• No results found

Threads and Sealing Methods

N/A
N/A
Info
Download
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Threads and Sealing Methods"

Copied!
80
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Download now ( 80 Page )

Full text

(1)

Identifying Thr

Identifying Thr

eads, Sealing Methods

eads, Sealing Methods

and

and

Identifying Thr

Identifying Thr

eads, Sealing Methods

eads, Sealing Methods

and

and

Industrial Fittings

Industrial Fittings

Industrial Fittings

(2)

Module Objectives

Module Objectives

Explain the basic thread characteristics

Explain the basic thread characteristics necessary

necessary

to identify threads

to identify threads

(3)

Module Objectives

Module Objectives

Explain the basic thread characteristics

Explain the basic thread characteristics necessary

necessary

to identify threads

to identify threads

Differentiate between and identify various types

Differentiate between and identify various types

of threads used on industrial

(4)

Module Objectives

Module Objectives

Explain the basic thread characteristics

Explain the basic thread characteristics necessary

necessary

to identify threads

to identify threads

Differentiate between and identify various types

Differentiate between and identify various types

of threads used on industrial

of threads used on industrial fittings

fittings

Explain the various sealing methods

Explain the various sealing methods used for the

used for the

different fittings

(5)

Module Objectives

Module Objectives

Explain the basic thread characteristics

Explain the basic thread characteristics necessary

necessary

to identify threads

to identify threads

Differentiate between and identify various types

Differentiate between and identify various types

of threads used on industrial

of threads used on industrial fittings

fittings

Explain the various sealing methods

Explain the various sealing methods used for the

used for the

different fittings

different fittings

Identify different types of fittings being used in

Identify different types of fittings being used in

the industrial market place

(6)

Thr 

Thr 

ead

ead

C

(7)

Thr 

Thr 

ead C

ead C

h

h

a

a

r 

r 

acte

acte

r 

r 

istics

istics

 TT

hread pitch is the distance between

hread pitch is the distance between a single

a single

thread

thread

Pitch Pitch

(8)

Thr 

Thr 

ead C

ead C

h

h

a

a

r 

r 

acte

acte

r 

r 

istics

istics

Pitch: Pitch:

 PP

itch is sometimes written as the number of 

itch is sometimes written as the number of 

threads within one inch distance

threads within one inch distance

(9)

Thr 

Thr 

ead C

ead C

h

h

a

a

r 

r 

acte

acte

r 

r 

istics

istics

Flank Angle and Taper Angle

Flank Angle and Taper Angle

::

(10)

Thr 

Thr 

ead C

ead C

h

h

a

a

r 

r 

acte

acte

r 

r 

istics

istics

C

C

res

res

tt

and Roo

and Roo

t:t:

Root Root

Crest Crest

(11)

Thr 

Thr 

ead C

ead C

h

h

a

a

r 

r 

acte

acte

r 

r 

istics

istics

M

(12)

Thr 

Thr 

ead Style and

ead Style and

Function

Function

(13)

Thr 

Thr 

ead Styles

ead Styles

P

P

or

or

tt

End T

End T

hh

reads

reads

::

 PP

arallel

arallel

Pa

(14)

Pa

Pa

r r 

all

all

ee

l Th

l Th

rere

ad

ad

s:s:

Thr 

Thr 

ead Functions

ead Functions

 PP

arallel threads only

arallel threads only

serve the function of 

serve the function of 

holding in the fitting

holding in the fitting

Sealing is achieved by

Sealing is achieved by

some other means, such

some other means, such

as with an O-ring

(15)

Thr 

Thr 

ead Styles

ead Styles

 TT

apered

apered

P

P

or

or

tt

End T

End T

hh

reads

reads

::

T

(16)

Thr 

Thr 

ead Function

ead Function

 TT

apered threads

apered threads

serve two functions:

serve two functions:

 FoFor hr hololdidingng in in ththee fitting

fitting 

 SeaSealinlingg (ev(even en thothoughugh sealing is usually sealing is usually assisted with assisted with additional sealant) additional sealant)

Tapered T

(17)

Thr 

(18)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

 MM

IK-1 kit 

IK-1 kit 

 PP

ort Boards

ort Boards

Known

Known

TT

hreads

hreads

(19)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

M

M

IK-1 kit 

IK-1 kit 

 CCaliperaliper

 TThread gageshread gages

 TThread profileshread profiles

 InstructionInstruction booklet  booklet  

 Nose angleNose angle indicator indicator

(20)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

M

M

IK-1 kit 

IK-1 kit 

 CCaliperaliper

 Used to measureUsed to measure outside and inside outside and inside diameter in either diameter in either inch or metric units inch or metric units

