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K r i s t a V a r a n t o l a U n i v e r s i t y of T u r k u

T e r m b a n k s , t e x t b a n k s a n d b a n k u s e r s

I am g o i n g to t a k e a v e r y c o n c r e t e , u s e r - o r i e n t e d p o i n t of v i e w in t h i s a r t i c l e . I s h a l l r e s t r i c t t h e u s e r - o r i e n t a t i o n to r e f e r to s p e c i a l f i e l d t r a n s l a t o r s a n d t h e i r t e r m b a n k o r r a t h e r e l e c t r o n i c d a t a b a n k n e e d s w i t h i n s p e c i a l f i e l d s .

B a c k g r o u n d .

Th e C e n t r e for T e c h n i c a l T e r m i n o l o g y in F i n l a n d , T S K ( T e k n i i k a n S a n a s t o k e s k u s ) m a d e i ts t e r m b a n k , T e p a , a v a i l a b l e to the g e n e r a l p u b l i c in t he s u m m e r of 1 9 0 7 . T h e b a n k is d i r e c t l y a c c e s s i b l e . U s e r s , w h e t h e r p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , p r i v a t e c o m p a n i e s o r p r i v a t e p e r s o n s , s i g n a u s e r c o n t r a c t w h i c h is f r e e of c h a r g e . T h e o n l y c h a r g e is for t h e u s e of t h e c o m p u t e r t ime . T h e r a t e is at p r e s e n t 2 4 0 F M K / h .

T h e b a n k is s i t u a t e d in a H e l s i n k i U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y c o m p u t e r a n d is a c c e s s i b l e 2 4 h / d a y , a l s o a t w e e k e n d s . T h e n o r m a l u s e r p r e r e q u i s i t e s a r e t h u s a P C a n d a m o d e m .

At the m o m e n t , t h e b a n k is H e 1 s i n k i - c e n t e r e d in t h e s e n s e t h a t its u s e I S m u c h c h e a p e r if y o u h a p p e n to l i v e in t h e H e l s i n k i a r e a . F o r u s e r s o u t s i d e H e l s i n k i t h e t e l e p h o n e c o s t s c a n e a s i l y b e c o m e a f a c t o r p r o h i b i t i n g t h e u s e of t h e b a n k . In a d d i t i o n to n o r m a l t e l e p h o n e l i n e s , it is, h o w e v e r , a l s o p o s s i b l e to u s e v a r i o u s d a t a t r a n s f e r n e t w o r k s t h a t m a k e t h e t e l e p h o n e bil l c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r . I s h a l l r e t u r n to i d e a s of d e c e n t r a l ­ i s a t i o n l a t e r .

T h e b a n k is n o w g o i n g t h r o u g h i t s i n t r o d u c t o r y p h a s e s a n d t h e n u m b e r of u s e r s is s t i l l r e l a t i v e l y l o w b u t i n c r e a s i n g f a s t .

T h e b a n k c o n s i s t s of t h r e e d a t a b a s e s , T e p a l , T e p a 2 a n d V n i i k i w h i c h is a 1 6 0 0 r e c o r d s a m p l e of a S o v i e t d a t a b a s e c o n s i s t i n g of G Q S T s t a n d a r d s . T h e c y r i l l i c a l p h a b e t h a s b e e n t r a n s c r i b e d in all d a t a b a s e s . T h e b a n k h a s n o w ( D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 7 ) a r o u n d 12 0 0 0 r e c o r d s b u t t h e n u m b e r s w i l l d o u b l e in t h e n e a r f u t u r e .

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t h r e e d a t a b a s e s . T h e r e c o r d s c o m e f r o m g l o s s a r i e s th a t a r e the r e s u l t of t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s p e c i a l i s t s a nd t e r m i n o l o g i s t s . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e g l o s s a r i e s a d h e r e to t e r m i n o 1o g i c a 1 p r i n c i p l e s a n d c o n t a i n d e f i n i t i o n s a n d e x p l a n a t i o n s t h a t g i v e t h e u s e r an i d e a of t h e c o n c e p t u a l s y s t e m s b e h i n d t he t e r m s .

T e p a 2 is b a s e d on s u b j e c t s p e c i a l i s t w o r k b u t t h e m e t h o d o l o g y v a r i e s a n d t h e t e r m s o f t e n l a c k d e f i n i t i o n s .

