Wargames Illustrated 058

(1)

Price

fl.70

I S S N 0 3 5 ? - L q q q

(2)

trlllte AAlnnatuft"es

26 Bowlease Gardens, Ressacarr, Doncaster, South Yorkshire DN4 6AP

Tel: (0302) 530038

FCl9 ON REDESIGNED HI. F52, F63, F64, F65, LRI, LR2, LP1, LP2,

FHENCH OLO GIJAFD 13051315 F 6 2 O d G d c r e i a d i e r m a r c h a n a c k

F 6 7 O d G d c h a s s e u r o f f i . e r F 6 9 O d G d C h a s s e u r E a s e B e a . e r Fc20 o d 6d. chasseur Mou ed oricer

F C z A C h a s s e u , E l r e c o y in o o m 3 n

LFCr Musrereer Mounred 0fiier

LP7 raidwehrOfinerwea, ns Lnewra

HIGH OUAIITY 25mm FIGURES FOR THE WARGAIVI€R AND COLLECTOR DESIGNED BY PETER MORBEY

CATAIOGUEl|NCLUO NCOUs

K I E

When replying to adverts please mention Wargames Illustrated.

Tf,ryl,"t"st

_{futs ,...,}

pLe*e contact

HALLMARX FIqUR€S 30 HAIGII WOD ROAD COOKPJDqE , !€EDS w'YORKS LSI6 6PB

0552 61ho75

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-WAR6A'?|ES _SOUiH 24 CircxErERS CL05E ocKrlt Do (rNq SURREY RH5J8A

ad. oe6n't96

lop Horses.

fllE E|lPEP\OR6 HADQIAXTERS 6744 \.J.tRllNq ?A k RpAD

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nUorgo*roflourlrrtr

K E @ T

The Foundry

Mount Street

New Baslord

Nottlngham

NG7

7HX

IErud..lpiry d.ls oi yd. €r!

Our new phone

numbgr

ls 0602

792002 Our'Fax only' number

is 0602

792209

25mm

NEW RESIN 25mm

Spe.iaUt daisv llor os Mil o .r s.tuic., a ran|. 4 Nialt FUT PACK BAILDNGS. Mod. of..e tiEht wisht fdibt. t si,. .atitt eut with a nod.ttins t'if. UNPNNTED

l .ilocling6id€forquic*sobly shgo Mlrdrlmrth.bar/.hiihbAif qm.d66!

BUILDINGS & SHIPS

B&S.15 PITATE / SMUGCLERS SfiP ?,ieIl5.m Ue figE fM WARGAMES FOUNDRY '?IRAIES&BUCTANEERS n$. B&S.T' N'GCOTHIC 'MEDIEVAL'' STONE

CATEHOUSE WINI ATTACHEI)

1ITF-15THCSNTURY PliE'I2JO

B&s.lt lXCltErS TOWER rvrrH OVETIIEAD MANTLET 13TH-I5THCSNTURY ftieal2jo A&S19 NOMANTJQUE TIMAEN DONJON

lll'Il-IzIIICENTURY Prie!t2J0 A&S20 SANDAAG L€NGTH lSrMM PriE 90p a*S.2r SANDBAGCOnNER Pric 60p A&SI2 ADOBE ITICB W LL SECTION

LENGTEls0nn Ptie 9b B&Sl3 ADOAE 15lhE Irw waLL

sEcTIONLtNCTHrShn Pie 6Q B&SI4 AI}OAE SIEPPED WALL SECTION

LENGTH9onn ftic.60p (aor @ b.lr€n BLDI2 & 23)

Pric? 60p a&sJs sToNt r/ALL SECTTON,

Pric.9b B&S 2a SIONE WAIICOBNER

LENCTHl3ohn Prie 60p B&Srt atilcEaD sloNE WALL sEcTloN

B&S1 T6IN b 136 CENTURY EUIOPEAN Th &Ey rd1 or past boildin& riib.r

ftlft _{%ur. e dNb SDund ,16r Pirt} rn'hdupF floor.'IiLd oof eirh chitu.y

.Frie 13.00 B&S.2 I6IN b 'h CENTURYEUTOPEAN

Singl. doEy dnr o. Fot bildir!, rr,bc f'u. *!nL & dtuh Til.d ef *irh chituy. PiiE t5.m A&SI T6TII TO r8TH C'NTURI EUNOPEAN

Tk Bbcy bs h.B. rinb.r ftu., snrlt &d!6,mudnod *i$ rinb.r upp.r flod. fild tuf *irh chitu.y. Piie $.m B&Srl SMALL SQUAnE ADOAE

Etumn lrigfit of d.F b sunld tu tur SDiubL for N.Afie, S.SFin, S, Anrio-Ptie15'm B &SJ 'U SMPEDADOAE.

Ercnrl flbh of 6GF b dul l*.1suika nd mot SuilbL lor N,Afiq, S.SFin,

A&S? MUD ETSE ROTJND HUTS Thrth.d tuf &iLtft for Afde. NOTA fI-AT PAcIc Prie!3.50 B&S'3 CELTIC XENGE STONES

Slppli.d in Endonsh|p6 Aie5op B&S.9 PANTTLED IIOUSE lrTTH OUTHOUSE

suibtt for sprin, potu3d &srh Aei6. B&S.r0 TWO SIOREY IANnLEO trOUSf, WTTH LAIGE W@DEN BALCONY Sui[bL lor Spdn, poegrl &Srh Ain.do

PiiE 412.00 Bi!S.T1 TWO STOTEY PANTILED DOUBLE

HOUSL FANCY STOND TAI,CONY suibbL fo' sP:iq l\'tuld &srh Ai.no

liie t1200 E&S.I2 LOG WALLED TIIATCHEI} NOOF

DAiX ACE, VIXINO / SAXON AUILDINC P'iE 1'30 B&S.B SMALL TWO SfOREY BTJILDING

WITH 'IIATCHED I@F

B&SJ8 CABIONS (JUST OVER MAN HIGH) l6TH CENTURY oNWARDS Pric. 50p B&Sl9L RCE VIXnC LONCSHIP

9TH.IITH CENTURY B&S3O SMALL IIKINC LONCSHI?

9TII-UTIICENTURY Piic.l3.50 B&S3I NORMANA,IEDITERRANEAN

TRANSMNT TOIJNDSHIP UTH-l3TH CENTURY Prie !l?.50 2oCBC-aaaAD Prie 11030 B&S33 LAIGE ZULU EtlI Aicd5.m B&slaSMAI-LZULtTEUI Pric.I15o B&S35 PILE OF AMMUNTIION AOXFJ,

CRATES & MEALIE EAGS P'ie 6op 8&336 r' SECTION MTAllE aAGS

TtFa Prie4sp A&S 37 1" SECTION MEALIE BACS

TyFB P;e 45p

a&s,, sToNE aasE touND BltTs Thrth.d Fof dibbL 6r Cdb.

NOT A FLAT PACI( _{B&S.I' Mf,DIEVAL ESTUARINE}_PATROL

SHIP WTTII fORWARD CANNON pneft5.m

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25mm /t ElY 25mm

NAPOLEONIC

WARS

Detgn .r by Atn t t lcrel Peiy AIJS] RtA | FAI{TBY 180S15

Fig@s 50p Hoes 6Jp

25mm

NEW

25mm

FPrc s.osirrbhi nue, ffi, F'.'ds'!$|fu|rn|qi'M6M'

Fr.$ n@ cuad, ar r'. 'dy rahthl F & qFd e'd. a,tu Edy. M kr F * rudzo'ff ofr', h.*,4 tltt F! 1ob ru'E2uE ada4Jahr [! !tu

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F'..|f,[email protected]'l'bndd.