(21)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

M

M

IK-1 kit 

IK-1 kit 

 TThread gageshread gages

 Used to compareUsed to compare thread form to thread form to determine pitch determine pitch

(22)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

M

M

IK-1 kit 

IK-1 kit 

 TThread profileshread profiles

 Used to shadowUsed to shadow pipe threads for pipe threads for determining

determining nominal size nominal size

(23)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

M

M

IK-1 kit 

IK-1 kit 

 Nose angle indicatorNose angle indicator

 Used to determineUsed to determine

whether nose angle or whether nose angle or se

(24)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

M

M

IK-1 kit 

IK-1 kit 

 Instruction booklet Instruction booklet  (4303-B1)

(4303-B1)

 CContains specificationsontains specifications

for various thread for various thread forms

(25)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

P

P

ort Board

ort Board

 Used to determineUsed to determine male thread size male thread size based on based on comparison with comparison with known threads known threads

(26)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

Other Known

Other Known

TT

hreads

hreads

 TTube nuts or other ube nuts or other components where threads cancomponents where threads can

be used for comparison be used for comparison

(27)

Thr 

Thr 

ead ID

ead ID

T

T

ools

ools

M

M

arkings and

arkings and

TT

ables

ables

 In some cases, fittings are marked with a crossIn some cases, fittings are marked with a cross reference for threads

reference for threads 

 TTables can be used to identify threads based onables can be used to identify threads based on

given characteristics given characteristics

(28)

Identifying

(29)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

1a

1a

.

. Verify

Verify if

if parallel

parallel or

or tapered

tapered

  Visual inspection Visual inspection S

(30)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

1b

1b

.

. Verify

Verify if

if parallel

parallel or

or tapered

tapered

 CCompare with a known parallelompare with a known parallel

S

(31)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

2

2

..

Determine thread pitch

Determine thread pitch

 Use thread gagesUse thread gages S

Stt

eps for Iden

eps for Iden

titi

fy

fy

ii

ng T

ng T

hh

read Forms

read Forms::

B

Bad Fiad Fitt

Goo

(32)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

3a.

3a. Determine

Determine size

size

 MMeasure with caliper or compare easure with caliper or compare with threadwith thread

profile profile S

(33)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

S

Stt

eps for Iden

eps for Iden

titi

fy

fy

ii

ng T

ng T

hh

read Forms

read Forms

3b.

3b.

Determine Size

Determine Size

(34)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

4.

4.

Define thread

Define thread

 TThreads are called out according to the type of hreads are called out according to the type of 

thread thread 

 TThey usually follow a standard pattern and hey usually follow a standard pattern and this isthis is

how they may appear on a print  how they may appear on a print  S

(35)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

4.

4.

Define thread

Define thread

 NNPPT/T/NNPPTFTF -- AAmemerriiccaann PPipeipe TThreadhread

 EExxaammppllee:: 11//44--118 8 NNPTPT

 1/4 = nominal size1/4 = nominal size

 18 = pitch (threads per inch)18 = pitch (threads per inch)

 NNPTPT or Nor NPTPTF usually specified or NF usually specified or NPTPT /N /NPTPTF whereF where

it does not matter if it is either one it does not matter if it is either one

S

(36)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

4.

4.

Define thread

Define thread

 UNUN / /UNUNFF -- UniUnifiefied (d (SAE SAE StrStraigaight ht TThread)hread)

 EExxaammppllee:: 99//1166--118 U8 UNNFF

 9/16 = actual size9/16 = actual size

 18 = pitch (threads per inch)18 = pitch (threads per inch)

 UN or UNF usually specified or UN/UNF where it UN or UNF usually specified or UN/UNF where it  does not matter

does not matter

 UNF is usually used for thread pitch above 1UNF is usually used for thread pitch above 122 TPTPII

S

(37)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

4.

4.

Define thread

Define thread

 BSBSPPTT -- BrBrititisish Sth Stanandadardrd PPipe,ipe, TTaperedapered

 EExxaammppllee:: RR33//88

 R signifies taperedR signifies tapered

 3/8 = nominal size3/8 = nominal size

 TThe pitch is usually assumed based on knownhe pitch is usually assumed based on known

standard standard

 Japanese taper thread would be written asJapanese taper thread would be written as PTPT 3/83/8

S

(38)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

4.

4.

