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GROUP AND INDIT'IDUAL IXPLICIT THEORIES

OF

PERSOKASITT

r

AN APPLICATIOX O F

THREE-3IODE BRIKCIPAL

CO3lt"BOn'EXT AXAETSIS

RYLLEbE A. YAK BER KLOQT a n d

PIETEB bf. KRBONEXBERG Rijkstmiversiteit Leiden

ABSTRACT

D a t a produced by 60 snbjec:s r a t i n g 31 arcificiax persons or. 11 persona:- itp t r a i t scales were analyzed by three-mode principz! con:poner,r ane!ysis. The subjects share3 a circular configuration of ~ t i n i u l i axe scales. Indi1X4uais tended ;o d e p a r t from this gascern ~ r . e x t r e x i t y of :udgen~ent ?ether t l : ~ : ~ c o n f i g ~ ~ r a t i o n , saggesting t'ne operation of a response style. The advantages of including "al-tlficial sub?ects." and of partitios~ng the ?esici:al sums of squares are discussed.

The notion that people use naive, common sense, or it~zpS;cit theol.ies of persa?~ccliCy (ITPs) %.;hen they form impressions of another person's persor~alitg M-as introduced in I954 hen Brnner ancl 'Fagiuri proposed a cognitive process approach to the study of person perception. In its original meaning-, a person's ITP is a set of perceived or expected relations among personality- traits: these perceptions and expectations may vzry from person to person.

Since then. numerous studies have been conducied

en

v z r i ~ u s aspects 0% the concept af the ITP. These studies r e r e r e v i e ~ e d

by Schneider (1973) ~vho clistinpuished between tire ~escarch trz- disiozs in this area: one dealing with Ckie jiidg?)zc),at ~ I ' O C ~ S S ~ S of a

percelrer (e.g., Hays, 7958; R'ishner, 3960; Rssenberg, Xelson, and Vi1-ekznanthal;, 3 968 : Zanlsn and HZIII~! tor?. 3 Et72 ; Brj-son.

197.4; Van der Kloot, 39751, the other ~x-r-Ith ~ ? ! C ? ~ P ~ : ~ Z Y I E d i f f e r e ~ i c c s

in person perception le.g., Jones, 1954; Pedezscn. 1963: 3IessEck and liagan, 1966: S T ~ l t e ~ s and Jackson, 1966: Lay alld Jackson, 1969 ; f f i g g i ~ ~ s , IIoffman and Taber, 1969 ; Sfiel-n~n:~, I973 ; Tan

der Kioot, 1975 : Tl'iggins and B!nekburr~. !EGG : P,oszEFc-rg, 19';'; :

Kim and Rosenberg, 1930).

i\,lthough studies on the ITP vary with regard t o design, tasks, subjects, and methods of al~algsi., their results are s t ~ i k i n g l y sirni-

Ear. If; is freque~tly forrnd t k ~ a t the TTP call be yepresented in a two-dimensional ccmfig:tr.atior, whose d i m e ~ s i o n s are .c.valuation and

dominance (or ha-re simila~ labels). Moreo-ie~, it h ~ ? s be.1: skon-n

(2)

Wi96en A. Var der K'oo: and Paeter M. Kroonenberg

th~-iss a !arge number of personality descriptors can be sun~n~arized by mca:-s of a cireun?plex (Lorr and McXzir, 1963; Eecker and Krug, f 96-1 : R i m , 1965 ; Benjamin, 197.2 ; W'iggZns, 1979 : see also Sriggixs c: al., 3981)" The structures Iaund in those stxdies are

quite similar to the: ciz.cump~ex model proposed by I ~ a r p znd his associktes (Fi'reed:::a:: e: zf., 1951 : Leary, 1957). Persocztl;izg traits aizd interperscr.c;l he'nzz~-io1.s are described in terms of a Isvc-hate axd a don:-,inance-subzn:ssion iiimensieilz.

ib similar ITP Yas cbtained by combining f i w ITP confignra- t4ons found in studfes by Van der Kioo: (1975). The combim:ed 60nflg1;erafZon represented eipht persor.alit~- trait wdjecti-, cs in t ~ o

dimecsions (eraTuaticlz and dominalzee-srrSr?:issinn). The eight traits were lying en a eircuIar contour. T'an der Klsot a ~ d Yarr den

Bcmgaaz.61

6 19783

useci t h k co~?fi;prrrak:ol;. to design 82 impression

forn~a tion experirnert in w-kich 31 hj-pothrtichl stirnu: o s persons

(1% described by single trait names: 20 descm.;bed by pairs of traits) were judged on 11 ratinc scales by 69 sukjwts, These data were analyzed by means of 2 eanonieal discrin~inant al:a:lyi-sie

(CADA; cf. %'a:: de Geea., 1971, p. 184) wh.lcl? yiefded tu-s dimen- sions that optimally d2rscrirnina~ed bemeerr the etimrxIus persons. Beth the loadings of the rating scales and <he projec~ions of the stimuli on the km-o dimens:ons confirmed the circumplex cature of the trsi-ts

thzt

were used. Sfnee this CADA yielded eonflgnrations that are aggregated across subjects. these results do not necessarily reflect the ITP of each iindividuc:. In view of the evidence t,hzt-

there exist indridual differences in fTPs (e.g. STiggizs and Black- burn, 1946; Kim and Rosenberg, 1980) the Vsn det* Klioot and Vtln den Boogzard data were re-analyzed inm order to explore the extent and nature of individnaI differences in those data, The present paper describe^ Yhis re-analp-sia. It shows how th~ee-mode principal companea2; analysis can be ~sseci in suck an investjgation both a t the aggregaw and a t the individual level. In this way i t yjekc3s insipht in judgment processes and individual differences a: the same tfn~e.