F.1& Fn{ q|-@,rh6h.' F'*c|E4|E.o'@.bml

The

Foundry,

Mount

Street,

Nelv

Basford,

Nottingham

NG7

7HX.

Tel:

0602

792002

Fax:

0602

792209

TIIE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN

WAR (1 870-7

1)

D.siSn dbt Mich4el & Alan P,ry Figw 50p, Ho$s 65p.

FPeFEId]6|s'!ld'411ir'4' F rr Fcd' d.rbi. sEdc.tft ta, F.P Fd6 ddsn. rilod(.b.., kd.

F4F'[email protected]*d'k4i

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(5)

The

Foundry,

Mount

Stleet,

New

Basford,

Nottingham

NG7

7HX.

Tel:

0602

792002

Fax:0602

792209

P P l s @ F 9 g h e u p ' n @ . d @ ' |6cdinlilhdnd*i'l'i'l.dd PP.2|jclEoot'tp-|h-c4|n.d'a PP3ch.4''0'1p..'dffi'bcdiE3' PPrcn'!fl'.pdddn'bdldiEi PPJclEoiio'[email protected]|dils. ppnch{!|'10'.pddm.|hjaigs FFJchaia'lF0g5.|hm@i45 P'''c|E4i4.!pets'|ii.@ia! d6 rd. sr4 s ry6 hdmd ','9c|E'oi|l.'.,ed'm'1h6&id. ntio hdn{ FP.ro cbtq,rsovglm,InaUs PP'eEdds4hg,[email protected] jdn, cMdd hdn.r sb € 6, rrtis h$d si'oal6*'*duB]9h!3H.t odd'E,g€jrelad'y,|haidn3

25mm

NEW 25mm

THE PERSIAN

& PELOPONNESIAN

WARS

RANGE

49OBC-39OBC

FIRST RELEASE

PELOPONNESIAN

WAR : ATHENS & SPARIA

F?3sdho'.dy'rya'ddm'|h.i rd€'d,0, rF.' d@, rh.i @iot

"^ NEW,t^^

THEGREAT

WAR

1914

to l9l8

D6i'|.db,Day.A|ddB oY,er Fqrh ctardE, th'm*jnnrd P9'''s''d]i{dny'.,,u'n'm'Inm F'gsdngd''|fdudffi,|h. d@. rab r'n.n h.rnn l|?'9.sbidn0cd''!!dup.!h!|n. fr.o ssdhe dy, lFd uFln rina P'!'sbdhg?dy'!p!F!h'|ha tr2 sdhg d .e, *d usilhr !h oE rt.3 sbdhs d .s..rd lsnhq !h.tr

PPI4E]dcmicrT,qho.!pwdm riih tsdin. ftEis hdmd PP.l'fubd6'0i.q.!Fddm' Pt13 tututi!,!Pdffi, pelt tutudno,BPdffi, PP'sFbdmid4n9'!pd'ddm' '''l.Elddeidwlio'lF.rd.M' ill(.dfihd6l(Abhdn, P?.!'t.d!e6'!F.rddn'nddlg P ' 5 c h 4 ] E ' B p d g h ' a d . A | o . l't!ctaq'!gd.lm'gm!,lh P'.scr.ahg'lgddn'|huoi|s' FPnrch{!ho'.p&iddm'|h.i@@ D.ngn .l bt Daid Gollaght 25nn NEW 25nn

THE WAR OF 1812

(Nth.America l8l2-15) D.,i3tu bt ^t uqno| .rF Hudm !hL( lodr ra rum m ur 5n R.arm' h''d hbrr md"0.

25mm CHINESE 1839-1900 Dosign€d by Alan & Mlchagl P€rry BRITISH INFAI{TRY IN SHELL JACK. (Fi6i OpumWar 183942, F6r AlCh.n TP36 Otrcer €n@uraoino m€n. s@rd TP40 lnlalllfrmd marchino

IP4 | lda r;nan advandn-o. hoh oone TPa2 Inianriman adv6^cinq, - l€i,elbn

AFGHAN 'FIAESMEN t639t9oO

D..lo.ed _-FlsuB!bv Al.n A lch!61 Porry 50p Ho*. 65p rMcavrs sddd b.a6,.-€D

rMc:tts a,trzish'no oza abov. h3ad. rulbai rMcavr69 srqd cisad Lufran

rMH3 Edsr od ano: rds @ded LMH. Bde a.r@nq. r4s qatEd

MHG Nari€ Dni, qd ann rs dtrdd rMHTNahepony'ga|o9ing'|eo,o.s.Ed rMHe a6hm 6bnni. r6is @'h€,ad

Posr & Packinq ror rhs U.K. Odels Lrp lo t15.00 add 15% Behteen S15.00 and E30.00 add r0%

Belween $0.00 and €50.00 add 5% over !50 post paid Minimum p&p 50p

Eu.oD.:

Add 30% (Posllqe nor irsed witt be cr6dned) USA & AunEli.:

Add 50% lor Ak Mail lPostage nor used witt be crsdned)

.CATALOGUE'

Llst Only lllustr.ted unllcd Klngdon 60p e2.50 Europ€ f1.20 43.50 RBt ot Abrd e2.00 e4.50

sTocKtsTs

WARGAMES FOUNDBY @U@ EM' @idndatau U.K ktu, .nd nat

BELGIUM IREIAND

UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA FiANCE

SWEOEN

OUR RANGES

fN flJlt cREDtr caRD oRoER - 15

(6)

Waeames lllustated ls published on the last Thursday ol each month by: Stalagem Publications Lid., 1 8 Lovers Lane, Newark, Notts. NG24 lHZ Tel: 0636 71973 EolTORr Duncan lvacfadane. TYPESETTING & REPRODUCTION BY: Pressptan Se ices Ltd. PRINTED in England. DISTFTBUTOFS: Comag Magazine l\,larketing, Tavislock Boad, West Drayton, Mddlesex UB7 7OE. USA: Th€ Emperois Headquarters. 5744 West lrving Palk Road, Chicago, lllinois 60634- Tel:3i2 777 8668. CANADA: RAFIV Company Inc., 20 Parkhi Road East, Cambridge, Oniario, Canada, N1R 1P6 AUSTFALIA: Ray Complon, Essex Miniatures Ltd.,9 Lowanna Place, Homsby, NSW 2077. FRANCE: Jeux de cuerre Diffusion. 6 rue de lreissonier, Paris 75017.

SUBJCiIP?IOIS for 12 issuesof Waroames lllustlaled are !22 in ths lJ.K.

Europe & rcst of Woid sudace: 126. Rest of Worid airmail: f36. BACI( IUflBERS All issues exceot nos. 1 . 2 & 3 are slill available at t2 each oosl oaid.

Back numbers ol our occasional soecial extra oublication Wargames Wo d are also still avaihble: Nos. 2. 3, 4: !2.40 post paid: No.5 !1 .80 posr paid.

BIIDIRS lor Wargames lllustrated (capacily 12 issr.iss). BindeE for Wargamss World also avaihble. Same capacily, same price. Price:C6 iosl paid in lJK.

Resl ol World: add tl .50 exrra Dosraoe.

F o|rt! STnATAG!n PUariCrrtO[' rro.,

It lov.rt l.n., I.r.tk, Xclt.. IGza fHZ,lngl.nd,

Front cover photo: Ttro Sponish banalions nake their legol Aebut! These Napoleonic petiod Spanish _{trcops appear herc fol} the firct tine withitl the law of copyright: thet hat'e prcvious\ appearcd elsewherc without the blessing of legality! (photo cory,right Dunan Macfarlane & Strutagen Publications Ltd.)