Define thread

Define thread

 BSBSPPPP -- BrBrititisish Sth Stanandadardrd PPipe,ipe, PParallelarallel

 EExxaammppllee:: GG33//44

 G signifies parallelG signifies parallel

 3/4 = nominal size3/4 = nominal size

 TThe pitch is usually assumed based on knownhe pitch is usually assumed based on known

standard standard

 Japanese parallel thread would be written asJapanese parallel thread would be written as PPF 3/8F 3/8

S

(39)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

4.

4.

Define thread

Define thread

 MMeettrricic PParallelarallel

 Example:Example: M22X M22X 1.51.5

 MM signifies metricsignifies metric

 2222 = actual size in mm= actual size in mm

 1.5 = pitch (distance between threads in mm)1.5 = pitch (distance between threads in mm)

S

(40)

Identifying

Identifying

Thr 

Thr 

eads

eads

4.

4.

Define thread

Define thread

 MMeettrricic TaperedTapered

 Example:Example: MM1010X X 1 keg (or tapered)1 keg (or tapered)

 MM signifies metricsignifies metric

 10 = actual size in mm10 = actual size in mm

 1 = pitch (distance between threads in mm)1 = pitch (distance between threads in mm)

 keg is the abbreviation for the German word meaningkeg is the abbreviation for the German word meaning tapered and if the thread is tapered, it will be

tapered and if the thread is tapered, it will be specified

specified

S

(41)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing

t End Sealing

Met

(42)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

Female

Female

PP

ort 

ort 

O-ring in chamfer

O-ring in chamfer

 Available with Available with

 UN/UNF (SAE J19UN/UNF (SAE J19226)6)

 MMetric (ISO 6149)etric (ISO 6149)

(43)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

O-ring in chamfer (

O-ring in chamfer (

MM

ale end)

ale end)

 MM

ost reliable form of 

ost reliable form of 

sealing

sealing

 

 Available in

 Available in

adjustable fittings

adjustable fittings

ISO 6149 has special

ISO 6149 has special

identification

identification

(44)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

Female

Female

PP

ort 

ort 

Spot face sealing

Spot face sealing

 Available with Available with

 MMetric (DIN 385etric (DIN 38522-1)-1)

 BSBSPPPP (DIN 385(DIN 38522--22))

Wide variety of Wide variety of  interchangeab

interchangeable mle maleale ends

(45)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

O-ring in groove

O-ring in groove

DIN 385

DIN 385

22 TT

ype E

ype E

O-ring not round in crossO-ring not round in cross section

section 

 Adjustable not possible Adjustable not possible 

Second in pressure holdingSecond in pressure holding capacity

(46)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

O-ring w/ retaining ring

O-ring w/ retaining ring

DIN 385

DIN 385

22 TT

ype G & H

ype G & H

Separate metal ringSeparate metal ring surrounding o-ring surrounding o-ring 

(47)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

Bonded Seal

Bonded Seal

DIN 385

DIN 385

22 TT

ype D

ype D

Elastomer bonded to metal ringElastomer bonded to metal ring 

Undercut on fitting has taperUndercut on fitting has taper angle

angle 

(48)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

Hard metal seal

Hard metal seal

DIN 385

DIN 385

22

TTypically used on Banjo fittingsypically used on Banjo fittings

Seals by coining surface of port Seals by coining surface of port  

Limited reusabilityLimited reusability 

Useful for Useful for extreme temperaturesextreme temperatures 

(49)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

Soft 

Soft 

MM

etal Seal

etal Seal

DIN 385

DIN 385

22 TT

ype A

ype A

Seal material usually copperSeal material usually copper 

 Adjustable not possible Adjustable not possible 

(50)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

 CC

utting Face Seal

utting Face Seal

DIN 385

DIN 385

22 TT

ype B

ype B

Sharp edge on fitting coinsSharp edge on fitting coins spotface for sealing

spotface for sealing 

Limited reusabilityLimited reusability 

 Adjustable not possible Adjustable not possible 

(51)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

Female

Female

PP

ort 

ort 

 TT

aper threads

aper threads

 Available with

 Available with

 NNPTPT /N /NPTPTF (SAE 476)F (SAE 476)

 BSBSPTPT (DIN 385(DIN 38522--22))

 MMetric taper (DIN 385etric taper (DIN 38522-1)-1)

Sometimes female port has parallel threads

Sometimes female port has parallel threads

(52)

P

P

o

o

r 

r 

t End Sealing Met

t End Sealing Met

h

h

ods

ods

 TT

aper threads

aper threads

Sealing initiated by thread

Sealing initiated by thread

interference

interference

 Additional sealant usually

 Additional sealant usually

required

required

 PP

rone to fatigue failure

rone to fatigue failure

(53)

