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Identification of lymphatic pathway involved in the spread of bladder cancer: Evidence obtained from fluorescence navigation with intraoperatively injected indocyanine green

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Academic year: 2020

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Table 1. Patient characteristics
Fig. 1. Lymph node (LN) mapping in a bladder cancer patient without LN metastases identified by the fluorescence navigation system (Case #6, right side); A: fluorescent lymphatic flow in the internal iliac region after direct injection of indocyanine green
Fig. 2. Pathological lymph node (LN) involvement in relation to the lymphatic pathway identified by the fluorescence navigation (FN) system (Case #4); A, B, C: Although pathological examination showed metastasis in the bilateral external iliac and left obturator LNs, there was no strong fluorescence in the regional LNs of the bladder either in vivo or ex vivo; D, E: Pathological examination revealed that urothelial carcinoma (grade 3) had diffusely invaded lymphatic vessels in the bladder; F, G: Urothelial carcinoma infiltrated the bilateral external and left obturator LNs.
Fig. 3. Intensity of indocyanine green fluorescence in lymph nodes (LNs) determined by the luorescence navigation system; A: In the in vivo probing, the intensity difference between external and internal iliac nodes and the intensity difference between obt

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