Raventhor?e

Mlnlat(rres

2 Bygol Lrne, Ct€!!y Bsrtoq E!l'.dey, Hiunber.tde rd:0964551027

IfEWWWU tlmsE PIRATIOOPERS

v J l % " o a d @ 6 r u

MCi Pbk rrtugtug Vq $. Mu . P@Bdoop;r rnompiisMc y ! 6 F h q w c z , 6 . p

M69 Padffiddsai5id

R6tudmntut r 6 hr!r@hq30P P3Pi@ Mdae6

AUSTRALIAN SUBSCRIPTION RATES

FOR WARGAMES ILLUSTMTED

A l z rssue Ju Dscnptron ror wargames lllusrateo ls available @ $65 (includinqpgt^q packinS) Back ssues

Telephone oriers accepted for: Bankcard. Mastercard and Visacard.

J,o

ESSEX

MINIATURES

AUSTBALIA

9 LOWANNA

PLACE,

HORNSBY

2077

N.S.W. AUSTRALIA.

Tel: 02-477 6696

Pag€ 12 lanw€€kley 14 Mikelngham 20 J.H.Aird 26 Richard Cla*e 30 Johnsha.ples 32 Stephen Simp6on 35 Roberl Morgan 38 Paul Stevemon 44 John D. Smith 5l Classified Ads

SETTING THE STANDARDS!

Dalml€r Armoured Car lcI

M

Humb.r Llghl F..on Car Mk, 3

Lbln T.nt l|||Vll '|'lE..n

D.lmr€r AhouEd C.r k.I

fuldh.rq6D

922

E$y to e!r€nbl., toP qu.llry, All In hlghly detalled r :76 3ele

fub'|.dq-u(1.'|fuq15'(\o||5d

(7)

TOTHE

REDOUBI92

EASTBOURNE

MEN

AT ARMS

WARGAMES

SOCIFIY

OPEN

DAY

OT

Eosfbourne

Redoubl

Royol Porode, Seolronl

July 25-26 1992

Wolgome Disploy ond Podicipoion Gornes Re enoclment Groups

Trode Slonds Pize DIow Poinling Compelition Historicol Quiz icl Kidsl

Bor ond Teo Room Adrnlrslon! 92.00 Cl .00 OAP! & Chlldlen

,rh4ioo pd€ trouoa styrcru ea Hsni RoYA sussD( & coMBrNo sRvlC$ Mr.6RrM wnnE e€dd (ond FrdF dmvlr Fns Dlo30

itox.lb.r€rs derhw ^rMd/ r$idlB

7

92Yflff,tffi;

Publlc Padlclpatlon

Games

Fantasy Role Play Gamea

Modolllng

& Palnllng

Competltlong

B ng & Buy Sale

Trade

Stands

Saturday

August

1st

Adam Hous€. Chamb€ls Sl. Edinburch Doors open 10.00 am - 4.30 ph

Admlsslon

t1.00

Tha Scottsh NatDnd In$itution

in Aid of @ :l;:",::x

P.ten|€rl bt the Solth East Scottand warytu., Ctub

When replying to adverts please nention Wargames Illushated.

Due to expansion

our new address

is:

Front

Rank

Figurines

"The Granary"

Banbury

Road

Lower

Boddington,

Daventry,

Northants.

N N 1 1 6 X Y

Tel: (0327)

62720

Regards

Fax: 0327) 60569

Alec Brown

PLEASE

NOTE

- The Drum will still be stocking

an extensive

range

of our figures

at their

shop.

(8)

8

HEROICS

& ROS

FIGURES

1A00th SCALE METAL FIGURES fl.40 Packs containino 50 infantrv or 20 Cavalry or 6 Guns & Crew

:1:t: ::riitrl:11T." idflL'l iilll,L?s'in o, ;;iii #;;'ff;:&"",

re, ,,:::t;".,,,,,..s

H E R O I C S

& R O S

F I G U R E S

Unit

12,

Semington

Turnpike,

Semington,

Trowbridge,

Wilts.8A14

6LB,

Engtand.

Tet:

0380

870228

Fax:

0380

871045

(9)

REDOUBT ENTERPRISES

49 CHANNEL VIEW ROAD,

T E L : 0 3 2 3

32801 FAX:

EASTBOURNE,

o32S 6497n

EAST SUSSEX BN22 7LN

(DBAWING MADE FROM ACTUAL MODEL)

* * * * * *

horseholder.

f2.30

VIKING

RAIDING

SHIPWITH

CREWAND

WARRIORS

A magnificent

resin and metal llat bottomed

kit, made by Redoubt

Enterprises

and Village

Green.

The

boat is 58mm wide and 238mm

long without the figureheads.

Comes

complete

with fourteen

rowing

Viking

figures.

a Viking

tillerman,

tive other

assorted

Viking

warriors

including

a Berserker

biting

his

shield,

two tigureheads,

two scrollwork

heads,

oars,

shields,

tiller,

mast

and

furled

sails.

* * * * * *

Viking

Boat

plus

crew

f29.50

plus

f3.00

p&p Unpainted

Boat and crew painted

to a high quality standrd

€80,00

plus e3.00

p&p

EUROPE

o&D

f9.50

* OUTSIDE

EUROPE

D&D

f14.50

The boat without figures may be purchased

separately

from Village

Green

for f20.45 plus p&p

* * * * * *

Also

new

this month

for the New

Age Renaissance

range,

Henry

Vlll in full armour

carrying

his helmet,

mounted

on a horse

with lavishly

decorated

Tudor Rose

armour and a Yeoman

ofthe Guard

* * * * * *

PLEASENOTE: AS FROM lsrJULY 1992ALL FOOT FIGURES WILL 8E,rsp AND HOnSES 65p lN THE PENINSULAR AND AEBOTTS RANGES, MAKING THEM COMPATIBLE WITH THE PRICES FOR THE'MARCH OR

DIE'AND 'NEW AGE' RANGES OF FIGURES.

Pl€as6 send f2,00forthefully illustrat€d and comprehensively updated cslelogue of Redoubt and AbboG 1ang63 including Peninsuler, March o. Die, Renaissance and Napoleonic Naval, as w6ll asthe ship's boatand Viking

ship.

Po.i4.: uK a BFFO 10X ol oder, m

y.".xT,",ric?g;*,t"frlliff*,|r."fi",:, choquos(bur nor F@nd,ch.qu.8"on d3E$p,sas,. Funhao6 ando,'m.io,crodhedi od.E6eivrd bvb'.Dhon.wirl

6|c x aflrrsla: MINIATUFE SEnMCE CENITR, 15?5 3ndq6163, Y

E

(10)

1 0

B.rcl.yc.rd & A@6 Ord.6 W.lcom€ T.l.phon. toushborelgh 21 3749 24,HOUR ANSAFON€ SERVICE FOF CNED|T CARD ORDENS ANO INOt'IRIES

OUT OF NORMAIWORKING HOUFS

Mail Ordor Addr6lsl 28 BROOK STREET

WYMESWOLD LOUGHBOROUGH

L E I C E S T E R S H I R E T.l€phone: O5O9 2137a9

LIMITED

Fax No: 0509 230874

S KYTR

EX 1,/ zooth Vl ETNAM RA N G E suPra'LYiErartcD

This rangs has creared a ssnsation at rsc€nt convenrions. Ths modets BUJ TH9EJEST You set new standards _{for dda'l and qualily. The scal€ is id63l lor th€ cl5ssrc oisieiofurlo} Vietnan ambush or oerimeler asE€ull .ctlons. As with all our oroducrs

rhe range willb€ expanded ro introduce more scenarios. VIETXAII II{FAI'ITRY PACKS

vsr Nva hrdry Sq0rd vs2vidcong|nl.nllysqu'd vs4svNhl.n|fysqu.d v s 5 U ' s ' M . . i n 6 | n h n l , y s q , vs7 V.C.H.M.G. rMr 70P |o9 $!l.fubhn€eh6.!l|c' .D-cd|t4..l,si|dn vtET{Ar| VE]flCrES v s M l l s s l h c E , o n b p vs2.r M50 Al oNros 106nh sPG vs?'$r,ra vldn.mid iild.1