T h e g l o s s a r i e s i n c l u d e d c o v e r s u c h a r e a s a s w e l d i n g , f o u n d r i e s , p r o c e s s a u t o m a t i o n , c l o t h i n g , r o a d a n d t r a n s p o r t a nd f o r e s t e c o n o m i c s .

Of t he f u t u r e p l a n n e d d a t a b a s e s , T E P A 3 w i l l c o n s i s t of b r a n d n e w t e r m r e c o r d s n o t y e t a v a i l a b l e in p r i n t e d g l o s s a r i e s and T E P A 4 of v a r i o u s t y p e s of i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t h a s b e e n h a n d e d o v e r to TSK.

In o t h e r w o r d s , d u e to p r e s s u r e f r o m t h e u s e r e n d , v a r i o u s t y p e s of i n f o r m a t i o n a r e b e i n g m a d e a v a i l a b l e b u t it is u l t i m a t e l y l e f t to t h e u s e r s to a s s e s s t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h e y o b t a i n . T h e u s e r s ' t a s k is, h o w e v e r , m a d e e a s i e r by h a v i n g a w e 1 1 - o r g a n 1 z ed b a n k , by u s i n g d i f f e r e n t d a t a b a s e s w i t h v a r y i n g r e l i a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s . T h e b a n k is a l s o i n t e r a c t i v e and u s e r s c a n s e n d t h e i r c o m m e n t s to TS K, t h r o u g h t h e m a i l box of t h e b a n k .

To s u m m a r i z e , it c o u l d be s a i d t h a t t h e b a n k is n o t i d e a l b u t it is g o o d e n o u g h to be u s e f u l . If w e t h i n k of t h e s l o w n e s s and c o s t s of h i g h q u a l i t y t e r m i n o l o g y w o r k a n d of u s e r n e e d s on the o t h e r h a n d , s o m e k i n d of c o m p r o m i s e m u s t be f o u n d . It s e e m s v e r y s e n s i b l e to m a k e p u b l i c a w e l l - s o r t e d s m a l l b a n k t h a t s t i l l ha s t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of r e a c t i n g to u s e r c o m m e n t s a n d c h a n g i n g the a p p r o a c h if n e c e s s a r y .

The p r o j e c t

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W e h a v e at o u r d i s p o s a l a P C w i t h a h a r d d i s k ( I B M c o m p a t i b l e ) , a 1 2 0 0 b a u d m o d e m a n d m a i n f r a m e c a p a c i t y at t he u n i v e r s i t y c o m p u t i n g c e n t r e . To a c c e s s t h e t e r m b a n k w e d o n o t u s e the n o r m a l t e l e p h o n e l i n e s b u t t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s ' d a t a t r a n s f e r n e t w o r k F U N E T w h i c h w e a c c e s s t h r o u g h t h e u n i v e r s i t y ' s m a i n f r a m e D E C 2 0 . In the a n a l y s i s it m a y a l s o b e c o m e n e c e s s a r y to u s e t he u n i v e r s i t y ' s IBM m a i n f r a m e to r u n c e r t a i n t e x t u a l a n a l y s i s p r o g r a m s . T h e s e t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s m e a n t h a t t h e t i m e t a k e n to le a r n t h e v a r i o u s t r i c k s of t h e c o m p u t e r t r a d e is n o t i n c o n s i d e r a b l e . E n o u g h t i m e m u s t be a l l o c a t e d f o r l e a r n i n g to u s e th e e q u i p m e n t a nd u t i l i z e i t s p o t e n t i a l . T h i s is a r e l a t i v e l y n e w p h e n o m e n o n w i t h i n the h u m a n i t i e s b u t v e r y m u c h a f a c t of l i f e t h a t s h o u l d be s e e n as n e c e s s a r y m e t h o d o l o g i c a l t r a i n i n g a l s o in l a n g u a g e a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t u d i e s .

T h e a i m of t h e p r o j e c t is to s t u d y t h e u s e f u l n e s s a n d f u t u r e p o t e n t i a l of the b a n k f r o m a s p e c i a l f i e l d t r a n s l a t o r ' s p o i n t of V1 e w .

