηρεσίες ενοι κίασης και επιχειρηματικές υπηρεσίες», αποτελούν τα πιο δυναμικά στοι χεία της υπό εξέταση οικονομίας. JEL Classification: C67, 013, 018, R58
ke words: Elasticities, input - output, production, income, employment.
SPYRIDON SOFIOS Dιpιrtmιnt οι Forιstry ιnd Νιtυrιl Enνlronmιnt, Arlιtotlι Unlνιnlty οι Thιιιιlonlkl, Unlνιrιlty Cιιnpυι GARYFALLOS ARABATZIS Dιpιrtmιnt οι Forιιtry ιnd Μιnιαιmιnι οι Enνlronmιnt ιnd Νιtυrιl Rιιουrcιι, Dιmocrltuι Unlνιrιlty οι Thrιcι KONSTANTINOS SOUTSAS Tιchnologlcιl Educιtlonιl lnιtltutι οι Lιrlιιι ANASTASIOS PAPASTAVROU Dιpιrtmιnt οι Forιιtry and Νιtυrιl Enνlronmιnt, Arlιtotlι Unlνιrιlty οι Tbιιιιlonlkl, Unlνerιlty Cιιnpυι 249
ΣΠ. ΣΟ•ΙΟΣ, Γ. ΑΡΑΜΠΑΤΖΗΣ, Κ. ΣΟΠΣΑΣ, ΑΝ. ΠΑΠΑΙΤΑΥΡΟΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264
250
1. Introduction
The input - output models are based on the a.ffairs rewarded with Nobel of Economy in 1973, Russian Professor W. Leontief (1906-1999). The concrete model was devised in '30s in the work of Leontief titled «The Structure of the American Economy 1919-1939» and up to to.day constitutes a achieved tool of
reso\ution of problems of economic planning (Loukakis, 1997). The input -output tables then, were used for the analysis of economies of other countries, as the Federal Republic of Germany (Helmstadter et al., 1983).
Ιη Greece, have been worked out five primary input - output tables for years 1958, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1988 and two energy tables for years 1980 and 1985 (Livas, 1994).
The utilization of input - output model presents the following advantages: a) lt constitutes tools of analysis of general balance and ηο partial balance. b) Also, it constitutes the unique model that visualizes completely and
consequently, the interdependences between the sectors of economic activity.
c) The input - output models were built so that they provide the possibility of empiric analysis (Miernyk, 1965).
From the most important inquiring work that is presented not only in Greek but in international bibliography are the following:
Ireri (1967) used the input - output method in order to appreciate the economic interdependence of states California and Arizona (U.S.A). He focused in the rural sector as well as ίη the use of water as factor of development. Lofting (1968) analyzed the requirements in water of California State (U.S.A.), using of input - output models and linear programming.
Jensen et al. (1979), proposed the GRIT method in order to build input -output tables trying to overcome the problems of building tables, using primary or secondary methods. Practical application of this method became in the state Queensland of Australia, building input - output tables so much for the regions what for entire concrete state. Rabinowicz (1982) studied the effect of rural
sector in the employment of region.
Anderson and Manning (1983) used the input - output analysis in order to study developmental work in the economy of band. Mattas et al. (1984) built the input - output table without using primary data. Their table contained 59 sectors of economic activity and it was reported for the state of Kentucky (U.S.A.). Soutsas (1987), using the input - output method appreciated the contribution of timber in the regional growth with application of method in the Region of Thessaly.
Mattas and Shrestha (1991), proposed the use of input - output elasticities for the estimate of important economic sectors. They used elasticities of production, employment and income of sectors - keys of Greek economy. Livas and Hondronikolas (1994), built the energy input - output tables of Greek
SP. SOFIOS, G. ARABATZIS, Κ. SOUTSAS, ΑΝ. PAPASTAVROU - REVIEW OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES -Νο 9 (2006), 249-264
economy for years 1980 and 1985. Livas (1996), appreciated the technological
changes of energy input - output tables 1980 - 1985 and the factors of input -output of Greek economy for the year 1990 using the RAS method. Robinson
(1997), uses the input - output models, for the analysis of rυral bands, while mentions an application in the central Idaho (U.S.A.).