Our data can be strranged in a three-dimensional block with the index 2: (referring

to

'the stimuli) d o n g the vertical axis. the index j Crefe~ring t o the scales) along ike horizonztal. axis, and the index k (referring to the subjeets). a1,loang the 'depkhkxis.

The general three-made principal component model (dl-re Tuck-

(3)

Wisiem A. Van der Ktoot and Pieter M. Kroonenberg

er3 model) calm be forrn~tlated as the factorization of the rnree- nlode data matrix Z = (r,,,') such that

fcr i-1,

.

.

.

,

E : j-1,

. . .

.

m ; k = k ,

. . .

.

rr. The coefficients ,p,,, lraQ, and e,.- are the eIernents o f the component matrices G I l k < s ) , H

(rn\~*

t ) ,

a ~ d E(na;u) respectively; I, ?n, ?: are tke e i u ~ b e r of

r a r i ~ b l e s , and s, f , z l are the number of eomponenk of the firs?, seeorrd and thircl mode respectire!y. JT'e will aIn-a:;s assume that G ,

If arid E are eolumn\~-ise orthonorma! matriccs ~t-ith the number of

ram-,.: larger than or equal TO the number of columns. The c , , are

the elements of the so-called three-mode core nf;t:.ix C

jsxf:?:?~),

The core matrix describes how the latent varizbles (or cornpon- ents) of the different modes are relzred.

In practice. the datz block

Z

Is riot decomposed into aIE its cornpollents as one usually is or~Ey interested in the first few of

h

them. Therefore one seeks an approximate decomposition Z ria a least s ~ u a r e d loss function. The algorithm to soive the minimiza- tion probIern i s implemented in the program TvCKALS3. Details

about the existence of a minimun: and the aIgoz.ithrn crrn be found

in Kroonenberg and De Leeuw (1980).

An important restriction of the genera1 Tucker3 model can be obtaltied by equating the componext matrix E with the identity

matrix. We will refer to this model as the Tucker2 model. which is implemented in the program TUCRAESZ. I t can be written as

An eq:ii;+alent matrix notation is

(4)

Wttiem A. Van der Kkoet and Pieter Ni. Kroanenberg

subject; they will be referred to a s 'S~ontal planesv or 'core planes*'

The Tucker2 model only specifies prir~eipal components for the

I

stimuli and ?ax sea:es but no: for the n subjects. The relatio~~shfps between the canzporaen:s of the stimuli 2nd the scales can be in- vestigated for each subject separareIp as we11 as for all subjects together.

One importaat advantage of the methods used here over the standard procedures outlined by Tucker (1966. p. 29Tff) is that the estimates of the paramerers are least squared O ~ P S , rather than

estimates with ill-defined properties. Another inzporl-ant adva~ztage of the use of loss Innmetions is that it becomes possible to Eoak at

reeiduats. A third advantage is that there exis-, direct reiationaships

between the eigenvalues of the csnfiguratfon~s and the size of the

elexents in the core matrix (see e.g., formula 181 ).

It can be shown that both for the Tucker2 and Tucker3 model the foIla~\-.i.ing equation is true I

t 911 761

A, E

Eli R n

z

B

x',

+-

3

"

(z,,,

-

X,"h)2

,

i - 1 j - 1 i c - 1 i-1 .i-1 k - 1

I 3 3

SS (DATA) = SS (FIT) -t SS cRESIDUAL),

n

where the Z,~,'S are the data r~csnskructed from the estimated

parameters of the model. I t also holds that for each elemect f of

each mode

ii 61

SSCHBATX;)

-

SS (FIT?)

+

SS (RESIDUAL?).

By eompar.ing the fitted snm of squares and the residual sum of sqLiares of, say, the

kth

subject one can gaupe the correspondence of the kth subject's tonfiguratisa with the o~ierall configrrration.

(5)

W ~ i t e z A, Van der Kloot and P~eter Eh. Krmnenberg

Note fhat the contribution of a p a r ~ i c u l a r s ~ b j e c t ro the overall solutioxl can be judged from the absolute size of his SSt FIT).

S tim lr lus ma tet5.inl

The stimulus material used by Van der EIoot 2nd ?-an den Boogaarcl corlsisted of e j e ~ e a personality trait adjectives: Liir.rcrblc, cnope~*atiz.e. ;nfrlGge;izt, icccSuaf?.iozls, do?tlin'na~if, crggt.css;re. .zl?ic.c:i- nble, pesstmisfic, pnsslre. s~tbmi'ssice, and ~tzodcst. Earlier reseitrch had shown that these stimuli Iic on a circle in t h e order in which they a r e presented abore, These stimuli were iised in two experi- me1:taI tasks.

In the first task, suhjecrs \\-ere presented with descriptions of

TI

stimulus persons. Each stixnulus person was described by one of the adjectives (for instance : sor12ebsdy is O F ~ T C S S ~ T ' E ) . In the second task the subjects ha6 t o rate 20 stirnulcs persoxe. each described

by combinations of two adjectives (see Table 1).