W e i n t e n d to s t u d y the b a n k f r o m a t h e o r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r a l a n g l e - a n a l y s e t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s g i v e n to u s e r s , a s s e s s t h e c o n c r e t e v a l u e of t h e v a r i o u s r e c o r d t y p e s a n d u s e c a s e - s t u d i e s , i.e. t h i n k in t e r m s of h y p o t h e t i c a l t r a n s l a t i o n s f r o m F i n n i s h i n t o a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e w i t h i n a f i e l d p r e s e n t in t h e b a n k .

T h e s o f t w a r e w e i n t e n d to u s e c o n s i s t s , n a t u r a l l y , of t h e s e a r c h r o u t i n e of t h e t e r m b a n k , t h e T R I P p r o g r a m , b u t a l s o of t e x t a n a l y s i s a n d c o n c o r d a n c e p r o g r a m s a v a i l a b l e f o r P C s a n d the m a i n f r a m e s . W i t h t h e c o n t e n t - a n a l y s i s p r o g r a m s w e h o p e to f i n d o u t a b o u t t h e l e x i c a l a n d t e x t u a l s t r u c t u r e of t h e r e c o r d s in th e b a n k a n d of o t h e r s p e c i a l f i e l d t e x t s t h a t w e u s e as b a c k - u p m a t e r i a l .

P r o b l e m - s e t t i n g .

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c e r t a i n l y f o r s m a l l - s c a l e u s e r s . T h e c o m p u t e r t i m e , on the o t h e r h a n d , is s u r p r i s i n g l y c h e a p . (A 4 0 m i n u t e s e a r c h w h i c h g a v e o v e r 2 0 0 0 c h a r g e a b l e s e g m e n t s c o s t a b o u t 13 F M K ) .

A l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h e s m i g h t be w o r t h t h i n k i n g of a nd we a r e t h e r e f o r e ' g o i n g to a s k w h a t k i n d of b e n e f i t s c o u l d be d e r i v e d f r o m a m u l t i - c h a n n e l a c c e s s s y s t e m .

E v e n a h u m a n a n s w e r i n g s e r v i c e m i g h t p r o v e u s e f u l . An e x p e r i e n c e d i n t e r m e d i a r y c o u l d d e a l w i t h q u e s t i o n s c o m i n g in e i t h e r e l e c t r o n i c a l l y , by t e l e p h o n e o r by p o s t d e p e n d i n g on c u s t o m e r n e e d s , e q u i p m e n t a n d a t t i t u d e s .

O t h e r q u e s t i o n s t h a t w i l l be a s k e d ar e:

W o u l d it m a k e t he b a n k m o r e f l e x i b l e if it w e r e a c c e s s i b l e in a n u m b e r of c o m p u t e r s in F i n l a n d ,e . g. , at u n i v e r s i t i e s o t h e r than th e u n i v e r s i t y of t e c h n o l o g y in H e l s i n k i ?

S h o u l d t h e c u s t o m e r s be a b l e to b u y p a r t s t h a t t h e y n e e d f r e q u e n t l y on d i s k e t t e s ? C o u l d an u p d a t i n g s e r v i c e be c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e d i s k e t t e s e r v i c e ? S h o u l d p a r t s of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a l s o be a v a i l a b l e in p o r t a b l e f o r m o r in a f o r m t h a t c o u l d be t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o a p o r t a b l e e l e c t r o n i c d i c t i o n a r y o r h a n d b o o k ? M a n y a d v a n t a g e s a r e o b v i o u s in a m u l t i - f a c e t e d s e r v i c e d i s t r i b u t i n g t e r m i n o l o g y a n d s p e c i a l f i e l d t e x t d a t a . F u t u r e t r a n s l a t o r s w i l l r e l y m o r e a n d m o r e on e l e c t r o n i c d a t a t h a t is d i r e c t l y a c c e s s i b l e d u r i n g t h e t r a n s l a t i o n p r o c e s s by m e a n s of r e f i n e d s e a r c h r o u t i n e s .

A t r a n s l a t o r ' s w o r k s t a t i o n w i l l h a v e (at l e a s t ) d e s k t o p p u b l i s h i n g f a c i l i t i e s , c o n s i s t of a p o w e r f u l P C a n d a C D R O M d r i v e , w i t h w o r d p r o c e s s i n g , e l e c t r o n i c g l o s s a r i e s , d i c t i o n a r i e s , e n c 1y c 1o p a e d i c i n f o r m a t i o n e t c .

