3694
On Rough Interval Multi-Criteria Group Decision
Making
Hegazy Zaher , Soha Mohamed
Abstract: Multi-Criteria rough interval group decision making is relatively a recent branch of multi -criteria decision making. In this paper, a new method is proposed based on Rough Interval Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis method for cons idering the uncertainty in the Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making (RIMOORA-GDM) problems based on rough interval numbers. The proposed method is used for ranking the potential alternatives and selecting the most suitable one. The introduced method is ver y simple to implement. Finally, an illustrative example is given.
Keywords: Rough Interval, Rough Interval MOORA, Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making.
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1 INTRODUCTION
When MCDM is done by more than one decision maker, it is called multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM), each decision maker considers the same sets of alternatives and criteria [1]. A group decision situation involves multiple decision makers, each with different skills, experience and knowledge relating to different aspects (criteria) of the problem [2]. In brief, MCDM is the art of compromising conflicting criteria for a single decision maker. The group decision making is the art of compromising different opinions of group members, in a sense, group decision making can be a multi-dimensional MCDM problem, but more issues should be studied to treat the conflicting factors aforementioned [3]. Group decision making can be approached from two points of view. In the first approach, individual multi-criteria models are developed based on individual’s preferences. Each decision maker formulates a multi-criteria problem defining the parameters according to these preferences and solves the problem getting an individual solution set. Next, the separate solutions are aggregated by aggregation of operations resulting in the group solution. In the second approach, each decision maker provides a set of parameters which are aggregated by appropriate operators, providing finally a set of group parameters. Upon this set the multi-criteria method is applied and the solution expresses group preference [4].There are few publications in literature used applications of MCDM methods based on rough numbers. Song et. al., [5] used a rough TOPSIS approach for failure mode and effects analysis in uncertain environments. Pamucar and Cirovie [6] Combination of rough AHP and MABAC . Roy et. al., [7] presented a hybrid rough-AHP and MABAC methods for selection of medical tourism sites. Gigovie et. al., [8] Combination of interval rough AHP and GIS is proposed for flood hazard mapping. Zaher et. al. [9] introduced three types of multi-criteria decision making methods based on the rough interval concept.
Rough Interval Multi Objective and Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis is proposed in this paper to solve the group decision making (RIMOORA- GDM) problems in rough interval. This proposed method determines the most preferable alternative among all possible alternatives, when performance ratings are described by rough interval. The remainder of the paper is organized as in the following sections: Section 2, ―MOORA Method " is explained. Section 3, an illustration to ―Rough Set Theory ". Section 4 ―The proposed technique‖ is illustrated. In section 5, "a numerical example" is given for validation, and finally section 6 is made for "Conclusion".
2
MULTI
OBJECTIVE
AND
OPTIMIZATION
ON
THE
BASIS
OF
RATIO
ANALYSIS
(MOORA)
METHOD
MOORA method was firstly proposed by Brauers and Zavadskas [10], Considers both beneficial and non-beneficial objectives (criteria) for ranking or selecting one or more alternatives from a set of available options. The MOORA method starts with a decision matrix.
The procedural steps of MOORA method are described as follows [11]:
Step 1: Decision matrix is normalized with Eq. (1).
(1) Where, 𝑥 is a dimensionless number which belongs to the
interval [0, 1] representing the performance of i-th alternative on j-th attribute.
Step 2: Weighted normalized decision matrix is formed with the help of Eq. (2).
= 𝑥 (2)
Where w shows the weight of the j-th criterion.
Step 3: Final preference (y ) values obtained by using Eq. (3). Here j =1,2,…,g indicates the criteria to be beneficial attributes and j =g+1, g+2, …, n shows the criteria to be non-beneficial Attributes (cost).
y = ∑ −∑ (3)
————————————————
Hegazy Zaher , Prof. of Mathematical Statistics Dep., Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Egypt.
E-mail: hgsabry@yahoo.com
Soha Mohamed , Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research,, Cairo University, Egypt. E-mail:
3695 Step 4: Ranking of the alternatives are obtained by
ranking y values in descending order. Thus, the best alternative has the highest y value, while the worst alternative has the lowest y value.
3 ROUGH SET THEORY
Rough set theory, first proposed by Pawlak [12], generally, a rough interval comprises two parts: an upper approximation interval (UAI) and a lower approximation interval (LAI). A rough interval data formulation is a simple and intuitive way to represent uncertainty, which is typical of real decision problems.
3.1 Rough Interval
Definition 1. Let x denote a closed and bounded set of real numbers. A rough interval 𝑥 is defined as an interval with known lower and upper bounds but unknown distribution information for x:
𝒙 = [𝒙 ∶ 𝒙 ]
Where 𝑥 and 𝑥 are upper and lower approximation
intervals of x , respectively. 𝑥 and 𝑥 are conventional
intervals, and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥 . When 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑥
becomes a conventional interval, i.e. 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 [13].