Lenzen and Foran (2001), used the inpυt - output analysis for the use of
water in Australia. Their study showed that today there is an annual deficit
approximately 4000GI, while, the increase of population as well as the increase per capita of water use in the research area, the next 50 times will double the reqυirements of water. This quantity is equal with the half roughly flow of water
in Aυstralia. Loizou (2001) built a regional input - output model for the quantitative evaluation of repercussions of productive process in the
environment. Application of this method became in the region of Central
Macedonia with the built of input - output table which included 31 sectors of economic activity. Moreover, he calculated the environmental multipliers for
the region under review.
Karagianni and Pempetzoglou (2004), examines the economic implications
of sectoral exemptions from energy taxation ίη Greece. This issue is being
analyzed ίη the context of an input - output model of the Greek economy calibrated to 1994 data. Alcantara and Padilla (2003), analyzed the determination of "key" sectors in the final energy consumption for the Spanish
economy in order to indicate the greater or lesser relevance of the different
sectors in the consumption of final energy. Karkacier and Goktolga (2004), as
well as Ozkan, Akcaoz and Fert (2004), make input - output analysis of energy
use in Turkish agricultυre.
Stilwell et al (2000) used input - output techniques in order to analyze the impacts of gold, coal and other mining activities upon the South African economy between 1971 and 1993.
2. Methodology
The research area administratively belongs to the region of Thessaly and
includes the prefectυres of Karditsa and Trikaιa·with total extent of 6117.4
Κm2. The above area constitutes the 42.6% of total extent of region Thessaly.
The cultivated land and fallows run into the 30%, the forests 7.4% and the pasture land 33.5% respectively (NSSG, 1995).
The population amounts in 267,588 residents (NSSG, 2002). In the area
under review, domin.ate the intensive cultures of cotton and maize as well as forests of high productivity, with result the primary sector contributes ίη the
36.9% of total GNP. Also, developed is the tertiary sector which represents the 46.2% of GNP (Katochianou et al., 1995).
For the calculation of elasticities of production, income and employment for 29 sectors of economic activity was υsed the input - output table of the
research area. The input - output elasticities defined as follows:
ΙΠ. ΙΟ•ΙΟΙ, Γ. ΑΡΑΜΠΑΤΖΗΙ, κ. ΙΟΥΤΙΑΙ, ΑΝ. ΠΑΠΑΠΑΥΡΟΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264
252
1) lnput - Output Elasticities
One of the major weaknesses of input - output multipliers, is that they do
not take into consideration the size of economic activity sectors. Consequently,
there is the case they show that certain sectors have important contribution in the economy, while this actually does not happen. Therefore, the information
and the results that are probably concluded from the input - output multipliers
probably lead the economic policy to erroneous direction.
For the confrontation of the issue mentioned above, Mattas and Shrestha (1991), proposed the use of input - output e\asticities. The input - output
e\asticities, present the important advantage that their use take into consideration data with regard to the size of sectors of economic activity and the corresponding sales in the final demand.
According to Loizou (2001), the elasticities are considered more suitable in the case the interest is focused οη the final demand, while the multipliers are
more suitable when the interest is focused in the determination of dynamic sectors of the economy irrelevantly from the size Όf repercussions that can the sectors create.
The categories of input - output elasticities are the following (Mattas and Shrestha, 1991):
ί) Elasticities of product. They are calculated according to the type:
n Υ. OExyj =
;'
~
b;/;)
Where: OExyj: the elasticity of product of sector n Χ = Σ:
the total crude production of economy i=I bij: cell of matrix of LeontiefYj: the equivalent cell in the vector of final demand
Direct elasticity of product. lt is calculated according to the type:
Yj DOExjyj = bj (Χ) ·
Indirect elasticity of product. It is calculated according to the type: OExyj -DOExjyj
The elasticities of production measure the percentage change in the total product
of economy because one of percentage change in the final demand of sector Ι. ίί) Elasticities of income. They are calculated according to the type:
SP. SOFIOS, G. ARABATZIS, Κ. SOUTSAS, ΑΝ. PAPASTAVROU -REVIEW OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES -Νο 9 (2006), 249-264
Where
IExyj: the elasticity of income of sector 1
Hj: the income of sector j ίη the vector of incomes of households bij: cell of matrix of Leontief
Yj: the equivalent cell ίη the vector of final demand
11
Χ = Σ
:
the total crude production of economy i=IXj : the total production of sector j
Η
___! : the direct coefficient of income xj
The elasticities of income measure the percentage change of total income of economy because one of percentage change ίη the final demand of sector j.