C o n t e x t - o r i e n t e d a p p r o a c h e s s u c h a s R E F T E X , b a s e d on s y n t a c t i c a n d t e x t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e in b i l i n g u a l p a r a l l e l t e x t s w i l l c e r t a i n l y p r o v e v e r y h e l p f u l t o o l s (cf. Kjaersgaard, f o r t h c o m i n g ).

T h e w o r s t b o t t l e n e c k f o r i n d i v i d u a l , t a i l o r —m a d e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s w i l l be o v e r c o m e w h e n a r e a s o n a b l y p r i c e d s c a n n e r b e c o m e s g o o d e n o u g h f o r r e a d i n g in t e x t u a l d a t a f r o m s o u r c e s t y p e s e t in v a r i o u s w a y s .

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g e n e r a l s e r v i c e s a l s o p r o v i d e a w e a l t h of s p e c i a l l a n g u a g e i n f o r m a t i o n u s e f u l f or t r a n s l a t o r s , on an i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r n a t i o n a l b a s i s (e.g. t h e d a t a b a n k s a c c e s s i b l e t h r o u g h E a s y n e t , the V i d e o t e x s e r v i c e s in F i n l a n d , F r a n c e ' s T e l e t e l e t c . )

So, w h a t o o u l d a c e n t r a l t e r m b a n k ' s a n s w e r be to t h e c h a n g i n g c o n c e p t of s p e c i a l f i e l d t r a n s l a t o r o r c o m m u n i c a t i o n w o r k ?

B e f o r e s p e c u l a t i n g on a n s w e r s w e c a n l o o k a t t h e q u e s t i o n f r o m th e c u s t o m e r ' s p o i n t of v i e w .

T h e L S P t r a n s l a t o r .

T h e m a m p r o b l e m s tor a n o n ~ s p e c i a 1 i s t L S P t r a n s l a t o r c a n be s u m m a r i z e d as p r o b l e m f i n d i n g a n d p r o b l e m s o l v i n g , in the t r a i n i n g w e c a n d o o u r b e s t to i n c r e a s e t h e f u t u r e t r a n s l a t o r s a w a r e n e s s of t he h i d d e n p r o b l e m s of L S P t e x t s . F o r e x a m p l e , we c a n e m p h a s i z e t he r u l e s of ex p e r t - t o - e x p e r t c o m m u n i c a t i o n , the d e m a n d s of c e r t a i n s t r i c t l y c o n t r o l l e d t e x t t y p e s s u c h as c o n t r a c t s a n d p a t e n t s , t h e d e m a n d s of m a n u a l s , i n s t r u c t i o n s , t e x t b o o k s , p o p u 1a r i z a t i o n s e t c . , in o t h e r w o r d s , of v a r i o u s t y p e s of s p e c i a l l a n g u a g e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s i t u a t i o n s (Cf. V a r a n t o l a 1 9 8 6 a n d V a r a n t o l a , f o r t h c o m i n g ) .

t*Je c a n a l s o m a k e t h e s t u d e n t s a w a r e of t h e i r la ck of e x t r a 1i n q u i s t1C, e n c y c l o p a e d i c k n o w l e d g e in a s p e c i a l f i e l d by d r a w i n g p a r a l l e l s f r o m g e n e r a l k n o w l e d g e i n f e r e n c e p a t t e r n s a n d a s s o c i a t i o n s . W e c a n , f o r e x a m p l e , a s k w h a t k i n d of a s s o c i a t i o n s , p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e , w e a u t o m a t i c a l l y o b t a i n f r o m p i e c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n .

If we s t a r t a F i n n i s h s h o r t s t o r y by s a y i n g

- It w a s J a n u a r y , s m o k e f r o m t h e c h i m n e y s r o s e s t r a i g h t up t o w a r d s t h e c l e a r sk y, t h e c h i l d r e n ' s h o u r w a s a b o u t to b e g i n . I d e c i d e d to h a v e a s w i m ...-,

o u r p u b l i c a s s o c i a t i o n s t e l l u s t h a t it w a s c o l d ; a l s o , a t l e a s t if y o u a r e a p a r e n t of r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l c h i l d r e n , t h a t it w a s a b o u t s i x o ' c l o c k p. m. a n d t h e r e f o r e d a r k ; t h e t e l e v i s i o n c h a n n e l in q u e s t i o n w a s n u m b e r two; t h e s w i m w o u l d h a v e to t a k e

p l a c e i n d o o r s .