Table 1

Coxzbinacions of Adjectiles Use4 in Second Esperil?:er.ra: - -

Likeable-coogerative (LT-CO) Wnre!iabie-intelligent Cooperati1.e-dominant (CO-DO', UnreIiable-pessln?istic Intelligent-cooperati~~e IX-CQ) Pessin2istic-agp~essire Intelligent-dominant (IX-DO) Pessimistic-passive Ince1li~e~cpessin;istic (IN-PEI Passive-intelligent Domi~.nnt-aggressiue (DO-AG) Passive-dnn:ir,s~: Domin:~ct-pessimistic I DO-PE 1 Passive-aggrc,ssl:-e

Ronlinart-submissive f DO-St' ) Passil-e-unreliable

Aggress.re-n::.relisbIe 4 G T Passive-submissire t-nreli~b1e-cooperative - - (UK-CO) Sabmissive-pessimistic

-- - - - - -- - - - -

Task - - - -

(EX-rxg

i C N - P E )

(PE-AG j t P E - P A )

~ P & l - I K ) (PA-90) tP*4-.4.6)

I PA-EX) (PA-SU\ ( P r - P E )

- -

The descriptions of the s ~ i r n u i u a persons were presented ill two booklets, each precedecj by an instruction page. The descriptiaris were printed on top of each page, and were followed by eleven 10-

point rating s c ~ l e s . These rating scales vrere IabefEed TT-ith the

eleven

personalit- traits me~:.tionccl abore, including the adjective

(or

adjectives) used in the description of the stirnullas person. The ratIng scales ranged from 1 to 18, with end points denoted by

9 -

(6)

Willem A. Van dar Kloot and Pieter Id. Kroonenberg

random orders of pages were used w+en the booklets weye con- structed. The orders of the two traits in a description used in the second task &*ere determined by chance, but the same order. was en~pfoyed in a11 presentations. After completing the bocrI;Iei;s the subjects were presented a few open-ended questions aborrt their j udgmermt process.

The subjects participating in this experimer~k were ~andornfv

sampIed resrdeljt~ or" ,z student housing projec: at the Technical

t'niversity 0f DeIEt, The Setherlands, TJ:e actual: experiment was

run during two grocp sessions with reepectiveiy 34 ar,d 26 subjects. The whole procedure took abciat one and one-half hours, for wrhfch

DEI. 6*SQ t approxirnztelg 83) was paX.

In the rwo tasks the subjects rated a tatzI of 31 s%i';imnlus per- sons on 11 cfterioa variables. These data were. analyzed by mean:: of three-mode pril~elliaI componeasr arrslyeis r:sing t h e TUGKAbS2

arid TUCKALS3 programs. Oze subject was excluded from the a~ralysis because he or she had too many missing data. For five other subjects .tq--l?o each had one =issing score, an estimated rating was substjkuted. In some analyses. the dsta set was extended with

six artificia: 'xnbjsds' in order to improve Yl'ne i~terpretsbility of She ssiut:"ons. The f irst, o~ avercc,re-sub j e c t d Ab) , consisted of the meenr rat"ngs of the stin:ali averaged over the 59 real subjects, The second. or. dsrvril?ana+-s.ubjecf fA2); mias constructed as if he .judged

t h e ~ t i . ~ " ~ ! i only with respect to theit. apparent domimanee. The third, ~r ~%'!il?tt%f;;0?t-$~4baecf tA3), TTaF consfrrrcted c2s if the subject only judged the evalustive csnrent of the stimuli. The fourth, or

a-andrsvr-sztbject (A$), co~sisted

d

rrtlifom randan error super- impose6 on the overall s d e meaca. The dsta af the fifth, or u?lifarm-seorw ( A s ) , were equal t o the grand mean, F,.e. the aver- age over stimuli: sca!es and subjects, The ra-lings of the sixtk~, O P ~

e r t r e m e - s c o ~ e r dA6), consisted of either 2 or 3 scores. R:s scores were equa! to 9 when the ratings of tke ave~crpe-subject (after being centered) were larger thzn 0. M'ls scores were 2 when the em~~rage-su3jeeCs' double-centered ratings were smaller than 0. We will use the artificial subjects as some other authors have used

(7)

Willern A. Van dsr Kloot and P~eter M. Kroonetlberg

'conceptual individuals' or 'idealized individuals' (e.g. Tucker and Messick, 1963; Cliff, 1968; Tucker, 19721.. The advantage of o u r artificial subjects is that they were created on the basis of possible scoring behaviors of individuals. When ineluded in the analysis they proride a p ~ ; o r i and sample-independent information about the subject space which is not the case ~l-ith 'conceptual individu- als"

Several TUCKALS2 (T2) and TUCKALSS ( T3) an;-r!yses were performed, r a v i n g with regard t o ( s ) the cumber of subjects (59

or 65). and (b) the dimensionality of the stimulus and scale spaces.

In general. we will present the results for the 59 real subjects in tvivo dimensions when discussing these spaces. W'e w?.ill discuss rhe artificial subjects only in connection with the ,sr;&jeet space of -the

'1'3 an:;lysis (this analysis is indicated by 7'3-65).

The dnta vvere 'clouble-cectered' per srtbject n:arrix, i.e,,

This centering removes some sources of un~.ias,ted variance i cf. Cronbach, 1955). P'hirs i,he different subjects m-ere made identierif

with respect t o scale and stimulus nieans, l e a ~ i n g the confignra- tionaf aspect of the ITP's (i.e.. the stirnulrrs

\<

scale interactluns)

ws

the data t o be analyzed.