ίίί) Elasticities of product. They are calculated according to the type:
Where
EExyj: the elasticity of employment of sector j Ej: occupied in sector j
Ε·
_!._ : the factor of employment xj
bij : cell of matrix of Leontief
Yj : the equivalent cell in the vector of final demand
n
Χ
=
Σ:
the total crude production of economy i=IXj : the total production of sector j
3. Results
According to the above types, became the calculation of input - output elasticities and according to Tables 1, 2 and 3, it is obvious, that the sector of 'Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry' finds itself in the first (1) place. Follow the sectors 'Constructions', 'Services of hotels and restaurants' and 'Foods - Drinks - Tobacco' The smaller elasticities present the sectors 'Fish catch', 'Not Energy Materials', 'Equipment of Transport' and 'Products of Refinement Fuel Oil' and 'Services of Financier Mediation'.
ΣΠ. ΣΟtΙΟΣ, Γ. ΛΡΑΜΠΛΤΖΗΣ, Κ. ΣΟΥΤΙΛΣ, ΛΝ. ΠΛΠΛΠΛΥΡΟΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264
254
4. Conclusions
As we have already mentioned, one of the major weaknesses of input
-output multipliers, is that, they do not take into consideration the size of economic activity sectors and probably their use could lead to false conclusions about the research area.
Ιη this paper instead of using input - output multipliers, we calculated the
input - output elasticities of production, income and employment of 29 sectors
of economic activity for Westem Thessaly. The input - output elasticities,
present the important advantage that their use take into consideration data with
regard to the size of sectors of economic activity and the coπesponding sales ίη
the fina1 demand. Ιη Table 3 are presented the main input - output elasticities of
the most important sectors of economic activity for the area under review.
As appear from the table mentioned before, the sectors of 'Products of
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry', 'Constructions', Ήotels and Restaurants',
'Foods - Drinks - Tobacco', 'Textile Manufacturing Matters and Products',
'Real Estate Services, Services of Renting and Enterprising Services', 'Services
of Education' and 'Sanitary and Social Services' constitute the more dynamically cells of economy under review.
The above results can be used for the economic planning and the
development of the area under research. Indeed, ίη case that regional planning
takes into account the input - output elasticities, we have to strengthen the
sector of 'Products of Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry' and 'Constructions' ίη order to achieve economic development and welfare improvement for Westem Thessaly.
References
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-output application to the Spanish case, Energy Policy, 31, 1673-1678.
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Use Patterns, Ph.D. Dissertation.
Jensen R.C., Mandeνille Τ. D., Karunaratne N.D., 1979. Regional Economic Planning, Generation of Regional Input - Output Analysis, Croom Helm Ltd, London.
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Karkacier Ο., Goktolga G. Κ., 2004. Input - output analysis of energy use in
SP. SOFIOS, G. ARABATZIS, Κ. SOUTSAS, ΑΝ. PAPASTAVROU -REVIEW OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES -Νο 9 (2006), 249-264
Katochianou D., Tonikidou Ρ., Kavadias Ρ., 1995. 8asic Data of Regional Socioeconomic Development ίη Greece, ΚΕΡΕ, Athens (ίη Greek).
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Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (ίη Greek).
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Mattas Κ., Pagoulatos Α., Dabertin D., 1984. 8uilding Input / Output Models Using
Νοη - Survey Technjques: Απ Application to Kentucky, Southem Rural Development
Center and University of Kentucky, Department of Agricultural Economics.