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a s s u m p t i o n s of a f f l u e n c e or, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h i n k i n g t h a t it is t h e h o u r w h e n t h e c h i l d r e n t e r r o r i z e t h e w h o l e h o us e .

If, h o w e v e r , t h e c o n t e x t w e r e d i f f e r e n t , a p a r t i c u l a r t e c h n i c a l f i e l d a n d t h e t e x t r u n

- T h e h e a d b o x h a s b e e n g r e a t l y s i m p l i f i e d , w i t h n o i n t e r n a l s h o w e r s , f e w e r r o t a t i n g p a r t s (i.e. r e m o v a l of r e c t i f i e r r o l l s a n d t h e i r d r i v e ) ....

T h e s h e e t is e s s e n t i a l l y f o r m e d a n d d r a i n e d at the s u c t i o n b r e a s t r o l l , a n d t h e d e f l e c t o r s u n d e r t h e w i r e s e r v e s i m p l y as s u p p o r t .

-o u r a s s o c i a t i o n s w o u l d be v e r y m e a g r e a n d m a i n l y b a s e d on w h a t e v e r t e x t u a l c u e s w e w o u l d o b t a i n , u n l e s s w e w e r e e x p e r t s on p a p e r m a c h i n e s .

W h a t I a m d r i v i n g at is t h a t t h e p r o b l e m - s o l v i n g s t a g e w i t h i n a s p e c i a l f i e l d is w h e r e a c e n t r a l t e r m b a n k c a n p l a y i t s p a r t and h e l p a t r a n s l a t o r to b u i l d u p t h e c o n c e p t u a l f r a m e w o r k of the f i e l d , to c o p e w i t h t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n h i d d e n in t h e c o v e r t i n f e r e n c e s . (Cf. A R K 36, 1 9 0 7 w h e r e the s t r u c t u r e and c o n t e n t s o f a m u l t i - p u r p o s e a n d m u l t i - l a n g u a g e legal d a t a b a s e is d i s c u s s e d in d e t a i l . )

W e m u s t a l s o k e e p in m i n d t h a t w e a r e m a i n l y t h i n k i n g of t r a n s l a t o r s w h o m o s t of t h e t i m e t r a n s l a t e i n t o a f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e a n d n o t i n t o t h e i r n a t i v e l a n g u a g e . It is a f a c t of l i f e t h a t c a n h a r d l y be c h a n g e d in t h e c a s e of s m a l l l a n g u a g e s a n d w h i c h a d d s to t h e t y p e s of t e x t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t w o u l d be h e l p f u l in s p e c i a l l a n g u a g e t r a n s l a t i o n .

A m u l t i - c h a n n e l , m u l t i - b a s e d a t a b a n k

W h a t k i n d of t e r m b a n k , o r s h o u l d w e s a y L S P d a t a ba n k i n f o r m a t i o n , w o u l d be m o s t u s e f u l ? W h a t is n ö t t h e r e t h a t s h o u l d b e t h e r e ? H o w i m p o r t a n t is t h e g u a l i t y vs. g u a n t i t y d i s t i n c t i o n ?

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d i s r e g a r d e d in t h i s c o n t e x t )

-T h e t e r m b a n k f u n c t i o n is n a t u r a l l y a b a s i c o n e . A b a n k , r e g u l a r l y r e v i s e d a n d u p d a t e d , is an i n d i s p e n s a b l e to ol in ail s p e c i a l f i e l d c o m m u n i c a t i o n . W i t h t h i s b a s i c f u n c t i o n u n d e r c o n t r o l , 'it is, h o w e v e r , p o s s i b l e to b u i l d s o m e v a r i e t y i n t o it.

It h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p o i n t e d o u t t h a t m u l t i p l e f o r m a t s of the i n f o r m a t i o n w o u l d m a k e t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e d a t a v e r y f l e x i b l e .