Sea les

The two-dimeneicnd T2 confipu~ation of the scales explai~ed 52 percent of the total sum of squares. Since a third dimecsion reduced the residual sum of squares by only 4 percent, we f o u ~ d t h e tn~o-dimensional solution qirite satisfactory, especially beca:lse t h e first two clirnensiocs of the three-ctirnensional soIution xr-ere virtually identical t o those of the tvo-dimer~sionaI co:1fipurat5on. Therefore, we will only discuss t h e two-dimensional solutions. Tkne configuration of the rating scales is pictured in Figure I after a slight orthonormal rotation (see beloxi) of the principal compon-

ents. EacE?

dimension explains an almost equal anioant of variation :

respectively 26.7 and 25.6 pereent. This indicates that they a r e of equal importance f a r the group a s a whole. The shape of the T2 configuration is roughly circular, and the horizontal and vertical d i m e ~ s i e n s can be interpreted as a dominance-submission and

an

(8)

W i l l e n A. Van der KIoot and Pieter M. Krs~nenberg

It is possible ta compare the

SS

(PIT)/SS (RESIDUAL) ratio of tine separate scales with each other. It zppears that i~telkiyent has the smallest ratis, snd therefore

fits

Iess well in the total strwctsre thaw the other scales. This probably mescs that there are relatively Iarpe inter-subject ciifferenees with regard t o the position of i~deEEIg~i?t that; cannot be aceon~n~odated in the mode!.

Fig. 1. Scale Coniignracioe of TCCKALSZ Analysis.

The T2 configuration of the stimuli.

r'e

represented in Figure 2. The 11 stixuli consisting of single adjectives lie an a polygon which is more or less tbe same T ~ P that ~f the scales in Figure I, ~vivith the exception of i~itetl-Ege?itt and i " i r d t i s f l r j ~ ~ 1 ~ which have switched p9aees. Xohi-jthstanding tills difference, one may conclude that the stirnulrts space and xhe scale space are virtually identieaE; these spsces and their ~espeetive dimensions seem t o have the same

(9)

Willern A. Van der KSo3t and Pieter M. Krwnembrp

cognitive structure. Moreover, the two dimensions of ~hfre stimulus space also account for an almost equal proportion of the sum of

squares (resp. 26.6 and 25.6 percent). Therefore. Figure I and Figure 2 may directly be superimposed without further standardi- zation of the projections, and tr-e wiII refer

to

both the scale a ~ d the stimulus space as the (personality) trslit space (or XTP).

The SS (FIT),'SSf RESIDUAL) ratios ~f the separate stimuli

show that the stimuli intelligent-pesfi'mistic, danzhzant-subw~issIve, li~azreliable-cooperatice, and yassizre-dominant have much smaller contributions

to

the

SS(FIT)

thsn the other stimuli.

IN-co

it-eo

DQ-SU IN-PE

UN-CO

PA-AG PA-UN Uh-PE

Fig. 2, Ptiniulus Gonfiguratior: of TUCKALP2 Analysis.

(10)

W!l(ern A. Van der Mml and P~eter M. ICroslenberg

model, hoivever, aXkows f o r individual variations consisting of Lin-

ear transformatiozs of these spaces. The slzbject is allowed to

rotate (orthogonally or obliquely) the dimensions of these eonfig-

urstions, and is also free to stretch or shrink these dfmensions. The

parameters describing these individuaI transforc~ations are cal- Jeeted in a 2

k

2

>,

59 extended core matrix vtltnich can be sliced ftrto 59 "frontal planes." The interpretability of the frontal planes is improved if the core matrix is rotated so thai i t

is

as diagonal as possible in each of its frontal planes. If perfect diagonality is

aehie~cd the f rst (second) component of the stinzuli is cornpleteEy linked tc. the first (secca::d) component of tkie scaIes, and a common inkrpreia-kion can be gives t o the eornponen4,s. Such a rotational procedure is included in the TUCKALS2 program (for details see Krosnenbesg and De Leeuw, 1944), and was appfeed to our T2 soIution. The improvements were very slight, mainly b e c a ~ s e the core matrix was already zEmcst diagonal. This supports the above assertr'on that the dimensions of the stSmtrIus and scale spaces have %he same meaning.

Before proceeding- 'ia a detailed disetissian sf the srrbjeet space

i t shorrld be meztioned that :he T8 ccnfiguratio:: of the scales and the stimuli were virtually ideatical t o those of T2, both for the 59 2nd 65 subject solutions. The ahsnsluie differeme betmn-een the co- ordinates of :he T2 nzd the T3 eonfigrrrations ranged from zero to

.80";, the avcrage absolure difference beiag .0020.

S u b

jacts:

overall

a?~alys."Is

%

subject

space. The eige~ralues of the two componects of the subject space frsn? tbe 2'3-65 zr~alysls were reapecti~ely -498

and .iJ16. Sines ;he first component, t ~ k r ' c k reflects the covariance of the Sndirl&~aTs, is much larger than the second one, i t may be conc:rtded that the snbjec: space is largely one-dimensZonal.

The usef ulmzess of introducing artificit;H subjects now becomes c:fear, as they mark the end-points of the axes. The u n i f o r m - s c o ~ e r

and the extreme-scc.re9. declareate the first axis, and the domi-

na?:ce-subjcct

8rnd the

evaiuatim-subject

take on the extremes sf the second axis. The

average-subject

is located in the ~ i d d l e of the configuration. The

random-subject

differs only margin~aEIy from -&he u w i j o ~ m - s c o w . The positions of the artificial subjects sham tha:

subjects who lie on the first axis sf the ssbjeet space empha- size the: dominance and e ~ d u a t i o n axes of the trait space equally strongly. The emphasis increases with increasing scores on this

(11)

WiEiem A. Van der K l o ~ t and Aeter kt. Krwrienberg

axis. Szbjeets on the second axis of the subject space emphasize clominance s t the cost of eral~iation or rice versa.

