Cold War (1945-1991)
What was the Cold War?
-The Cold War: a period of ______________________________________________ between communist nations led by the Soviet Union and anti-communist nations led by the U.S.
-The Cold war ________________ at the end of WWII in _____________ and ended with the breakup of the Soviet Union in __________________
-The ________________________________________ never attacked each other
The Superpowers
-The United States
– Government: ________________________________________
– Economic System: __________________________________ (free-enterprise) – Cold War Goal: wanted to ________________________________________
-The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)
– Government: ___________________________________________ – Economic System: _______________________________________
– Cold War Goal: wanted to _____________________________________________
Communism
-____________________________________ society
– No ____________________________________________________________
-All wealth is ___________________________________ among the people – No __________________________ of private property
-All property is owned by _______________________________________ -________________________________ is strictly controlled by the government
-All _________________________________________ are run by the government
-Government decides ______________________________________ to produce
Capitalism
-Free-enterprise: ________________________________________________________________ – Individuals are allowed to own______________________________________
– Businesses _______________________________ and operated for _________________
-Economy is driven by _________________________
– Businesses ______________________________________________ – Workers compete ___________________________________
-___________________________ is usually based on productivity and skill level -A market economy
– Wages are ___________________________________________________________ – Prices are negotiated in the marketplace
Communism in Europe
-Soviet military occupied countries of during WWII
– Stalin refused to hold and instead set up communist governments – This created a that protected the Soviet Union from invasion
-Iron Curtain: cold war dividing line between communist and non-communist .
– Western Europe
- . -Democratic governments -Influenced by the United States – Eastern Europe
- . -Totalitarian governments -Dominated by the Soviet Union Division of Germany
-After WWII, was divided by Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union (USSR)
-Berlin – the capital of Germany
– Located in zone (East Germany) – Also divided into zones run by G.B, France, U.S., USSR
Conflict over Germany
-U.S. and Soviets disagreed about reuniting Germany
– (U.S.) wanted to reunite Germany and allow free elections
-British, French, and American zones united to form Germany – Included Berlin (even though it was located in East
Germany)
– feared united Germany could attack the USSR
-The Soviets refused to allow their zone to become part of a united Germany – Soviet zone became Germany
– Included Berlin
Berlin
-The Blockade
– Soviets blockaded West Berlin in effort to _____________________________________
-The Berlin Airlift
– Airplanes were used by Allies to _________________________________ to West Berlin – Soviets eventually ____________________________________________
-The Berlin Wall
– Built around West Berlin by ____________________________________
-Kept people from Communist East Germany from leaving -Anyone who tried to climb over was shot
-Became a symbol for the division between Communism and anti-Communist nations of the World
U.S. Fights Communism
-Containment: plan to stop the _______________________________
– The Truman Doctrine: U.S. policy to help ___________________________________ takeover
-____________________________________________ were given to countries that were fighting against communist rebels
– Ex. _______________________
-Introduced ______________________________policy
– The Marshall Plan: U.S. plan to give ______________________________________ to prevent communist takeovers
-Gave _______________________ to help rebuild economies damaged by WWII -Western Europeans were ___________________________________________ in turning to communism
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
-NATO: _______________________________________________ created to protect member nations from threats by communist forces
– Led by the _____________________
– Included ____________________________________ from all over the world – Helped fight the _________________________________
The Warsaw Pact
-The Warsaw Pact: ______________________________________ created to protect member nations from anti-communist forces
– Created in response to the creation _____________________ – Led by the ________________________________
The Spread of Communism
Communism Spreads to China
-China during WWII
– Ruled by _______________________ (KMT)
– Led by ____________________________________________
– ________________________________ ally of the United States
-Communist Revolution
– Communist ________________________fight Nationalists for power – Nationalists flee to _________________
– Communists take control of China ______________________
-_________________________________________________ is established
-__________________________________ becomes dictator
Communist China
-Great Leap Forward (1958): Chairman Mao’s ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________ China
-Privately-owned farms were seized and combined to
form__________________________________________________________ -Many peasants were taken from farms and forced to work in _______________ -Very ______________________________________ of those who resisted – Results
-Production of _________________________________ manufactured goods -Food shortages: __________________________ people died of starvation -Many Chinese __________________________________ Mao’s harsh form of communism
Communist China