F r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w of c o m p r e h e n s i o n , it is t h e d e f i n i t i o n a n d e x p l a n a t i o n p a r t s in t e r m r e c o r d s t h a t a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l for tr 'anslators. T h e d e f i n i t i o n s d e l i m i t t h e r a n g e of t he c o n c e p t s ,i .e . e x e r c i s e t h e n o r m a t i v e p o w e r of t e r m i n o l o g i e s by t r y i n g to c o n t r o l t h e i n d e t e r m i n a c y of m e a n i n g w h i c h is s u c h a b a s i c g u a l i t y of g e n e r a l l a n g u a g e (cf. d e B e a u g r a n d e , f o r t h c o m i n g ). T h e e x p l a n a t i o n s , c o m m e n t a r y p a r t s ( w h i c h c o u l d be far m o r e e l a b o r a t e ) a l s o g i v e v e r y v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t th e c o n c e p t u a l f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e u n i n i t i a t e d . T h e y r e l a t e t h e c o n c e p t to o t h e r c l o s e l y r e l a t e d c o n c e p t s , w a r n of m i s c o n c e p t i o n s o r m i s l e a d i n g u s a g e , o r d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n t he c o n c e p t u a l s y s t e m s in d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e s . T h i s t y p e of i n f o r m a t i o n b u i l d s u p t h e i n s u f f i c i e n t e x t r a 1 i n g u i s t i c k n o w l e d g e w h i c h IS m o s t f r u s t r a t i n g for t he t r a n s l a t o r a n d a m a j o r s o u r c e of m i s t r a n s 1 a t i o n s .

A n o t h e r w a y of b u i l d i n g u p e x t r a 1 i n g u i s t i c k n o w l e d g e in a d i c t i o n a r y c o n t e x t is to g i v e s p e c i a l f i e l d b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n in t h e s a m e f a s h i o n a s is d o n e in s u c h g e n e r a l d i c t i o n a r i e s as C o l l i n s E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y :

P l a n c k c o n s t a n t o r P l a n c k ' s c o n s t a n t n. a f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s t a n t e g u a l to t h e e n e r g y of a n y g u a n t u m of r a d i a t i o n d i v i d e d by it s f r e q u e n c y . It h a s a v a l u e of 6 . 6 2 6 2 x 10 j o u l e s e c o n d s . S y m b o l :h. S e e a l s o D i r a c c o n s t a n t .

T h e r e is a l s o an e n t r y f o r M a x P l a n c k :

P l a n c k M a x ( K a r l E r n s t L u d w i g ) . 1 8 5 8 - 1 9 4 7 , G e r m a n p h y s i c i s t w h o f i r s t f o r m u l a t e d t h e q u a n t u m t h e o r y ( 1 9 0 0 ) : N o b e l p r i c e f o r p h y s i c s 1 918 .

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a r t i c l e ( A p r i l 20, 1 9 0 7 ) . T h e t o p i c of t h e a r t i c l e w a s the t y p e of a s s o c i a t i v e k n o w l e d g e l i t e r a t e A m e r i c a n s s h o u l d h a v e at h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l . W h a t t h e y w e r e s u p p o s e d to k n o w a b o u t P l a n c k ' s c o n s t a n t , a c c o r d i n g to t h e q u i z , w a s t h a t it is a q u a n t u m t h e o r y c o r n e r s t a n e . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e a s s o c i a t i v e k n o w l e d g e r e q u i r e d is n o t v e r y d e e p , on t h e c o n t r a r y , r a t h e r s u p e r f i c i a l b u t e n o u g h to k e e p t h e r e a d e r on t h e r i g h t t r a c k . A n d t h i s is t he t y p e of k n o w l e d g e a t r a n s l a t o r c o u l d a l s o b e n e f i t f r o m in a s p e c i a l f i e l d c o n t e x t - T h e b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d n o t a l w a y s be t h o r o u g h a n d d e t a i l e d . A f e w h e l p f u l h i n t s w i l l d o t h e job in m a n y c a s e s w h e n in d o u b t a b o u t the c o r r e c t a l t e r n a t i v e or

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

A n o t h e r q u e s t i o n is, h o w t h e h i n t s s h o u l d be o f f e r e d ; as s m a l l - s c a l e " c u e " e n t r i e s in a t e r m b a n k o r l a r g e s c a l e e n c y c l o p a e d i c e n t r i e s on a c o m p a c t d i s k o r a t e x t b a n k ? ( S e e ,h o w e v e r , S v e n s ^ n 1 9 8 7 : 1 5 7 ff. w h o d o e s n o t t h i n k t h a t e n c y c l o p a e d i c d i c t i o n a r i e s a r e v e r y u s e f u l .)