The T3-65 core matrix tells the same story (see Table 2). The

Table 2

T:i Frontal Planes of Two Subject Components and Average Fronta! P:ane - - - - -

-- - 71.89 - 2.18 - 9.20 - 2.14 31.34 - 2 16

2.19 70.39 - 3.78 9.39

-- -- - - - - .XO 3'2.89 - -

component 1 component 2 ai-erage plane

diagonaI elements of the core plane belonging to the first subject cornponcrlt have equal sizes r,nd the s a x e sign, and indicate there- fore that b o ~ h dornil~aalce and evaluation a r e 1%-eighted ets_uaIly. The diagonal elements of the seconc? subjecr conlponent aIso haye eqnd

sizes, b:rt opposite signs, indicatinp that either dominance or el-alu- ation Is emphastzed, The l a ~ g e r size of the elerrLents of the first core plane is a direct reflection of the larger eigel3value of the first sltbjecr component as

where

A,

is the r t h eigenl-alue of the subject space.

Information on the weighting of dominance and el-aluation by

indii-iddud subjects is given by their !oadinga on the two T3 subject components. In addition, the diagonal elemeats of e x h T2 core plane indicate the amount of stretching and shri:lking eseh subject

(12)

Willern A. Van det Klost and Pieter M. Kroonenberg Table 3

T2 Frocta! P1znes of Five Subjects -- - and Average -- Frontal Plane - -- --

-- - -- -- - - --

14.83 - .61 6.45 - 2.76 3.30 .57

- "03 18.34 - 1.7a 11.23 -04 - 2.14

sxbject 28 sxbject 37 subject 4 1

-- -- -- - - -

f 0.18 .36 7.59 .I8 9-10 .02

- -58 9.99 - .36 - "57 "00 8.6%

- - -- -- --

snbject 49 subject 66 average plans

----

The most, important feature of :he T3 subject space is thus tl.sat moat individuals emphasize the daminance 2nd evaluation axes qualIg but with varying values of Me weights. This implies thgt for mast s ~ ~ b j e c t s the recovered persona1m"ty trait configura~ion

(om* ITP) is circular, and that some hare a larger circle than others. The subjects with large weights (wider circlest have large sums af squares and thus use must of the ten-poiat scales. Of

secondary importance is that some subjects emphasize either domi- nance or evaluatjon, Extreme examples are 55 a s 6 37, who seem

t o rrse either the dominance or the evahaatfon axis as is confirmed by their T2 core plane in Tablie 3,

Cluster analgsis a ? ~ d d i s c ~ i m i n m t analysis on the T 2 core

~natl-ix. The four elements of each frontal plane of the T2 core matrix were taken as scores on four variables, here denoted by err,

c12, e3l9 and czz. These variables contain information about differ-

ences b e b e e n subjects in their use of the ctimponentx of the personality trait space. With the aid af cluster analysis we sought to discover groups of subjects with similar use of these components. The steps ta obtair: a elnster solution were those recommended in the CLCSTAS' nzanuaI (Wishart, 1978, p. 10). Mre spplied Ward's naethod ( 1 9 6 3 ) with the Euclidean distance measure. It was de- cided to use a fire-cluster salution after relocation. To examine the natrire of the cksters a discriminant analysis (using IIMDP7M,

version 2-76; Dixon. 1915) was performed m-it$ the clusters as groups and the elements sf t5e T2 core matrix as variables. Two

discriminant functions were found that enabled near perfect cIas- sffieation. Only six points were incorrectly classified by the firat discriminant funckion alone. The scores of

the

subjects on the two discriminant dimensions were virtually identical

ts

their scores on the T3-65 subject components (canonical correlations between the Two sets of cosrdiaates were .977 and .895).

(13)

Willem A. Van der K l o ~ t and Pieter M. Krooner'iberg The discriminant weights for c:, and cz2 have the same sign in the first discriminant function. indicating either a stretching or shrinking of the personality trait space, m-hiIe in the second func-

tion ell and Caz hare opposite signs indicating stretching of one of

the axes as \veil as shrinking the other one. Furrnermore the rado

of the eigen~~alraes of the discriminant functions (12.4 ' 2 ) is corn-

parable t o the ratio of the gigenvalues of the t x o comporlects of the subject space from the '1'3-59 analysis (.50,'.01). This under- lines the similarity of both solutions, and shows once more that only the first stzbject component is really important.

Fit :.c~id.ilat rablos, In Figrere 3 residual sums of squares are plotted agaicst contributions t o the fic for ail real and artificial subjects, The heaq- line in this fipcre connects points ~ r i t h the

(14)

Willem A. \/an der KBo& and PieMr h4. Kroonenberg

overall Eit,'residaal ratio (.51,!,49 for the T3-65 solution). The other

t t ~ o

Iines connect points with ratios .6P;.39 arid .41/.59 re- spectively. These Iines serve as a kind of confidence Sands for the fit,hesld~aai ratio.

Twelve real s ~ b j e c t s ( 9 , 14, 24, 26, 28, 35, 31, 41, 55, 56, 58,

and 59): have rather s m a l fii;/'resfduaI ratios, and probabIg do not meet the assumptions of the rnodeI. The "good9' p o i ~ t s ( 2 , 19, 21,

23, 31, 33. 36, 39, 42, arrd 45) generally have large scores on the first eompozent of the subject space, and thus large oreralI sums of squares. It is of course not unexpected that subjects with large

s u m s of squares f i t better. than subjects with small s u m s of squares.