Mattas Κ., Shrestha C., 1991. Α New Approach to Determining Sectoral Priorities ίη
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ΣΠ. ΣΟΦΙΟΣ, Γ. ΑΡΑΜΠΑΤΖΗΣ, κ. ΣΟΥΤΣΑΣ, ΑΝ. ΠΑΠΑΠΑΥΡΟΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264
Table l. E/asticities ο/ product
Sectors ofEconomic Elasticities Lineof Direct Lineof Indirect Line of Elasticities Elasticities
Activity ofProduct classification
of Product classification ofρroduct classification ProducΙSof Agήcώture, Hunting 0.189101 1 0.171995 1 0.0171062 4 and Forestrv Fish Cιιtch 0.000259 29 0.000227 29 0.0000321 29 Enervv Mateήals 0.003351 24 0.00323 23 0.0001210 27 Νοιι I!nergy 0.001005 27 0.000853 27 0.0001511 25 Mateήals Foods - Dήnks -0.135711 3 0.084263 3 0.0514474 1 Tobacco Textile Manufactuήng 0.023973 10 0.019697 10 0.0042766 7 Matters 8ld ProducΙS
Skin and Leaιher
tvτ>es 0.003617 23 0.003187 24 0.0004303 23
Timber and ProducΙS
0.00531 20 0.004498 19 0.0008123 16
ofTimber
Pιper and ProduclS
from Paper, Services
0.004507 21 0.003869 22 0.0006376 20 of Publications -Pήntinp;s ProducΙSof 0.000904 28 0.000774 28 0.0001307 26 Refinement Fuel ΟίΙ Chemical Substιnces 0.009524 16 0.008778 16 0.0007460 18 and ProducΙS Plastic, Flexible 0.002242 26 0.001889 26 0.0003530 24 Matters ΙΚΙd Products
ProducΙS from non
0.005419 19 0.004474 20 0.0009445 15 Metal Μίnίnιι Basic Metals ΙΚΙd 0.015943 12 0.014052 12 0.0018916 13 Metal Products InstrumenlS and 0.011442 14 0.010652 14 0.0007900 17 Eαuiρment Electήc Equipment and Optical 0.006477 18 0.005938 18 0.0005385 21 Aρρliances Equipment of 0.00294 25 0.002856 25 0.0000835 28 Tnιnsnort Remaining Remade 0.014356 13 0.011819 13 0.0025370 12 Products Electήcal Enenzv 0.011386 15 0.010154 15 0.0012322 14 256
SP. SOFIOS, G. ARABATZIS, Κ. SOUTSAS, ΑΝ. PAPASTAVROU • REVIEW OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES • Νο 9 (2006), 249-264 81d Natural Gas Water 0.004428 22 0.003892 21 0.0005355 22 Constructions 0.18544 2 0.137768 2 o.0416n1 2 Services of Wbolesale ιιιd Retail 0.028842 8 0.024166 8 0.0046762 6 Trade Hotels and 0.074023 4 0.053679 4 0.0203436 3 Restaw8DIS Servicesof Trιosport, Stoιage 0.026436 9 0.02317 9 0.0032668 11 ιιιd Communicatioos Services ofFίn811cίer 0.00786 17 0.007161 17 0.0006984 19 Mediaιioo
Real Estate Services, Services ofRenting 0.053773 5 0.048643 6 0.0051299 5 81d F.nterpήsing Services Serνicesof o.o52n8 6 0.049135 5 Education 0.0035929 9 S811itary 8ld Social 0.036878 7 0.032747 7 0.0041314 8 Services Services of Housebolds that Employ Personnel, services in favour of
the Pυblic, Services ofSocial and 0.019753 11 0.016319 11 hιdividual Oιanιcter, 0.0034333 10 Services of Public Administration, Defeoce .ιd Obligatory Social Insurance 257
ΣΠ. ΣDtlDΣ, Γ. ΑΡΛΜΠΑΤΖΗΣ, κ. ΣDΥΤΙΛΣ, ΑΝ. ΠΑΙ1ΛΙΤΛΥΡDΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264
Τ able 2. lnpιιt - Οιιtpιιt Elasticities
Sec1orsof
Elasticities Lineof lncome Lineof Employment Lineof
Ecooomic
ofProduct clιssificatioo Elasticities clasιιificatioo Elasticities clasιιificιtion
Activity Produc1sof Agήcultwτi, Huntingιnd 0.189101 1 0.186177 1 0.173564 1 Forestιy Fish Catdι 0.000259 29 0.016645 16 0.023424 16 F.nergy M.ateriιls 0.003351 24 0.005525 15 0.025048 15 Νοο F.nergy M.ateriιls 0.001005 27 0.002584 29 0.003871 29 Foods -Drinb -Tobacco 0.135711 3 0.151231 4 0.077254 4 Textile Manufactuήng Mιtters81d 0.023973 10 0.035050 5 0.075411 5 Products Skin 81d Leadιer Types 0.003617 23 0.019129 12 0.025866 12 258