Yet , t h e a d v e n t of C D R O M e n c y c l o p a e d i a s a n d d i c t i o n a r i e s , etc. d o e s n o t d o a w a y w i t h t h e n e e d of m o r e " c o n t r o l l e d " t e x t b a s e s in s p e c i a l f i e l d s .

W e c a n i m a g i n e t h a t t h e n e e d f o r t e r m i n o l o g i c a l , i . e . , l e x i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n a n d c e r t a i n t y p e s of e x t r a 1 i n g u i s t i c k n o w l e d g e c o u l d be c a t e r e d f o r by t h e e x p a n d i n g t e r m b a n k , a b a n k t h a t is in a c o n s t a n t p r o c e s s of u p d a t i n g a n d r e v i s i o n - b u t w h a t w o u l d t a k e c a r e of t h e p h r a s e o l o g i c a l , s y n t a c t i c a n d t e x t u a l n e e d s of the t r a n s 1 a t o r ?

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c o l l o c a t i o n s , u s e of a d v e r b s a n d of p r e p o s i t i o n s , o f t e n a t r i c k y b u s i n e s s at l e a s t f o r F i n n s , i d e a s of w o r d o r d e r , s e n t e n c e s t r u c t u r e a n d t e x t u a l p a t t e r n s . ( S ee e . g . P i c h t , f o r t h c o m i n g ) .

If the t e x t s i n c l u d e d in t h e b a s e r e p r e s e n t e d a w i d e r a n g e of te xt t y p e ^ w i t h v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of L S P - n e s s it w o u l d be p o s s i b l e to m a k e s o p h i s t i c a t e d c o m p a r i s o n s of t e r m d e p t h , s t r i c t n e s s of t e r m u s e , t e r m d e n s i t y ( u s e of f i l l e r s to c o n t r o l t h e r a t e of i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w ) , p r o p o r t i o n s of c o v e r t a n d o v e r t i n f o r m a t i o n , g r a m m a t i c a l f e a t u r e s , e t c . (cf- V a r a n t o l a , f o r t h c o m i n g ) .

I n f o r m a t i o n of t h i s t y p e w o u l d a d d to t h e t r a n s l a t o r ' s i n t u i t i o n of s t y l e a n d s u c c e s s f u l L S P c o m m u n i c a t i o n . A n d , t h i s k i n d of " a c q u i r e d " i n t u i t i o n is e s s e n t i a l in a n y t y p e of t e x t u a l m o d i f i c a t i o n task.

To s p e c u l a t e on t h e n a t u r e of t he t e x t s , it w o u l d s e e m s e n s i b l e to i n c l u d e th e t e x t s f r o m w h i c h the t e r m s h a v e b e e n e x c e r p t e d , b ut o t h e r , u p - t o - d a t e t e x t s w o u l d be w e l c o m e , too. A c e n t r a l L S P d a t a b a n k c o u l d c e r t a i n l y b e n e f i t f r o m t h e k n o w l e d g e of

i n d i v i d u a l t r a n s l a t o r s w h o , o v e r t h e y e a r s , h a v e c o l l e c t e d v a l u a b l e p r i v a t e t e r m a n d t e x t f i l e s t h a t c o u l d be m a d e m o r e g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h t he b a n k . If t h e r e is n o w a y of c h e c k i n g a n d g u a r a n t e e i n g t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of a p r i v a t e o r a c o m p a n y c o l l e c t i o n , it s h o u l d s t i l l be m a d e a v a i l a b l e w i t h t h e n e c e s s a r y r e s e r v a t i o n s , b e c a u s e t o p q u a l i t y t e r m i n o l o g y w o r k is e x t r e m e l y t i m e - c o n s u m i n g . I d o n o t t h i n k t h e r e is a n y n e e d to h o l d b a c k i n f o r m a t i o n if it s e x p e c t e d s t a t u s is c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d .

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It s e e m s , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e t e r m a n d t e x t b a s e s s h o u l d r e m a i n s e p a r a t e b u t m u t u a l l y c o m p a t i b l e , e . g . , in t he s e n s e t h a t y o u w o u l d k n o w t h a t e a c h t e r m p r e s e n t in t h e t e r m b a n k w o u l d a l s o be a v a i l a b l e in a t e x t c o n t e x t .