FROM THE DBUU

U.S. RIVERINE

CRAFT

v N ? M o n t o l w | 6 h d i P d

v rs slmpdn tr2)

HELICOPTEFS

vS9 odcunn.EldcrEl

HUNDREDS TiORE WW2 & MODERN T,IODELS ON THE FULL LISTS

AUSTNAIIAN AGENT BATTIEFIEIO 50 Clbrold P.r.d., C.mp.i., N.S.W. Au.l..li.,

POSTAGE & PACKING U K 10% ordervalue

ovsr ag poi lree. EFPO (Eu.ope)as above BFPO (Ourside Europe)

30% order Europe 2o%odel U S A _] i;;::;^-- ) so%order WE ACCEPT BAFCLAYCAFD, A C C E S S . E A N K A M E R I C A F D , EUROCAFO, VISA. CHAFGEX, & M A S T E R C H A R G E . J U S T SENO YOUF CAiO NUMBEB ANO EXPIRY OATE

1992

SKYTREX

CATATOGUE

€2.50

POST

FREE

COASTAL FORCES

"Fiohr _{ior rhe Narow}_seas" lA;hscele meral models

by TAITON

COASTAL FORCES STARTER PACK E'.OO

conrains models, rules.

BRMSH

FORCES

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(11)

1 l

TABLETOP

GAMES

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(12)

THE MARKET

AT BHOWEIPORE

by lanWeekley of Battlements

It is many years now since I devised the fictitious name, Bhowelpore, as a location for models to form features in a 'Raj' scenario. The first item was a small residenry for Duncan (our editor) which appeared in lssJ€ No.19 of Miniature Waryames when he was editor of that magaz ine. Time has mov ed on and in the intenening yeals I have made Indian castles for frontier warfare, the walls of 'Deli-Bhowelpore', and various houses. Many ofthese went io the USA and some may be seen on the \{argames tables of Todd Fisher at "The Emperor's Headquar, terd' in Chicago.

A recent request from Todd was for an lndian market place -in fact a covered or roofed market. Illustrated is such a market. either purpose-built or the adapted palace of a pdnce or wealthy merchant. I added a few extra details to give the arched building mponance n any

wargame-A courtyard area, walled in with blind arcading and entered by a domedgatehouse, adds interest and game potential to the scene. One of the wall arches in fact opens as a posi€m gate - a useful weakness in any defence of the area!

Within the long, low building would be the stalls and booths ofa wide variety oftraders. Such abazaarwould, no doubt, be constantly thronged with merchants and their clients, revolu-tionaries, politicians and shady characten - Muslim or Hindu plotting the downfall of the British in late nineteenth century India. The model should add variety as a further ingredient in 'Raj' 25mn street fighting !

CONSTRUCTION

The markot and its flat roofing was assembled hom 3mm plywood and the archways fretted out €arefuly, usinga'master' to draw out each archway in turn,

Pllwood for the cou(yard's 'blind' arcading was made of two pieces of ply glued together to get a thicker type of wall and one of the arches is in fact a gateway, hinged to open, as already

For some time I have had a useful, growing spare parts box of urethane castings. Domes of all shapes and sizes and columns of various lypes and scales have been tumed on my colleague Tony Odell's lathe and €ast for me by D.J. Plastics at Wattlefield, Norfolk. These Indian-style domes or minaret tops were to be useful in this model one on a turet at each end ofthe bazaar building and a larger dome on the gatehouse. Tony also produced the metal castings for me at Felixstowe, which were superglued to the top of domes. (I also have crosses for churches, spires, etc from Tony's skilled hands, to use as required).

The bazaar building and the walls and gatehouse were all painted using matt household paints (undercoat) and some celulose sprays on the blue/gr€en Islamic domes, which gives the latter a slight translucent glow.

MODEL MEASUREMENTS

12

1 I

SIMON'S SOLDIERS

A plofessional paintiEg seqce for wargameG by a watgm€r All scal€s caiercd for (up to 1 10rm) bui 15lm a spedaliitY, with a

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(13)

A variety of figures animate the scene by 'willie' (Tmdition Palm trees by Dean Forest Figues. Intemational) and John Rav at 30mm.

(14)

MARISI'RIANRUTES

As used at the Wargames

Hollday Centre

by Mike Ingham

Mike's Marlburian rules were written one Thu$day

evening - just 24 hours before the first Marlbudan. fighting guests arrived at the W.H.C. For an off-th€-culf, totally unplay.tested set of rules for a multi-player game they work quite rvell! Try 'ern.

1. PERIOD

SEQUENCE

1- Compulsory rnoves. (Routs, Retreats, Reform after 2. Charge declarations.

3. Chargers check morale.

4. Unils being charged check monle. (Computsory rerreats e t c . )

5. Move charging units.

6. Nornal movement. (Including strategic movement. ₎ 7. Artilleryfire.

8. Snallarms fire. (Charging units check morale ifhit.) 9. Melees.

10. Morale checks. (For receiving casualties. seeing friendly routs, attempting to rauyetc.)

2. ORGANISATION

lnfantry - Battalions of 16 men (sometimes 12 for British Grenadiers and dismounted dmgoons) orga-nised in 4 "stands" of4 figures per stand. Cavalry - Regiments of 12 men (rnust operate as a

regiment in base-to-base conuct organised in 6 "stands'of2 _figures_{per stand.}

Artilery - Healy Field cuns operate individually with a crew of4 figures pergun model. Battalion cuns (3 crew figuret must accompany rhe parent infantry unit at alltimes.

To form a square inside one turn infantry must throw one d6. To successfully complete the formation change the foltowing die-roll isrequired.

Guards: Anything except a6 Grenadiers: Anything except a 5 or6 L i n e : A n y t h i n g e x c e p t a 4 , 5 , or6 R a w T r o o p s i R e q u i r e a 1 o r 2

Failure to execute the formarion change in the fiffr move means the unit is classed as unformed; if conracted by the enemy ir will fire 7, the total number of figures.

C a v a l r y - T h e r e a ' e rso allowable f o r m a l i o n s . l Column-i.e.2 f i g u r e s w i d e

2 . L i n e - i . e . more t h a n 2 f i g u r e s w i d e Cavalry change frontage at the rare of 2 figures per 74rurn. i.e. they can expand orco.tract frontage by 8 figures p€r tum. Note ihat this means a fullregiment will take more than one futl tum to change from column to a single rank line.

A cavalry column may turn 90 degrees and form up in a single rank line bytaking |l a rurn.

Cavalry also iakes y, a turn to change frontage 180 degrees. Wheeling is for

infantry-Movement distances: Line-8" (Charge- 16") Column 12" (On Road 18") Adjuslments: Hussars+2"

Charging uphill -2" Cuirassiers -2"

* In the Marlburian period the cavalry of differenr nations tbught in a vervdifferent manner andthis isreflected in the rules

Ahhough all cavalry rnay'move ro conracr'against allrypes of enemy, only British, Dutch and Danish cavalry may doso ar the "charge" speed. These latter nationalities will inflict greater casualtiesin melee (see melee section) butmaynot fire. (In fact Marlborough gave instructions that his cavalry was only to be issued with 3 rounds of ammunition perman, and this was to be used strictly forforaging andself-defence in ambushes.) Artill€ry

Although Heavy Field Guns may be positioned together in batteies they are each classed as individual units for rnovement

It takes a full move to limber or unlimber Field cuns (i.e. they may not fire on the turn they unlimber). It alsotakes a fu tum to change the facingofan artillery piece (i.e. no firinglhar turn).