SP. SOFIOS, G. ARABATZIS, Κ. SOUTSAS, ΑΝ. PAPASTAVROU - REVIEW OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES -Νο 9 (2006), 249-264 Timberand Productsof 0.005310 20 0.009642 20. 0.021295 20 Timber Pιper81d ProducΙS &om Pιper, Services 0.004507 21 0.010774 21 0.020080 21 of Publicatioos -Pήntίngs ProducΙSof Refinemeot Fuel 0.000904 28 0.005500 24 0.017478 24 Oil Chemical Substaoces and 0.009524 16 0.013897 9 0.036053 9 Products Plιstic, Flexible Matters 81d 0.002242 26 0.007252 25 0.014338 25 Products Products &om nooMetal 0.005419 19 0.006908 26 0.010663 26 Mίning Basic Metals andMetal 0.015943 12 0.018376 17 0.021832 17 Products 259
ΣΠ. ΣΟtΙΟΣ, Γ. ΑΡΑΜΠΑΤΖΗΣ, Κ. ΣΟΥΤΣΑΣ, ΑΝ. ΠΑΠΑΠΑΥΡΟΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264 lnstnιmeιι1S and Equipmeιιt 0.011442 14 0.015344 14 0.025746 14 Electήc Equipment and Optical 0.006477 18 0.014026 10 0.032059 10 Aρplisιces Equίpmeιιt of Tnκιsport 0.002940 25 0.004734 28 0.007166 28 Remaining Remade 0.014356 13 0.019847 19 0.021613 19 Products Electήcal Energy and 0.011386 15 0.012869 22 0.019222 22 Natural Gas Wιιter 0.004428 22 0.006191 18 0.021711 18 Constructioos 0.185440 2 0.150160 2 0.152649 2 Services of Wbolesale ιnd . 0.028842 8 0.027274 13 0.025848 13 Retail Trade Hotels sιd Restaurants 0.074023 4 0.079671. 3 0.127624 3 Servicesof Trιnsport, 0.026436 9 0.025204 11 0.027751 11 260
SP. SOFIOS, G. ARABATZIS, Κ. SOUTSAS, ΑΝ. PAPASTAVROU -REVIEW OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES -Νο 9 (2006), 249-264 Storage ιnd Communications Services of Finιncier 0.007860 17 0.007989 27 0.009872 27 Mediation R.ea1 Estate Services, Servicesof Rentingand 0.053773 5 0.063725 6 0.065050 6 Enteιpήsing Services Services of Education 0.052728 6 0.050067 7 0.051360 7 Sanitaιy and Social Services 0.036878 7 0.034879 8 0.040433 8 Services of Households that Employ Per.ιonnel, Services in 0.019753 11 Ο.01ΠΟ7 23 0.017965 23 faνour of the Public, Services of Social sid 261
ΣΠ. ΣΟtΙΟΣ, Γ. ΛΡΛΜΠΑΤΖΗΣ, Κ. ΣΟΠΣΛΣ, ΑΝ. ΠΑΠΛΠΛΥΡΟΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006). 249-264 262 Individual Character, Services of Public Adιnίnistration, Defence and Obligatoιy Social lnsunιιce
SP. SOFIOS, G. ARABATZIS, Κ. SOUTSAS, ΑΝ. PAPASTAVROU -REVIEW OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES -Νο 9 (2006), 249-264
(
Table 3. Μαiιι ιιectora of econoιrιic c • activitySectorsof Product Income Employmeot
Economic
Elasticities Elasticities Elasticities
Actίvity Productsof Agricώtuιe, 0.189101 0.186177 0.173564 Hιmtίngιnd (1) (1) (1) Forestry Foods -Drin.ks 0.135711 0.151231 0.07n54 - Tobacco (3) (4) (4) 0.185440 0.150160 0.152649 Constructioos (2) (2) (2) Hotιels ιnd 0.074023 0.079671 0.127624 Restaurants (4) (3) (3) Textile Mιnufactuήng 0.023973 0.035050 0.075411 Mattersεd (10) (5) (5) Products Real &tate Services, 0.053773 0.063725 0.065050 Servicesof (5) (6) (6) Reotίngιnd 263
ΣΠ. ΣΟ•ΙΟΣ, r. ΑΡΑΜΠΑΤΖΗΣ, κ. ΣΟΥΤΣΑΣ, ΑΝ. ΠΑΠΑΠΑΥΡΟΥ -ΕΠΙθΕΩΡΗΣΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ -Τεύχος 9 (2006), 249-264 Enterpήsing Services Servicesof 0.052728 0.050067 0.051360 Education (6) (7) (7) Sanitary and 0.036878 0.034879 0.040433 Social Services (7) (8) (8) 264