-_________________________ (1966-1976): Chairman Mao’s effort to ____________________ and create a more “pure” communist state
– __________________________: gangs of young people ordered by Chairman Mao to destroy “_________” ideas and attack anyone who opposed communist views – Mao’s enemies were _______________________ from Communist Party – Led to years of ______________
Korea
-After WWII, Korea was divided
– North Korea was ___________________ – South Korea was ___________________
-Korean War (1950-1953)
– North Koreans ______________________ South Korea
-Supplied by ___________________________________
-Wanted to unite the two Koreas under a _____________________________ – The _______________________________ sent troops (mostly Americans) to protect
South Korea and to stop the spread of communism
– __________________________ (ceasefire) signed (1953)
-The border between North and South Korea was set at the
_________________________________ (38 ۫۫ ۫۫ N latitude) -Communism was _____________________________
– South Korea remained _______________________
Vietnam War (1957-1975)
-Vietnam was ________________ (1955)
– North Vietnam was ______________________
-Led by _______________________________
-Supported by ______________ and the __________________ – South Vietnam was anti-communist
-Supported by the ______________________________________________ -Vietnam War (1957-1975)
– ______________________ communist guerrillas tried to take over South Vietnam
-Backed by ___________________________________________________ – U.S. involvement in Vietnam (1960s - 1973)
-U.S. ________________________________________ to South Vietnam – Money, weapons, and ________________________________
-U.S. began _____________________________________ to Vietnam (1964) – 1.5 million Vietnamese and _____________________ Americans died – Americans were bitterly ______________________________________
-_________________________ protests push U.S. to end war -U.S. ____________________________________ from Vietnam (1969-1973) – ___________________________________ took over South Vietnam (1975)
-U.S. ___________________ to contain communism
Cuba
-Cuba was communist – Led by Fidel Castro
– Supported by the Soviet Union
-The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
– _______________________________ brought nuclear missiles to Cuba
-American _____________________________ took photos of the missile sites -Huge threat to U.S. _______________________________________!
– Cuba is only _____________________________________ from the U.S. – __________________________could easily reach major U.S. cities – The U.S. and the Soviets came very close to nuclear war
-U.S. President __________________________________________ demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles from Cuba
– Cuba was _______________________________ by the U.S. navy until the Soviets agreed to _______________________________________
-_____________________________________, the Soviet leader, agreed to remove the missiles as long as the U.S. agreed __________________________
– Nuclear war was _______________________________!
Struggle for Influence in Africa
-After WWII, African nations began _____________________________________________ – The United States and the Soviet Union __________________________________ in the
African countries
-Gave money and military aid
-Tried to __________________________________________
The Race For Technology
Nuclear and Military Technology
-Nuclear __________________________ -Nuclear weapons
– The United States and the Soviet Union had nuclear weapons – Both nations feared a _________________________________
-nuclear annihilation: __________________________________________ -Arms Race
– U.S. President ____________________________________ challenged the USSR to an arms race by building up the American military
– ________________________________couldn’t keep up!
Space Technology
-The Space Race: competition between the __________________________________________ – Soviets
-put first ________________________________________ (Sputnik) into orbit -put first ________________________________________
– Americans
-put first ____________________________________________________ – US _______________________________________ in space technology/exploration – Eventually, both countries began to ______________________ in space exploration
The End of The Cold War
Communism Fails
-Failures of Communism
– Most Communist countries were struggling by __________________________
-Economic failures
– ___________________________________________________
-Political (government) failures
– ___________________________________________________ – ___________________________________________________
-Very few freedoms
Reform in the Soviet Union (1985-1991)
-_________________________________________: leader who reformed the Soviet Union
– Perestroika: _________________________________________________________
-Allowed some ________________________________________________
-Created a ___________________________________________________
– Glasnost: ___________________________________________________________
-Allowed people to _____________________________________ or disagree with the government
– Self-determination: people of ____________________________________ could choose their own governments
-____________________________________________ would no longer be used to keep Communist governments of other nations in power
The Collapse of Communist Governments
-Changes in Europe
– __________________________________________ begin in Eastern Europe (1989)
– _____________________________________________________________ (1989)
– Germany is reunified under a _______________________________________ (1990)
– The Breakup of the_____________________________________(1991)
-The Soviet Union split into ___________________________ (Russia is the largest)
Changes in China
-By the 1980s, many people in China were ______________________________________________ government
– ______________________________________________________________ (1989)
-Hundreds of pro-democracy demonstrators were ______________________________________