A c l e a r i n g h o u s e of t h e t y p e s k e t c h e d a b o v e w o u l d n a t u r a l l y i n v o l v e an i m m e n s e a m o u n t of w o r k . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y it s h o u l d b e d o n e on a s m a l l s c a l e . C o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n L S P d a t a b a s e s is n e c e s s a r y , a s is e x c h a n g e of m a t e r i a l a n d t h e u s e of o t h e r d a t a b a s e s c o m p i l e d f o r o t h e r t h a n L S P t e r m - o r t e x t b a n k p u r p o s e s . G e n e r a l s e r v i c e s of the F r e n c h l e l e t e l t y p e a n d o t h e r s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , c o u l d p r o v e s e l e c t i v e l y v a 1ua b 1e .

It I S a l s o c l e a r t h a t a l t h o u g h 1 h a v e t a k e n a n a r r o w L S P

t r a n s l a t o r ' s v i e w , o t h e r g r o u p s of u s e r s , s u b j e c t s p e c i a l i s t s n a t u r a l l y , b u t a l s o i n d u s t r y in g e n e r a l , p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g , L S P r e s e a r c h , e t c . w o u l d b e n e f i t f r o m a m u l t i f a c e t e d s y s t e m and c o u l d a l s o c o n t r i b u t e to it.

In t h i s a r t i c l e I h a v e t r i e d to b r i n g u p i d e a s t h a t w e h o p e to s t u d y e m p i r i c a l l y d u r i n g o u r s m a l l - s c a l e p r o j e c t . It is an a d v a n t a g e t h a t w e h a v e a c h a n c e of t h i s h a n d s - o n a p p r o a c h at t h i s s t a g e w h e n t h e b a n k is s t i l l s m a l l a n d e a s i e r to c o n c e p t u a l i z e t h a n a l a r g e b a n k .

R E F E R E N C E S

A R K 36. 1 9 8 7 . S p r o g i n s 11t u t t e r n e s A r b e j d s p a p i r . H a n d e 1 shci j s k o 1 en i KcJbenhavn. C o p e n h a g e n .

d e B e a u g r a n d e , R. F o r t h c o m i n g . " T e x t as t h e n e w f o u n d a t i o n for l i n g u i s t i c s " . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t he V l t h E u r o p e a n S y m p o s i u m in L S P , V a a s a 1 90 7.

B r e k k e M. F o r t h c o m i n g . " T h e B e r g e n E n g l i s h f o r s c i e n c e a n d

t e c h n o l o g y ( B e s t ) c o r p u s : A p i l o t s t u d y " . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e V l t h E u r o p e a n S y m p o s i u m in L S P , V a a s a 1 9 8 7 .

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Kja ersgaa rd, P . S . F o r t h c o m i n g . " R E F T E X - A c o n t e x t - b a s e d

t r a n s l a t i o n a i d " . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t h e 3 r d C o n f e r e n c e of A C L E u r o p e a n C h a p t e r , C o p e n h a g e n 1 9 0 7 .

N e w s w e e k . 1 9 8 7 . ( A p r i l 2 0 ) . "A D u n c e C a p f o r A m e r i c a . W h a t w e d o n t k n o w , w h y w e d o n ' t k n o w i t " . 4 4 - 4 6 .

P i c h t , H. F o r t h c o m i n g . "F a c h s p r a c h 11c h e P h r a s e o 1o g i e ".

P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at t he V l t h E u r o p e a n S y m p o s i u m in LSP , V a a s a 1 987 .

S v e n s ^ n , B. 19 87. H a n d b o k i l e x i k o g r a f i . S t o c k h o l m

V a r a n t o l a , K. 1 986 . " S p e c i a l l a n g u a g e a n d g e n e r a l l a n g u a g e " . U n e s c o A l s e d - L S P N e w s l e t t e r , 9 : 2 . 2 3 3 - 2 4 4 .

V a r a n t o l a , K. F o r t h c o m i n g . " L S P t r a n s l a t i o n f r o m a l i n g u i s t i c a n g l e w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to e n g i n e e r i n g t e x t s " . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t a s y m p o s i u m on t r a n s l a t i o n a n d L S P , U n i v e r s i t y of S u r r e y 19 8 6 .

V a r a n t o l a K. 1 9 8 7. " P o p u l a r i z a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s a n d t e x t

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