T

T

ube/Hose End

ube/Hose End

Sealing Met

(54)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

T

T

ube/Hose Ends

ube/Hose Ends

 O-ring face seal (flat face seal)O-ring face seal (flat face seal) 

 3377°° ffllaarree 

 4455°° ffllaarree 

 224°4° flflararelelesesss

 JIJIS 3S 30°0° flflarare ae and nd 6060°° coconene 

 BSI (BSBSI (BSPPPP) 6) 600°° ccoonnee

(55)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

T

T

ube/Hose End

ube/Hose End

 O-ring face sealO-ring face seal

 SAE J1453SAE J1453

 ISO 8434-3ISO 8434-3

 UN/UNFUN/UNF TThreadhread

 Hose,Inch or metricHose,Inch or metric tube

(56)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

T

T

ube/Hose End

ube/Hose End

  3377°° ffllaarree   SAE J514SAE J514   ISO 8434-ISO 8434-22 

 UN/UNFUN/UNF TThreadhread

 Hose, Inch orHose, Inch or metric tube metric tube

(57)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

T

T

ube/Hose End

ube/Hose End

 4455°° ffllaarree

 SAE J51SAE J5122

 UN/UNFUN/UNF TThreadhread

(58)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

T

T

ube/Hose End

ube/Hose End

 224°4° flflararelelesesss

 SAE J514SAE J514

 UN/UNFUN/UNF TThreadhread

(59)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

T

T

ube/Hose End

ube/Hose End

 224°4° flflararelelesesss

 DINDIN 22353353

 ISO 8434-1ISO 8434-1

 MMetricetric TThreadhread

 Hose,Hose, MMetricetric T Tubeube   3 pressure3 pressure series series

(60)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

Hose End

Hose End

 JISJIS CConeone

  B8363B8363   BSBSPPPP TThreadhread   6600°° ccoonnee 

(61)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

Hose End

Hose End

 JIS FlareJIS Flare

  B8363B8363   BSBSPPPP TThreadhread   3030°° flflararee 

(62)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

Hose End

Hose End

 Komatsu FlareKomatsu Flare

 MMetricetric TThreadhread

 1.5 mm pitch (all1.5 mm pitch (all sizes)

sizes)

 3030°° flflararee

(63)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

Hose/

Hose/

PP

ort End

ort End

  BSBSPPPP conecone   BS B5BS B5220000   BSBSPPPP threadthread   6600°° ccoonnee 

(64)

T

T

ube End Identification

ube End Identification

Hose/

Hose/

PP

ort End

ort End

 NNPTPTF/NF/NPPSSMM

 SAE J516SAE J516

 NNPTPT /N /NPTPTF male threadF male thread

 NNPPSSMM female threadfemale thread

 3030°° chchamamfefer r or or 6060°° coconene

(65)

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r 

r 

ic

ic

2

24

4°° F

Flla

a

r 

r 

eless

eless

Fittings

Fittings

(66)

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r 

r 

ic 24°

ic 24°

Fla

Fla

r 

r 

eless Fittings

eless Fittings

Identify markings

Identify markings

 MManufacturers logoanufacturers logo

 MMaterial codeaterial code

 TTube sizeube size

(67)

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r 

r 

ic 24°

ic 24°

Fla

Fla

r 

r 

eless Fittings

eless Fittings

Determine

Determine

TT

ube Size

ube Size

(68)

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r 

r 

ic 24°

ic 24°

Fla

Fla

r 

r 

eless Fittings

eless Fittings

Determine

Determine

TT

ube Size

ube Size

(69)

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r 

r 

ic 24°

ic 24°

Fla

Fla

r 

r 

eless Fittings

eless Fittings

Determine

Determine

TT

ube Size

ube Size

(70)

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r 

r 

ic 24°

ic 24°

Fla

Fla

r 

r 

eless Fittings

eless Fittings

Determine

Determine

TT

ube Size

ube Size

(71)

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r 

r 

ic 24°

ic 24°

Fla

Fla

r 

r 

eless Fittings

eless Fittings

(72)