Also in Figure 3, the artificial subjects lie on the boundary of :he eonfiguration. The ~ a ~ d ~ m - ~ ' ~ b j ' c ; c I CA4) has practically no fit,

as i t should be. The ave~agc-subject (A7 ) has rmph!y the same fit as a real subject (e.g. 17 fn the c e n s r of the subject space), but due to the averaging procedure, a smaller residual thsn such an inciividual. The do?ni??al?ee-s?rbjecf (A2) and the euaEuatia~-subject (A31 were created from the average-subject w!th comparable sun~s: of sqmres. which explains their position in Figure 3. The ~ n i f n r m - SCOYPT (A61 has fiz nor error as his snE of squares EE nec.esaariEy

zero. The exfrcme-scorer (A61 has understandably a very large s s m of squares: and aIso a better fit/residual ratio (.64/.36) than the overall one 4,5k;.49 for T3-651, which indicates his searing pattern

is admissible in terms of the model. In fact, his private trait space is almost a perfect circle.

Sub jeets: i?zdiz~iduczl' analysts

The individual differences described by the core matrix of o u r T2 a ~ d T3 analyses represent tl~ose diiferencea snig in so far as they remain wifl?,iw the model, i.e., as f a r as they consist of indi-

vidual rotations ~ s d strekcking or shricliiz:p of the commor: scale and stimuks spaces. Individ~xaI variations t h ~ t do not canform to t h e model remain etndetected and co~tribrrte snIg to the residual sum of si;uares. In order to explore t;"; ppossibi!ity of different, indiriciraal TTQs 'o?r:sia'e9 the T2 an6 T3 model v e perfa~rned sepa- rate two-mode anslyses or ei~gular. l-due decamposit,ioas on the

data of a number of individua: subjects wikh T-arying fit;residraat ratios (including the 12 subjects with the lowest fit/residrral ratios).

As ~ ~ s t s expected, the individual 1TPs of the well-fitting sub- jects corresponded aIrnost eompietelg TT-ith the group configur a

t'

Pons

(15)

Wiliem A. Van der Kioot and Pieter M. Kraonenberg of Figure f ancf 2. However, from the singular values i t can be

seen that some indlridual configurations a r e more elliptical than one aouIcf expect from the sizes of the diagonal elements in their

'1'2 core plane, BIoreorer, the principal components of the indi- vidual spaces a r e not uncomrnonir a t an angle ~ 4 t h the principal campolrents of the group space. This means that same subjects have rnair, axes in their ITPs that a r e ~ o b , dominance-submissiolr and good-bad, but some other set of polsrities (e.g. indrrstrious- passire and aggressi\-e-modest), However, the individual eonfigura- tiornv can be generated and interpreted by an:- set of axes i:: the trait space. Therefore, it is eonceptuaiIg more 'parsimonious' t o regard the individual axes as linear combinations of the common axes evaluation and dominance.

As we also expected, the correspondence between a n indi- 1-idual's separate PTP and the group ITP decrease2 as the indi- vidual's ( 7 3 ) fit,'resicfe~aI ratio decreased. Hoii-erer, separate

analysls did, in general, not drarnaticaI!y improw a subject's 'relative fit,' i.e. SS(FIT)/'SS(TOT-AL), compa~ed ~ i t h his rejntive f i t in the T3 analysis. Viie1l-fitting sarbjects of the T3 anal)-sis sho~x-ed only mochest (.lo-,151 increases in their relative f is, as

T T ~ S t o be expected. Separate ~ n a i y s e s for 'bad' subjrcrs shoved

larger increases ( u p t o .35), b::t the relative fits of their sep::rate annlysis never became larger than .63. ta-hieh is s t i H noticeably Lower than the relative fits of the 'good' subjects (.C4-.8f ). 111 some cases the relative fits were hardly better than .3G, the- relative fix of the separate analysis on the randon? subject. These reszlts sug-

gest illat there are no subjects with radically different ITPP, i.e. srrbj,;iects with a (very) !ow relative fit i n the 7'3 ar,a!ysis as 1x-eI1 as R t very) high relative fit. in their 2rivate solution. In fact Ion-

T3 fit ler~ds to go together n-ith Ism. individual fit.

The numher and extent of the difference5 betweec in&\-idvat

so!trfl3!1s and the T2 or T3 group ITP tend t o increase -,i-ith de- cz.ea:3in~ f i t residual ratios. The order of the f o l l o ~ ~ i n g five Types of dm-iations corresponds roughly with the order il: :~hlch i hey occur \*en the f i t *resictual ratio decreases.

( a ) The circular (or elliptical) shape of the scales a n d the 11

single stimuli tends to become more angular with decreasing fit, 'residual ratios.

kb) The configurations of some subjeccs shov; more or less xarkecl clusterings of the separate scales and srirnuli.

(16)

Wiiien A. Van der Klaat znd Pieter M. Kroonenberg

(c) Some conf iguratians exhibit an interchange sf the positions on the 'circle' sf two or more adjacent scales and;or stimuli. (6) A shift of one trait to another regior; of the 'circle' appears ix

some confrguratians.

le) The stimulus spaee tends to become increasingly dissimilar to the scale space wit11 decreasing fit,kesidual ratios, e.g. some sub- jects may have a 'reasonable' scale space, bat an unrecog~~izable stimulus spaee. and vice versa. Thjs probably indicates inconsisten- cies or e r e n random errors in the judgments,

The 12 w~rst-fitting subjects (see Figure 3) have iradirldnaI configuratialzs that show many or all of the above deviations. More-

01-er, they differ greatly among themselves. This makes

it

difficuI

t

to assess whether the% ITPs are still comparable

t o

the group HTP.