Battalion guns are much lighter pieces which must remain in base to'base contact with the parent infantry unit. They are assumed to be manhandled by rhe crews. Ifthe parent infantry unit is in column then the gun is considered limbered. If the infantry unit is in line or square then the gun is considered unlimber€dand may{ire.

Artillery units may not enter villages or cross walls, hedgesor streams (except as the umpire may direct).

Mov€m€nt dislances: Heavy Field cuns 4'(6"onroads) Battalion Guns Move as Infantry

3. FORMATIONS

AND MOVEMENT

Infantry - There are only three allowable formarions for Infantry.

1. Lin€ : i.e. 2 figures deep 2 . C o l u m n : i . e . 2 fi g u r e s w i d e

3, Square:i.e. equalnumbers facing 4 direcrions

To change fuom one fomation to another takes one full tum exceptthat forming asquare may take 2 full tums, dependingon the class of troops and a random die{oll. (See below.)

To turn about (180 degrees) or to turn 90 degrees takes halfa Wheeling is executed by pivoting on rhe inside figure. Movement by the 'outside' figure is at normal speed.

Squares are permanently immobile-Movement dislrnces: Line - 4" (Charge 6')

(15)

15 Stra(egic Movement

Any unil may use strategic movement prcvidedthat:

there is no form€d, visible enemy within 30'throughout the - the unit isin column throughout the move.

Distanc€s: In{antry18" Cavalry 30'

Artillery 12"

(All plus 6" if entirely on road.)

PAF 19 L]NESI\,IAN 4 POINI STANCE PAfl2 0B Ar r rir 0f scRrM[,rAGf PAf.24 Ho[oER fof PracE( c(rR PAf 25 SIAND NG fOOIsAtrtF

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4. FIRING - ARTILLERY

The effect of artillery fire depends on the number of crew figures present, th€ type oftarget and the range ro the target. Ranges

Heavy Field Gun Battalion Gun

Canist€r Medium Long 12' 3U' 60'

6' 12' 24"

Throw one de€imal die for each surviving crew figure. Ifthe result is equal to orgreaterthan the score required below then a casuahy is inflicted. (Battalion guns which noved throw one less dice than ifstationaN).

Canister 5 4 3 6 6 6 5 4 Targ€t Type lnfantry Line lnfantry Column lnfantry Square lnfantry in Hard Cover Open Order tnfantry Deployed Artillery Single Rank Cavalry OtherCavalry Mediun Long 7 9 7 9 6 8 9 1 0 8 i{J 9 1{J 8 9

Maximum angle of fire is 30 degrees either side. Any greater deviation requires re-facingofthe piece. which means nofiring thatturn.

Separate anillery pieces must fire at separate targets ifthey are available at the same or shorter range. (i.e. there is no concentration of fire). The exception is where the C in C has ordered fire on a village or earthwork, in which case the fire must continue until a general visits the artillery pieces to change the order.

WARGAMES FIGURES PAINTED

to collectols standards. Send SAE or turo IRCS for pdce lisi to: D. Seagrove,

THE LAST DETAIL

196 Parlaunt Road. Lanqlev, Slough, Berkshire SL3 8AZ

Moved this turn Long range Shaken

Versus hard cover (villages, earthworks, walls. dense 4

- 4 - 4 - 4

Small Arms Ranges: 0-4': Short 4-8": Medium 8 12": Long

Front 2 ranks nay fire (both infantry and cavalr)). Maximum angle 30 degrees.

Guards fire at lyreffect (i.e. 12 nen fire as 18).

Grenadiers and Elites fire at 17a effect (i.e. l2men as 15). Stationary tioops fire before rnoving troops (otherwise sirnul-Y, period to reload muskets.

Roll 2 d6 dice and consult rhe fire/melee chart making the appropriate adjustments.

For firing these are:

+4 First volley (infantry only) +4 Shon range

+2 British, Dutch & Danish infantry

+2 Rested muskets (v'llages. earthworks, walls, fences) +1 Each target rank more than 2 (ifin range)

5. FIRING

- INI'ANTRY AND CAVALRY

4 Disordered

2 Versus open order. deployed anillery, single rank cavalry -2 Versus soft cover (hedges. open woodt

2 Mounted firing

N.B. Any unit within 2" of the rear of the target unit counts as partofthe target when assessing the number ofranks.

Fi.ing when being cherged

when a unit is beingcharged il nust check to see the effect ofits fire, i.e. short, medium or long range effect. This will be reflected in the die-roll modifier. This effect has nolhing 1o do with the distance rhat the chargers moved, rather it depends on the class or training of the troops being charged. Simply roll one d6 and consult the table:

Troop TJpe | 2 3 4 5 6

Guardlnfantry Med Med Med Shorl Short Shorr Or€nadiersiElire Infantry Med Med Med Med Short Short British Line Infantry Long Med Med Med Shon Short Line Infantry. all Cavalry Long Long Med Med Med Short

Raw Troops, Long Long Long Med Med Med

(16)

Thtee pics of Ma burian toops in adian at the Waryames _{Holidal Cenie. The bagga,e train and buildings above forn part of lr} W.H.C. colkction asnd were painkd & suatch-built t?ipectivelt by the Scimitar Group's Pete Duckworth. Opposite (top): srroDs Frcnch Infannt in a firc frght with a line ol Pru:sian battolions, supporkd by Dulch. The exce ent fla4s bome by the Confeilerutes are from Revo. Figures arc 25mm Statagem. Lower shot has 25mm Dutch Infantry advancing through @ hamleaolThe Drum's rer,n buidings. (These particular battalian: arc only at the WHC i'hen the Graf von Neuwirk marches no h!)

6. MORALE-INT'AIYTRY AND ARTILLERY

Reasons for Testing 1. To instigate a charge. 2. When receiving a charge.

3. Infantry or artillery contacted by cavalry. 4. Loser of melee round.

5. Casualties earlier in the period.

6. Seeingafriendly unit routing within 12'. 7. Attemptingio rally from rout or retreat.

IDIa ry - Throw one avenge die for each 4-man 'stand' still lefr in tle battalion (i.e. one die for each 4 men or part).

An cry - Throw one alerage die for each surviving crew member.

Add or subtract the following increments: +6 Guards

+5 Grenadiers or Elites +3 Regularline

+ 1 Anillery/Dismounted DragoonyRaw Line

-1 Casualties this period -1 Eneny within 12"

- 1 Each friendly rctreat within 12' -2 Each rout within 12"

-2 Charged by Infaotry -2 I-oser of Melee round -4 Charged by Cavalry -2 Disordered

-2 Shaken -4 In Retreat -6 In Rout

To count as \upport' for morale purposes, a unit musl be above half strength, in line and not 'shaken' or worse. Cavalry may count as support for infantry and artillery. Anillery never count as support. Routing cavalry do count against the morale of both infantry and artillery.

Res0lts > 1 8 : 13-t7 : 7-72 | 6 o r l e s s :

O.K., unit continues to follow orders

SHAKEN, infantry may not advance, anillery may not fire.