 Verify with

 Verify with

specification

specification

table

table

Identifying Met

Identifying Met

r r 

iic

c 2

24

4°° F

Flla

a

r r 

eless Fittings

eless Fittings

Tub

Tube e OD OD (mm(mm) ) PresPresssure ure Series Series ThrThread ead ssizeize 4 4 LLLL MM88XX11 6 6 LLL L MM1100XX11 8 8 LLL L MM1122XX11 1 10 0 LLL L MM1144XX11 1 12 2 LLL L MM1166XX11 6 6 LL MM1122XX11..55 8 8 LL MM1144XX11..55 1 10 0 L L MM1166XX11..55 1 12 2 L L MM1188XX11..55 1 15 5 L L MM2222XX11..55 1 18 8 L L MM2266XX11..55 2 222 LL MM3300XX22 2 288 LL MM3366XX22 3 355 LL MM4455XX22 4 422 LL MM5522XX22 6 6 S S MM1144XX11..55 8 8 S S MM1166XX11..55 1 10 0 S S MM1188XX11..55 1 12 2 S S MM2200XX11..55 1 14 4 S S MM2222XX11..55 1 16 6 S S MM2244XX11..55 2 20 0 S S MM3300XX22 2 25 5 S S MM3366XX22 3 30 0 S S MM4422XX22 3 38 8 S S MM5522XX22

(73)

J

J

IS and BS

IS and BS

PP

PP

60°

60°

Cone Fittings

Cone Fittings

(74)

J

J

IS and BS

IS and BS

PP

PP

60

60°° Co

Cone

ne Fi

Fitt

ttin

ings

gs

Differences

Differences

 TThread lengthhread length

 CChamfer diameterhamfer diameter

 Undercut areaUndercut area 

 Function (dual vs single)Function (dual vs single) 

(75)

Hands on Exe

(76)

Standa

Standa

r 

r 

ds Activity

ds Activity

and

and

Indust

(77)

Standa

Standa

r 

r 

ds Activity

ds Activity

 MM

erging of BSI and JIS 60°

erging of BSI and JIS 60°

CC

one Adapters

one Adapters

ISO 16030

ISO 16030

PP

neumatic BS

neumatic BS

PPPP PP

ort 

ort 

(78)

Indust

Indust

r 

r 

y

y

Tr 

Tr 

ends

ends

 MM

etric

etric

TT

ube (plated)

ube (plated)

Elastomeric Seal

Elastomeric Seal

EO-

EO-

22

 MMachineachine TTool Buildersool Builders

ISO 6149

ISO 6149

 Ag Equipment  Ag Equipment MManufacturersanufacturers

(79)

W

W

h

h

at·s available

at·s available

F

(80)

W

Wh

h

at·s Available f 

at·s Available f 

r 

r 

om

om

T

T

FD

FD

K4 AdapteK4 Adapter r ss

TTube Fabube Fabr r icating Equipmenticating Equipment

MetMetr r icic TTubeube

EO and EO-2 Fittings & AccessoEO and EO-2 Fittings & Accessor r iesies

JJIS FittingsIS Fittings

ConveConver r sion Adaptesion Adapter r s ands and PPlugslugs

MetMetr r icic Tr Tr iple-lokiple-lok

MetMetr r ic Seal-lokic Seal-lok

References

Download now ( PDF - 80 Page - 1.58 MB )

Related documents

Differential equations of motion in matrix form of multibody systems driven by electric motors

In addition, the simplified dynamic model obtained by neglecting variation in current of motors is validated by numerical in- vestigation with an overhead crane and a

Combination of Electrocogulation and Aeration Processes by Addition NaCl for Leachate Treatment

organic substances. Organic substances are separated from the solution that the total oxygen used to oxidize organic content in waste is also reduced. In the

DOI: /sjls.2021.v06i Received: Accepted: Published:

We therefore sought to evaluate the clinical characteristics and in- hospital outcomes of our cohort of elderly South-East Asian patients undergoing primary

Increasing Indebtedness and Financial Stability in the United States

worth, with reproducible tangible assets measured on a current cost basis and land measured at market value, was $12.6 trillion, or 3.09 times fourth—quarter gross national product

Performance Improvement of STBC OFDM MC-CDMA with Phase Matrix in Different Channel Models

In this section, the channel model is assumed to be selective fading channel, where the parameters of the channel in this case corresponding to multipaths where two paths are

Market Work and Motherhood Decisions in Contexts

While labour market arrangements, such as part-time opportunities (when well-paid and protected), have a larger impact on the outcomes of women with higher educational

The needs analysis of learning higher order thinking skills for generating ideas

Research findings also showed that among the most difficult assignment to generate ideas for concrete products is PBL assignment in Engineering Drawing II (AutoCAD). Students

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MIND MAPPING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPS TENTANG PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM (Penelitian Tindakan Kelas di Kelas IV SD Negeri Grogol II Kota Cilegon Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020)

Tujuan dari penelitian ini di antaranya : (1) untuk mengetahui keaktifan siswa dalam penerapan model mind mapping untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dalam