The conclusion that their ITPs are not snbstsntively different is suggested by the eeigezvalues of their inclividt-ial structures. Three subjects (9, 14, 26) have eigenvalrres that are approximately equal t o tkose (-20 and .I%) of the raredozaz. sttbjeef. The remaining nine subjects hare structures 9ar which only the first ~igenua%rae is sub- stantially larger (1.5 times or more) than that of the raa.~do.we s ~ & - ject. The dimensions cor.responding to those eigenvalues were (in six cases) associated with the dominance-s~bmis~ioar distinctionz.

In one case ( 3 7 ) the main axis was likeable-aggressive. and 4rr

tm~o cases it mas unclear what the first dimension measured. In

f ~ e light: of these results we ca??ckude that the 12 warst-fitting su5jects generated data that are predominantly random error sometimes superimposed on a component of the general PTP.

The above observations are ilIustsated by the tndie~iibuaI ITPs depicted in Figure 4. Shown in this figure %re the scale eonfigura- tions of eight subjects (1, 2, 9, 25, 37, 41, 55 anhi 56). Snbject 2 is

s

"ood' subject, with an average total sum sf squares. Subjects 1 and 25 are 'average9with a small and a large SSCWT,"FL) respectively. Subjects 41, 9, 65, 37 and 56 are %acl>sr;bijeets with increasing

total

sums of squares.

Frcm t h e above results i t appears that three-n;frds principal cornpollent analysis is a very useful and appropriate tool f o r the analysis ef our kind of data. The advantage of three-mode analyses is that individual differences are treated within the framework of one mo2eI and that olze obtains estimates of the parameters de- scribing such kndjvidnal diff erences.

(17)

Willern A. Van ber Kloot and Pieter M. Krmnenberg

C X P

MODE -4 -IKE

,'

"?'

IN'E*

'PA s s INDO*

',

PES&

U M S E 9

'.,

DOht r

b

A3GP

Subject I Subject 2

rSJBM .LIKE bPASS

COOP"

O .

ODOM:

1 ,

IN7iq, b MODE

C" i

IND,

PESSa

I f

Subject 9

Subject 37

c OOF.,

'IKE- . l N 3 ,

/

SJBM._ /

M 3 3 E

A3GP

INTE. D3Wl'*-

PASS UNRE/

--

\

-4

PESE

Subject 25

Subject 41

Subject 55 Subject 56

(18)

Wiiieq A. Van der Hoot and P~eter Ivl. Kraonenberg

A special feature sf the K r o a ~ e n b e ~ g acd De Leeuw (ISSClj: version of three-mode principal, component analysis is that their treatment of the total sum sf squares makes it possible to dis- tinguish be-tween SS (FIT) and SS (RESIDUAL) far each element of each mode (cf. formula

[GI).

Especiall~ in the case of small weights (saliences) i o r the group space dfmersions it enhbles the separation of points with a bad fit, as is indicated hy a small

SS(FET) and a large SS(RESIDUALJr, from points with a small, but ~17eIl-fitting configuration. as is indicated by both a s n d l

SS(FIT) and a small SSQRESIBUSL). In the first case the dasa

show much variation, but iz a way n-hich i~ nat in agreement with he modeI; in the. second case tIae relatively little variation is in sccoz-dance witk the mode!. Usfrig the residual sums of squayes it

was possible to select "good5' and "bad" subjects, i.e. snbjectys ~ T T ~ O

tonf orrned .to or. deviated from the group ITP.

Our final methodsIogleal comment eaI2cerns the m e of "arti- fic%tI,'* "conceptual," or "idealized9' subjects on. "points of view." When using such "'subjecks5Yit is especially useful to specify their '"idea:"response patterns on the basis of 2 substantive theory,

i ~ s t e a d of on the results of the analysis. By assessing the differ- ence bet'careen the real snbjects and "Sdeaiu' ones, i t is p~ssible t o accept om' reject the modefs under2ying the construction of the Iatter one 8nd simplify the interpretations of axes.

5 3 t h regard

t o

the psyekioEog?'caE content of our s~rrdy, OUT

111ain concern is the extent and nature of ilzdividual differences among ITPs. In eirr presentation of the results ~ v e made a distinc- tion betweerr indZvfduaE d3ferences wit%r$n anck individual differ- e ~ ~ e e s o?~fsPde the three-mode principal coxpanext models. Both the T2 a n d the T3 analpses showed that individual differecces arlov-ed

by these models were to a very- large extent explained by one dimension : fne magnitude of Ithe diagonal, elements of the subjects'

core planes. This means thzt the largest variation czrnong our s ~ b j e e t s consisted of differences in size or area of the individual configurations, i.e. some subjects had large "circ;es" s1:d others

had small "circtes." These results indicate that the subjects had ITPs that were basically sim!lar, and thzt the inter-subject differ- ences must be attributed to differences in response style: some subjects tended to gire more extreme and /or more differentiated ratings than others. Such response style differerzces can be easily detected in the raTiy data. Some subjects gave only. ratings between 4 and 7, some added an oceasionaI 3 o r 8, snd others had data

(19)

Willem A. Van der Kloct and Pieter M . Krwnenberg

mat~.ices with many 3's and 10's. Extreme ratings may, in the present case, also be the result of a particular n-sy of dmning inferences. For instance, if a stimulas person n-as described by

trait A and B, some subjects cclzcays gave 1 0 ratings on t h e ccrre5pondinp A a n d R scales, whatever the partict~~lar cornbin:ition