RETREAT, 6" move away from enemy, (artil, lery take guns)

ROUT, 12'move away ftom enerny, (aniuery abandon guns)

+3 For 12 man Battalion (ie original stength = 12 figures) +2 For Hard Cover

+2 No Enemy within 18' +1 l-ess than l0% casualties +1 Within influence of a ceneral +l Each secure Flank

+l Each support within 6"

N.B. Shaken units will recover automatically after 1 period unless they are forc€d to test again. Retreating and routing units must attempt to rally (same prccedure) each tum. This may rcsult in a rctreat tumins to rout,

(17)

(18)

t 8

7. MORALE_CAVALRY

There are two types of cavalry morale check. The first occurs when a unit attempts to charge or re€eives a charge, when it tak€s fire casualties or when it loses a melee.

Roll one average die. If the resulr is less than the number of 'standd remaining _{then the unit is O.K. (e.g. a regiment}of 12 men has lost 3 figures. Therefore it has 5 'stands' remaining and needs to roll 4 or less to follow orders). Guard and Elite Cavalry needs to roll less than or equal to the number of remaining stands to be o.K.

lfnot O.K. then: Routftom melee (16")

: Rout fron fire ifcharging (16") : Retir€ from fire ifnot charging (8").

Automatic O.K. next move. : Hak if attemptingto charge.

The second type of morale check occurs when cavalry h attemptingto rally{romrout. Each unit receives only2attempts to rally. If both attempts fail then the unit is removed completely.

Roll one die for each 'stand' remaining. If any of the dice show a 6 then the unit rallies. Die-roll adjustm€nts:

+l Ifcavalry is Guard or Elite

+ I If unit is ac€ompanied by a general -l IfHussars or French Dragoons

8. MELEES

Cavalry vs. Cavalry

Firstly, remember that though all cavalry may mov€ tocontact, only British, Dutch, and Danish may move at charge movement rate. Other nationJ cavalry which is charged whilsr nor within range of the enemy may attempt to countercharge or receive the charge at the hah after firing.

If O.K. then check morale of unit receiving charge.

- lf charging unit receives casualties then it must check morale again. (No support fire allowed from neighbouring units.) - Roll one d6 for each cavalryman inthe front rank:

British, Dutch, Danish charging, kill with 4, 5, or 6. Other nations countercharging kill with 5 or 6. Stationary cavalry ( a l l ) k i l l w i t h 6 .

- Loser of melee must check morale, if O. K. then fight on. - Other units may reinforce (ifwithin range).

- 3 rounds of melee maximum. Incr€m€nts

Cuirassiengain I dice in 3 (eg 6 figures roll 8 dice). - HussaElose l dice in2 (eg 6 figures roll3 di€e).

- French Dragoons lose l dicein 3 (eg 6 figures roll4 dice). Csvalry v!. Infantry or Artillery

- Cavalry must get O.K. morale resultto charg€.

- lnfantry/Artillery must also check morale once charge has started.

Delenders will fire: if they inflict casualties then chargers must che€k morale again in order to move tocontact.

- Anillery will firecanister automatically, infantry must check the fire-effect table. (See SmallArmsFire.)

- Once cavalry are in contact they roll one d6 for each figure: B r i t i s h , D u t c h & D a n i s h k i l l w i t h 3,4,5 or 6. Other nationalities kill with 4, 5 or 6. Any cavalry against infantry square need 6,

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- Cavalry receive the same increments as in an all cavalry melee, i.e. Cuirassiers gain one dice in 3, Hussanlose l dice in 2, French Dragoons lose l dice in 3.

Infantry vs. Infantry/Artillery

In{antry may only charge (move to contact) in the following

l. Defenders are shaken infantry. 2. Defenden are in hard cov€r. 3. Defenders are artillery. |ltoc€dure

- Chargen che€k morale. - Defenders check morale.

- Defenders fire (artillery automatic canister).

- If chargers take casualties they must che€k morale again. - Move charger! ro contacl. ftonl2 ranks fight.

- Roll 2 d6 and consult the Fire/Melee Chart, using the following increments and die-roll modifierc.

Guards fight as I y? men ( 12 figures fight as 18). GrenadiedBlites fight as lya nen (12 fight as 15). +4 Charying -4 Shaken

+4 In hard cover -2 Disordered

- Losersmust test momle;as long as they don'tretreat or route then melee continues. Anyunitwithin range may reinfor€e if morale O.K. (maximum 3 rounds).

- The winner ofmelee must spend one full period refoming.

Ottosife Casualty table (remove whole figures). Number of figur€s liring acrocs the top; ffring factor at left,

(19)

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(21)

JOHNHAIT'KWOOD

- the En$tsh Condottlere

by J. H. And

In Fourtcenih Century ltaly a system of war-making evolved thar relied almost completely upon armies of mercenaries lt was adopted as the only way in which the many small states of lialvcould Drovide themselves with the armies they required for t h e i r p e r p e t u a l r n t r i g u e ' a n d c o n f l i c r s $ a I r ol expansron d n d e c o n o m r c " a r s , often undcr lhe poliltcal g l o ' r oi lhe partisdn conflict belween Guelf (supporlcrs of the Pope s lemporal supremacy) and Ghibelline (supporters of the Holv Roman Emoerors).

The captains ofthe mercenaries, the greal condoltieri. werc contractedto supply a numberoftroops foraspecified time for a sel cost. Often they were ambit;ous in their own right They hoDed for not iust wealth frorn theiremployment. but also lands a n d . b \ s u i u b l e m a r r i a e e ' . s o c r a l d d \ a n c e m e n l a n d p r e " t i g e N o t h a i i n g n a r i v e l o y a l r j r o r h e i r c m p l o l e r s t h e y w e r e u n l i k e l ) to feel strongly bound by theircontracts. If it seemed that their e m p l o l e r s a r lilel! lo lo'e a conflict. o r i f I h e v $ e l c l i m p l y m a d e a b e t l e r o f f e r . r h e c o n d o r r r e r r w o u l d u n a ' h a m e d \ c h a n g e sides. As Machiavelli wrote:

''lfa prince bases the defence of his state on mercenanes be w r l l ne\er dchieve \ l a b r l r l y o r \ e c u r r t v F o l m e r c e n a r i e s r r e disunited. thitsty for power, undisciplined. and disloyal . . they avoid defeatjustso longas they avoid battle: in peacetime you are despoiled by th€m. and in wartime by the enemy

Machiavelli was €xaggerating to some extent to support hr beliefin the superiority ofdefence based upon a native militia. but much ofwhat he wrote was true. The condottieri were not interested in fighting battles they couldnl win although this does not mean that their battles were never hard fought They were. however, unlikely to be fought to the death: a system of ransoms was in placc. and those unlikelylo gain a ransom were usualty released after being srripped of their arrns This was a form ofeconomic warfare. A state would hirc mercenaries thus forcing its neighbours to do the same. campaigns of threats io suDDlv routes or cities were undenaken and concessions could biwo; wi1h rninimalloss oflife and a maximum gain ofgoods lt was a self perpetuating syst€m men were hired not always through need, but often to pr€vent one s enemies from hiring then. Having raised a large force it b€came necessary to undertake hostile actions in orderthat the soldiers. whoto some exlent saw themselves as exempted from many of society s more restricling laws. should not remain as a burden on one s own Although most ofthe later Condottieriwere ltalian manyof the early mercenary caprains carne from abroad. Arguably th€ most successful of these earlier Condottieri was Sir John Hawkwood. a tanner, who held the manorofSible Hedingham near Colchester in Essex. On his father's death Hawkwood s elder brother. also a John, inheritcd th€ estate John the v o u n e e r . l h e n lw e n l \ , h J d I' r l l e \ h o i c e b u l lo t i n d a c a r e e ' l b l L r , n ' i t . n . n e ) \ ( rq e n r v \e3'' of hi' liie are \i'rually undocument€d. but it isbel;eved that he went to France to light in Edward IlI s armics, and was present at Crecy in 1346 and was knighted atihe age of36 afterthe battle ofPoitiers. in which