Definition 2. Let ∈ {+,− , ,÷} be a binary operation on rough intervals. For rough intervals 𝑥 and y when 𝑥 ≥
0 and y ≥ 0, we have:
𝑥 + y = [[𝑥( )+ y( )] : [𝑥( )+ y( )]] (4) 𝑥 − y = [[𝑥( )− y( )] : [𝑥( )− y( )]]
(5) 𝑥 y = [[𝑥( )
y( )] : [𝑥( ) y( )]] (6) 𝑥 ÷ y = [[𝑥( )÷ y( )] : [𝑥( )÷ y( )]]
(7)
As 𝑥( ), 𝑥( ), y( ) and y( ) are conventional intervals,
the above operations can be further transferred to the following functions if letting 𝑥 = [𝑥( ) , 𝑥( )] , 𝑥 =
[𝑥( ) , 𝑥( )] , y = [y( ) , y( )] and y =
[y( ) , y( )] , where 𝑥( ) , 𝑥( ) , y( ) , y( )and y( ) and y( )are deterministic numbers denoting the
lower and upper bounds of 𝑥( ) , 𝑥( ) , y( ) and y( )
[14].
4
PROPOSED
TECHNIQUE
(RIMOORA-GDM
METHOD FOR GROUP DECISION MAKING
A proposed method called RIMOORA in order to solve Group Decision Making problems. The proposed method determining the most preferable alternative among all possible alternatives, when performance ratings are described by rough interval. This method is very suitable for solving the group decision-making problem under rough interval environment. RIMOORA-GDM Method for Group Decision Making is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: RIMOORA-GDM Method for Group Decision Making
Step 1: Construct the decision matrix with rough interval D and determine the weights of criteria for k −
decision makers, to include the multiple preferences of more than one DM, Solving a group decision making problem begins with the construction of decision making matrices, the values of the criteria for alternatives are rough Interval. Let D = {1,2, …,K}a set of decision makers or experts. The Rough Interval Group Decision Making (RIGDM) problem can be expressed in k-matrix format in the following way:
=
[
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ]
; i= , , , ; j= , , , ,
(8) Where m – number of alternatives, n – number of criteria describing each alternative, 𝑥 representing the
performance rough interval value of the i alternative in terms of the j criterion for K−decision maker, k=1,2,…,K .
𝑥 = [𝑥 ∶ 𝑥
] is defined as an interval with lower
bound 𝑥 = [𝑥
, 𝑥 ] and upper bound 𝑥 =
[𝑥 , 𝑥
] for K−decision maker. The importance of
each criterion is given by 𝑊 = [ , , … ] a weight vector for − k decision maker , ∑ = 1 .
Step 2: Calculate the normalized rough interval decision matrix for each decision maker. The Lower approximation and the Upper approximation bounds of a rough interval can be determined using the following formulae:
𝑥 = √ ∑ [( ) (
) ]
,
i = , , , ; j= , , , , (9)
x =
√ ∑ [( ) ( ) ]
,
i = , , , ; j= , , , , (10)
𝑥 =
√ ∑ [( ) ( ) ]
,
i = , , , ; j= , , , , (11)
𝑥 =
√ ∑ [( ) ( ) ]
.
i= , , , ; j= , , , . (12) Where 𝐱 , 𝐱
are the normalized lower
Normalizing rough interval decision matrix
Calculating the weighted normalized rough interval decision matrix
Computing the performance scores of the alternatives
Obtaining the ranking of the alternatives
3696 approximation and 𝐱 , 𝐱
are the normalized upper
approximation performance ratings for each decision maker. K−decision maker, k=1,2,…,K .
Step 3: Calculate the weighted normalized rough interval decision-making matrix for all decision makers,
= [ , ]:[ , ].
The Lower approximation and the Upper approximation bounds of a rough interval for each decision maker can be determined using the following formulae:
= 𝑥 ,
(13)
= 𝑥 ,
(14)
= 𝑥 , (15) = 𝑥 . (16)
Where v , v
the lower approximation and v , v the upper approximation of weighted normalized for
each decision maker.
Step 4: Calculate the rough interval composite score (𝑆 )
for all decision makers by using Eqs. (13 to 16). Calculate the S overall ratings of the rough interval beneficial and
non-beneficial criteria for each alternative.