(e.g. dominnrr: ancl submissive). O ~ h e r subjects applied scme sort

of i n f ~ ~ ~ r r a t i o n - i n t e g r a t i o n process, and gsve less extrenle ra:ings (oftcc 5 or 6) of the dominance and the subrnfssivenes:: of this stimnIus person, Evidence of these different types of i ~ f e r e n t i a l processes ~ v a s also foixud i : ~ -the subjectsy anewers nt? a fen- clpen

ended q'i~estions regarding the I T ~ ? they made their jucigmezts

(Van der ZCloot and Bakker, X o t e I ) ,

1ncki.c-idual differences that are not pernlitted by the t h e e - mode principal component models lead to lower fit :residual rzeicls for t:nose subjects xvho do not conform to the moclef. As sepzrate analyses f o r a nnmber of indiriduals shosi-ed, lack of fit in the T2 and

T3

analyses did not point in the c ? i r e c ~ i o ~ of qualitatively

d i f f e ~ e n t XTPs, but rather inclicatecl partial chl.;z:yes zr,d 'or chance fluctuations that were superimposed on the comqion: structure. This finding sripports the contIusion that o i l y srrbjeees used ope co?l:xnor.,

possibly culturallg shzred Ixplicit Theory of Personality.

1 . \'an der Xloot. R. A., % Bakker. 11. Szihjcctire respo8,sc tarcitv,c;cs

in inlpressicn , f o ? . m a t i o ? ~ ~ -4 cwttevzt analysis. (Research Xote) Cnpublished

manuscript. Vzkgroep ilkthoden en Technieken, Unirers.cy of Leiden, The Setherlands. 1981.

Becker, W . C., & Krug. R. S. A cErcumaiex modei fcr soclai behavior in

chlIdren. CkiM Bevelopwie?;t. 1964,35,371-396.

Benjanrin, &. S. Stractural znalysie of social behal-icr. Ps~;rhoIoyica:' R e ~ i e i r ,

1014. 81, 392-425.

Bruner, J . S., L Tagiuri, R. The perception of people. I n 6 . Lindzey (Ed.),

Bandbook o f si~oia? psgriio!ogg (T-ol. 2 ) . Cambr~dge. Mass. : Addison-

Wesley, 1954.

Bryson, 3. B. Factor analysis of ~mpression formation pyoeesses. Joumai of

Personality and Social P s y c h ~ f u g y , 1974, 30. 134-143.

Cliff. N, The "idealized inditidual" i1:terpretation of individual differences in mu?ti-dimensional scaling. P s g c h o n ~ r f r i k n , 1968. 93, 225-232.

Cronbnrk, L. 3. Processes affecting scores on "unde~standrng of others" and "assume& similarity". Psgchologrcal Bu;letitt, 1955, 5 2 , 177-193.

Dixan. W. 3. ( E d , ) BAflDP B w m e d z c a l Computer Programs, Berkeley, Cali-

falxia : Unirersity of Cai:fo~nia Press, 197 5 .

(20)

Willem A. Van der KJoot and Pjeter M. Kroonenbeg

Freedman, M. B., keary? T. F., Ossorio. A, G., $ Coffey, H. 8. The inter- werso~a! dimensions of persordity. dozerrmb o f PersonctBtg, 1951, 201 155- 161.

R a y s , W, L. An approach to the study of trait imp!icatl;ons and t r a i t simi-

Iarfty. In It. Tagiuri, B L, Petmllo iEds.), P e m , ~ o ~ z p e r c e p t i m and .inter-

persor~at bshaaGor. Stanford: Stanforci Uxiversity Press, 1958.

Jones, E. E. hntb,srita~iar,ism as a detem2inaaat of first-impression forma'Yian.

Journa,E of Personaibtg, 1954, 23, f 07-127.

Kim, M. P., & Rosenberg, S. Comzparisan of twc strzzc?.zrral models of implicit personality theory. S o z ~ r v ~ a i op" P e r s o z a i i t y u,nd Sosdai Psych,ologg, 1980,

88$375-389.

Kroonenberg, P. M., & De Eeeuw, 3. TlTCEmkS2: A pTin~.Ipa,l compoae%t

ecnafyeis o f three-m.ode (Eepo3:t 001-77). Leiden, The Netherlands: Department of Data Theory, t'niversity of Eeiden, 1977.

Kroonenberg, P. M., & De Leeuw. J. Principal component a.nalysis of three- mode data by xieans of dterxstting Iczst s p a r e s algorithms. Psgcho-

m e t r i k a , 1980, $5; 65-97.

Lay, 6' B., & Jacks~n?, IPS 3'. Analysis of the genera1it.y of trait-i-inferential relationskips. Jowrna3 cf Personality and Social P s ~ ~ c k o t o g y , 1969, 1'2,

12-21,

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A b ~ ~ o m s l cnd Sooial. Ps~[~h,oloy.g. 1983, 67, 68-75.

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455-465.

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impr'~ls8lon Jorvzatian. (Report MT. Oiil-7E$), Leiden, The NetherIands:

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(21)

Willern A. Van der Kloot anci Pieter M. Krmnenberg

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Figure

Fig.  1.  Scale Coniignracioe  of  TCCKALSZ  Analysis.
Fig.  2,  Ptiniulus  Gonfiguratior: of  TUCKALP2 Analysis.
Fig.  3.  Plot  of  each  Subject's  Resjdnzl  Sum  of  Squares verscs  his o r  her  Fitted  Sum  of  Squares  as  obtzined  in  the  TUCKALS3\65\  Anaigsis
Fig.  4.  Eight Exariipies of  lndifldunl Scale Configurations

References

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