h e f o u g h t b r a v e l y T h c p e a c e o t B r e r r 8 n ) r l l o u ) l e f r F d { a r d I I I w i r h m ; ' t o f A o u i t a i n e . a n d l e t l H d q k $ o o d a n d c o u n r l e " o { h r ' comrades unemployed. With nothing to retum to in their homclands these professional soldi€rs were not inclined to disp€rse. instead they formed themselves into free companies under captains oftheir own choosing. That they did not have a l e q a l r i q h l t o w i , s e w d r d i d n o l c o n c e t n r h e m a n d l h e ) c o n t i n u e d r o - r a v a ; e F r r n c ; . A r t e n s r h r d w d , d ll l $ a ' t o r c e d r o 'e n d m e n t o a r r e i t ,u c t r c a p t a i n s - o f t h e b a n d . $ h o \ r e r e h i ' r u b i e c r ' However Hawkwood had by this time left France and. like many others, he was at the gates of Pope InnocenlVl\ palace at Avignon. The pope was concerned enough by this presence of

a r m e d m e n t o m a k e a s i z a b l e p a v m e n t t o t h e m t o g o e l s e w h e r e . The bands drifted. some to Spain and Germanv. and others.

includinq Hawkwood's, to Italy. Hawkwood was a capiain of theWhiie Cornpany. a large mercenary bandofrnainly' butnot exclusivety. Englishmen. onder the G€rman Albert Sterz. The White Company - so called because of their poliched amour andwhite surcoats - was hired by Pisa for its war with Florence T h e L n s l i s h h a d a a i n e d a r e p u r a t r o n l o r f i e r c e n e s r a n d hardinesi. and rhe Fi.an. were plecsed to have rhem Al lirsr the comDanvwas unable to do more than skirmish ineffectively. They did. however. induce Florence to increase the size of its own mercenary force. Hawkwood saw that thrs was an oDportune moment to re-negotiate the company\ contracl' for thii increr.. in the Florenline force had made the company i n d i ' p e n . . r b l e r o P i s " . $ hen a h u g e p a ) m e n l w a s m a d e r o rhem the soldierswere so DteasedthattheY elected Hawkwoodto Iead the comDanv in place of Sterz. who became the second in comnani. ttre spiingoi t364saw Hawkwood, now a man of44' in charse of forces nunbedng 12,000 men, his own company having been slrengthened by 6.000 German knights under Annechin Bongarden. This larger forc€ was able to reach and threaten Florence itself. On May Day the Pisan forces stormed the defences of the suburbs and drove the Florentines inside their citv walls. For a week the Pisan forces - unable. through lack of equipment, to besiege rhe city despoiled the suburbs and surrounding countrysidc. At length the Florentines w€re forced to unleasb their most potent weapon. Se€ret mess€ngers were sent into Hawkwood s camp and. al a costofover 100'000 florins. bought off most of his captains and th€ir men Bonearden took 9,000 florins to hinselfand a further30.000 for his;en and deserted to Florence The English took 70'000 to make a four month peace with Florence. Th;s left Hawkwood with onlv 8m nen, and the attack collaps€d. By the end ofJuly the situaiion had been reversed: now the Florentinesthreatened Pisa with I I .000 foot and '1.000 hone. Hawkwood was ordered to attack this force wilh his 800 men and everv able-bodied Pisan nan. Pisa bad a population at this time of aboul 30.000. sivins an estimaled 4,000 arned Pisans accompanying Hawk_ ;ood-. a total force a third the size of the Florentine army Hawkwood had stuckto hiscontractso far. and he continued to do so. although he must have doubled the w;sdom ofattacking at such odds. He attacked the Florentines in their camp on the

2 l

OoDosite: tJawkwood r s uccessots. 25mm. New ABe' Range Jrom Redoubr Enterp ses in a /a er ldlisn Wars settinS. Buildings ,[i iirorch.tuitr ty Len Johnson. Alt lrcn lhe co ection ol Redoubt's s.upremo Pae Helm - a man of nany pafts (t+,ho said 'hanhazstutv _{asse;bted,!?).}perhaps _{Jou think you've seen}sone of the buiklings in photos of the Peninsulsr war and Wu're wondering iotr they got from Spain to hal!? well, Ihat's the magic of v'argaming!

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left bank of the Amo, near the town ofCascina. His only hope was to drive the Florenrines across the Arno to be pinned against the cliffs ofthe Wart, a craggy mounrain on the opposite bank. Attackingat midday. astheFlorentine camp rested in rhe Augusl heat. Hawkwood at filst made good progress, but Florenline crossbowmen sropped the atrack and hurriedly mounted cavalryrode upthe Pisan flanks. Seeing that the bafile was lost, Hawkwood and his men retreated. The Pisans fought on and 2,000 were captured. Pisa was left tlith liule opiion bul r o m c k e p e a c e s i t h llorence. granring m d n y e c o n o m i r concessions. Pisa also suffcred a change of ruler. as ciovanni Agnello. financed by Milan, seized power wirh Hawkwood's aid. Hawkwood renained in Pisan employ for four years. afrer which he was hired by Bcrnabo Visconti, ruler ofMilan. There followed spells of employrnent with the papacy (canpaigning against his previous employer, Milan), then association again with Milan, and then. finally, employment with Florence. He spent three decades in active fighting in ltaly, involved in countless skirmishes, intrigues and minor and major bartles. T h e s e c a m p a i g n s a r c t o o n u m e r o u s t o d e s c r i b e i n f u l l , a l t h o u g h two of the most important battles are dcscribed below. Hawkwood s furthercareer in Italy iswonh sketching out, since hespentiheyears after his defeat at Cascina in becoming one of the rnost powerful ligures in ltalian powerpolitics.

For Pisa Hawkwood continued to raid and fight, being involved in conflicts against Sienna. Perugia andin Umbria and Tuscany. His nove to Milan in l363coincidedwith the marriage of Violante, daughter of caleazzo Visconti (who nominally shared the rule of Milan with his brotherBernabo) and Lionel, Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III. Hawkwood had always specified in his contracts that he would nor fight againsr the En-slish king, slight as such a chance should be, and it is probable that, as an English knight, he wouldhavebeen invited to attend the wedding. For Bernabo he did much work, he tbrced the troops of Emperor Karl IV, which were threatening Milan, to retreat; he was sent to fighr Papal troops ar Arezzo. Here he vas, for the first. and apparently only, time both defealed and captured. He was imprisoned, and languished in enforced idleness for a year. aft€r which time he was ransoned by Bernabo. whose se ice h€ rejoined. He was sent once more against the pope at Montfiascone, finally forcing rhe harried Papacy to grant spiritual and financial concessions to Milan. Hawkwood was then sent against Florence. whom he fought agajn on lhe banks of the Arno, near Cascina scene of his previous defeat at Florentine hands. This time it was th€ encamped Hawkwood who was attacked bv the Florentines.

BATTLEOFCASCINA

The Florentines brought a force of3,000 horse and foot and 400 crossbowmen against Hawkwood s500English horse and2,000 assorted Germans. Confident ofvictory. rhey aitacked Hawk-wood s canp in the evening, whilst HawkHawk-wood\ men were preparing for the night.