𝑆 = ∑
−∑ (17)
Where ∑
and ∑ are for the rough interval
beneficial and non-beneficial (cost) criteria for all decision makers, respectively. Here j = 1,2,…,g indicates the criteria to be beneficial and j =g+1,g+2,…,n shows the criteria to be non-beneficial.
a. beneficial criteria, the overall ratings of an alternative for lower and the upper approximation values of the rough intervals for each decision maker based on equation (17) are computed as follows:
𝑆 = [(𝑆 ) , (𝑆 ) ]: [(𝑆 ) , (𝑆 ) ] ;
= [ , ]:[ , ] (S ) = ∑ v
(j ∈ ) , (18) (S ) = ∑ v
(j ∈ ) , (19) (S ) = ∑ v
(j ∈ ) , (20) (S ) =∑ v
(j ∈ ) . (21)
Where (S ) , (S ) , (S ) and (S ) are the
benefit values of lower and upper approximation intervals
for each decision maker . b. Similarly, calculate the overall rating of non-beneficial
criteria.
(S ) , (S ) , (S ) and (S ) the lower and
upper approximation for each decision maker intervals based on equation (17) are calculated using the following formulas:
(S ) = ∑ v
(j ∈ ) ,
(22)
(S ) = ∑ v
(j ∈ ) ,
(23)
(S ) = ∑ v
(j ∈ ) ,
(24)
(S ) =∑ v
(j ∈ ) .
(25) Where (S ) , (S ) , (S ) and (S ) are
the non-beneficial (cost) values of lower and upper approximation intervals for each decision maker .
Step 5: Calculate the crisp composite score for each alternative. As a result of performing the previous steps. For this, the crisp values of the overall performance ratings obtained based on rough intervals beneficial and non-beneficial for each alternative.
a. Calculate the crisp composite score S , for each k −
decision maker is given as.
S (S , S ) = ((S ) + (S ) + (S ) + (S ) )) − ((𝑆 ) + (𝑆 ) + (𝑆 ) + (𝑆 ) ) ) (26)
Where S crisp valued overall performance index for each
decision maker.
b. Calculate the crisp composite score S , for all alternatives under all decision makers.
The aggregation of the measure for the group measures of the composite score S
S = ∑
(27)
Step 6: Ranking of the alternatives are obtained by ranking S values in descending order, the alternative with the highest overall performance index is the best choice.
5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
The numerical example presented in Roszkowska [14] solved by the crisp method will be considered here under more general conditions using the rough interval method. The group involved three decision makers ( , 𝑎 𝑑 )
with four criteria (C1, C2, C3 and C4) to rank five alternatives (A1 , A2, A3,A4 and A5). The first two criteria (C1 and C2) are benefit criteria, greater values being better while the other two criteria are cost type (the minimum is better); the ratings are allocated by experts (decision makers) while the last criterion (C4) is measured by fixed rating. As shown in Table 1. Three decision matrices are obtained and put into this augmented table. The allocated criteria weights for each decision maker are found in Table 2. Where UAI and LAI are the upper approximation interval and lower approximation interval respectively.
TABLE 1.THE ROUGH INTERVAL DECISION MATRIX FOR THREE DECISION MAKERS
Criteria
Optimization max max min min
Alternatives 𝐜 𝐜 𝐜 𝐜
UAI LAI UAI LAI UAI LAI UAI LAI
𝑫
3697 𝐴 [[8,20]:[13,17]] [[15 ,29] : [23,27]] [[1, 9] : [4, 7]] [[2, 6] : [3, 4]]
𝐴 [[3,18]:[8,15]] [[25 ,34] : [29,31]] [[9, 15] : [12,13]] [[9, 18] : [12,15]]
UAI LAI UAI LAI UAI LAI UAI LAI
𝑫
𝐴 [[4,8] :[5,6]] [[20,25] : [22 ,24]] [[3, 8] : [6 , 7]] [[4, 17] : [11 ,14]] 𝐴 [[8,13]:[11,12]] [[32 ,37] : [34,35]] [[15,33] :[19,23]] [[5, 9] : [6, 7]] 𝐴 [[16,21] :[18,19]] [[26, 38] :[29,34]] [[30, 34]:[32,33]] [[9, 18] : [13, 16]] 𝐴 [[4,16]:[9,14]] [[49 ,54] : [50,52]] [[6, 11] : [8, 10]] [[2, 6] : [3, 4]] 𝐴 [[7,26]:[17,23]] [[48 ,56] : [51,55]] [[17, 27]:[19,24]] [[9, 18] : [12,15]]
UAI LAI UAI LAI UAI LAI UAI LAI
𝑫
𝐴 [[6,15] : [9,11]] [[29,39] : [32 ,37]] [[10, 22] :[13,21]] [[4, 17] : [11 ,14]] 𝐴 [[7,10]: [8,9]] [[23 ,27] : [25,26]] [[1, 15] : [10,13]] [[5, 9] : [6, 7]] 𝐴 [[14,19] :[16,17]] [[40, 44] :[42,43]] [[38, 47] :[40,46]] [[9, 18] : [13, 16]] 𝐴 [[15,21]:[18,20]] [[45 ,49] : [47,48]] [[39, 44]:[40,43]] [[2, 6] : [3, 4]] 𝐴 [[17,27]:[21,25]] [[27 ,39] : [29,37]] [[29, 35]:[32,34]] [[9, 18] : [12,15]]
TABLE 2.CRITERIA WEIGHTS FOR THE THREE DECISION MAKERS
C C C C
D 0.196 0.413 0.239 0.152
D 0.225 0.475 0.125 0.175
D 0.175 0.50 0.145 0.18
Source: Roszkowska [14].
5.1 Results and Discussion
By applying the procedure of RIMOORA-GDM, we obtain the beneficial and non-beneficial criteria for each decision maker in tables 3 to 5, by Eqs. (18 to 25). Composite scores for all decision makers as listed in table 6 for all
alternatives are calculated by Eqs. (26 and 27). The
A alternative should be selected because it has the maximum composite score.
TABLE 3. BENEFICIAL AND NON-BENEFICIAL CRITERIA FOR FIRST DECISION MAKER.
Alternatives beneficial non-beneficial
𝐴 [0.13753, 0.219339]:[ 0.1648, 0.192069] [0.047099, 0.21719]:[ 0.135196,0.176193] 𝐴 [0.198689,0.301015]:[0.239593,0.273746] [0.098584,0.225103]:[0.138723,0.190207] 𝐴 [0.259717,0.389575]:[0.300752,0.355423] [0.088955,0.268675]:[0.136054,0.188397] 𝐴 [0.157259,0.334642]:[0.246082,0.300621] [0.02355, 0.138723]:[ 0.063689,0.103827] 𝐴 [0.192332,0.355554]:[ 0.253623, 0.31465] [0.157029,0.280021]:[0.209372,0.239023]
TABLE 4. BENEFICIAL AND NON-BENEFICIAL CRITERIA FOR SECOND DECISION MAKER.
Alternatives beneficial non-beneficial
𝐴 [0.133358,0.187747]:[0.150904,0.168449] [0.036093,0.140742]:[0.093262,0.117002] 𝐴 [0.224599, 0.286006]:[ 0.256179,0.26846] [0.075086,0.151138]:[0.092767,0.110448] 𝐴 [0.249146,0.347404]:[0.278973,0.312312] [0.143147, 0.21703]:[ 0.176576,0.200316] 𝐴 [0.28603, 0.396553]:[ 0.326378,0.371991] [0.030034,0.071455]:[0.042388,0.054741] 𝐴 [0.301815,0.477249]:[0.387776,0.450935] [0.108515,0.198383]:[0.134919,0.169315]
TABLE 5. BENEFICIAL AND NON-BENEFICIAL CRITERIA FOR THIRD DECISION MAKER.
Alternatives beneficial non-beneficial
𝐴 [0.202493,0.305537]:[0.234844,0.274384] [0.049304,0.167721]:[0.106006,0.144003] 𝐴 [0.17134, 0.209682]:[ 0.188115,0.198899] [0.03817, 0.095633]:[ 0.063756,0.077101] 𝐴 [0.306735,0.354662]:[0.328302,0.339086] [0.142552,0.225946]:[0.175536,0.209454] 𝐴 [0.341482,0.394202]:[0.367842,0.383419] [0.094009,0.133113]:[0.103275,0.116621] 𝐴 [0.243231, 0.36305]:[ 0.274384,0.341482] [0.124192, 0.201467] :[0.15199,0.177748]
TABLE 6. RANKING USING RIMOORA-GDM METHOD FOR GROUP DECISION MAKERS
Alternatives S S S S Rank
𝐴 0.034515 0.06334 0.137556 0.07847 5
𝐴 0.090107 0.151451 0.123344 0.121634 4
𝐴 0.155846 0.112691 0.143825 0.137454 3
𝐴 0.177204 0.295583 0.259982 0.244256 1
3698 Then the final ranking of alternatives is obtained with
RIMOORA-GDM method as A ≻ A ≻ A ≻ A ≻ A .and the best alternative is A with the overall performance index of 0.244256 and the worst alternative is A with the result of 0.07847. Compared with the different MCDM methods the proposed method is very simple to understand and easy to implement especially in rough interval domain.
6. CONCLUSION
A new method so-called RIMOORA-GD is proposed for solving group decision-making problems under rough interval. This method selects the best alternative among all possible alternatives in group decision making problem, when performance ratings are described by rough interval. The proposed method is computationally simple and its underlying concept is logical and comprehensible, thus facilitating its implementation in a computer-based system. The performance rating values of alternatives versus conflicting are described by rough interval. This study shows that the proposed method effectively applied in group decision-making problems respecting rough interval.
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