Hawkwood s Englilhmen met the Florentinc vanguard of 400 mounted men-at-arms whilst half-armed and on foot. These rnen held the initial charge, allowing Hawkwood to organise an ambush. Sending the pages by horse to a ford across rhe Arno he h o p e d r o lool rhe llorenrine\ i n l o belieling h i \ a r m ) w a s in route. Hawkwood also arranged for his best men, who nusl have been guarding the ford, to lie 'n ambush. I have presumed that there must have been rough grounds and somewoodland to allow for this deception ro succeed as ir did. The Florentines dispatched 800 cavalry after the pa8es and ihese fell into the ambush. The batllc turned in Hawkwood's favouri he captured 2.000 men and horses. putting the rcmaining Florentines to flighi.

Map I shows initial disposilions for the baule. The banks of

Mapl:BattleofCascina

A : 500

men-at-arms

B : 500 bowmen

,l

800 mounted

men-at-arms

400 crossbowmen

1,800

infantry

400 mounted

men.al-arms

the Amo at the ford are very nuddy and cavalrycannot charge across.I have assumed that Hawkwood s company included250 English archers - Hawkwood always employed as many as he could of these trained men. who had no rival in Iraly. The b a n i c a J e s a r o u n d r h e camp r h o u t d h i n d e r l h e m o v e m e n t o r mountedmen. Toeven things ouralitrle ihe Florentines should be given a cbance, say I in 6. to notice the ambush.

Hawkwood was kept busy in the following yeafs, but his success did not bring its reward: his payment was delayed and eventualty he took his men inio rhe scNice ofPope cregory XI, who proved 1o be an even worse paymaster. Hawkwood was given comrnand of a large *Holy Company - 3,000 nounted men,500 archers. a great nunber ofinfantry and also bombards and siege engines. With this force Hawkwood was able to extraci greal sums of money from cities by threat alone; 130,000 florins fron Florence (to whom Hawkwood also reveated a papalplot against the ciry. forwhich he wasgranted a pension of 1 ,200 florins per year) and a totalof95.000 florins fron Sienna. Arezzo. Pisa and Lucca. the laiter aho granting Hawkwood citizenship. This accumulalion ofwealth by, in rhe church'seye. peaceful means did not incline them to produce Hawkwood\ back pay. In exasperation Hawkwood rook into protecrive €ustody Cardinal Gerard de Pay, who had been thrown out of Perugia by the re bellious citizens. The Cardinal was a relative of the Pope. whowaswillingto make amendswith Hawkwoodlor the Cardinal s safe return The Pope did not go as far as rnaking up the tull back pay. bui innead granred the lordships of Bagnacavallo. Cotignola and Conselice in rhe Romagna. between Bologna and Rimini. Although nor fully satisfied Hawkwood accepted these landswhich. overrhe next few years. hewould improvc andwhere he would make a family horne.

For th€ church Hawkwood was involved in two unsavouN I n c i d e n l s . l h e n r s r $ J , r h e q u e l l n g o f _{d n a n ' i}c h u r c h r e b e l l ' o ; at Faenza. which was followed by the sack ofthe town withthe permission _{of the church - in lieu of pay for the men. In the} attermath of this act Hawkwood was sent against Bologna. which hadrisen in sympathy forFaenza. He washere disarmed. noi by money but by threats io his two sons, who were held in Bologna. Hawkwood made a truce wirh rhe cily. returned his spoils and retiredto his Rornagnol estates forayear. In 1377 he was involved in the second. and more dkhonourable. incidenr. H e w a 5 ' e n l . along s irh lhe church , new Bretonirn m e r c e n a r -ies. to Cesena to quell a rising of the cirizens. The church had garrisoned the Bretonians in Cesena, grantingthem full liberry to supply th€mselves. rvhich they did. The people of Cesena rose in armed rebcllion. but were disa.ned when the Papal

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legate, Cardinal RobertofGeneva (later the anti-pope Clement VII), swore upon his Cardinal s hat that the cidzenswould have a ftee pardon ifthey lay down their arms. The rebek believed him and Hawkwood andhismenwere called into the town. The Cardioal wished for iustice for Cesena. and when Hawkwood pointed out that the citizens were disarmed and quelled the Cardinal explained further. Justice meant punishment for daring to rise against the authority ofthe churchi there must. he s a i d , b e ' b l o o d a n d m o r e b l o o d . S o b e g a n t h e t h r e e d a y s a c k o f Cesena. in which an estimated 2.500 citizens and 300 mercenaF ies were killed. The city was depopulated and despoiled. Even for the times it was an awful atrocity, for which no excuse of fulfilling contracts can be raised in Hawkwood's defence. lt is stated that he sent I,000 women to Rimini for saferyt he showed in this act greater humanity than the future Clement vll, but fie sack of Cesena remains the darkest stain on Hawkwood\ life. Perhaps he though so aswell. forin a few months he had left the service ofthe Church and wasemployed, ata lowerwage, by the Anti-Church League h€aded by Florence - At the same dme he gained his second wife (nothing is known of the first), Donnina, one of Bernabo Visconti's illegitimate children. The maniage fu(her secured Hawkrlood's place in kalian power play; he had lands and was now related by mairiage to the powerful lord of Milan. Hawkwood's campaigns at this rime against the Church andothers earnedhim250,000 florins a year. However, in 1379, within a year ofhis wedding. Hawkwood had fallen from favourwith Milan - he was accused oflackingspirit in a conflictwith Verona. He retired to hisestates. on which he had spent a great d€al of money improving the towns and fortifications, and on laying in stores and weapons. The Romagna was a hotbed of ministates. with many of the petty lords also being condottieri. and strong defences were not a luxury.

In Rome a new pope was el€cted, Urban VI, who made peace with Milan and Florence. Hawkwood tur.ed to Florence as an employer. (Hewas alreadyon 1,200florinspension frorn them.) He wished, he told the Florentines, for his huge salary to be maintained, and, whilst they considered this. he informed the Republic that he also had information to sell. Hawkwood was known to have an efficient information-gathering network, and on this occasion he was willing to sell the full details of an intrigue against the Republic, or, forlessmoney, he would give a less detailed outline ofthe plot. Florence paid 12.000 florins for the lesser information: a Guelf plot was unirovered and smashed, th€ Florentine citizens took their revenge on known Guelfs, and Hawkwood's ties to Florence were stronger. By 1383 Ser Giovanni Acuto, as Hawkwood was known in Italy, had entered the regular employ of Florencei had sold his Romagnol estates and moved to La Rocchetta, thirty miles south of Florence. He probably spent more time at his smaller estate at San Donato. whichwas nearer Florence, forhe is sa;d tohave attended the Council ofTen (he defencecommittee) on nost mornings, apparently giving advice more often than receiving instruction. Although he was seen more and more as a Florentine. Hawkwood still accepted commands outside the Republic. He became involved in actions against Sienna, Ravenna and in the succession struggles in the kingdom of Naples. lt was in these last years of Hawkwood's military activity that he won his most famous yictory during a war between Padua and Verona. The Florentines, backing Padua from the sidelines. loaned Hawkwood with 500 men-at-arms and 600 mounted English archen to the Paduan forces. Hawkwood was the general of the Paduan forces, although nominally under the command of Francesco Carrara, the younger son ofthe Paduan ruler.

A n t o n i a d e l l a S c a l a , t h e r u l e r o f v e r o n a , h a d a h o s t o f f a m o u s condottieri in his employ, including Giovanni dei Ordelaffi of Forli. Ostasis da Polenlo from Ravenna. Facino Cane and

Ugolino and Taddeo dal Verme. Verona could muster a total force of some 9.000 men-at-arms. 2.600 crossbowmen and pikemen and several thousand feudal levy. Hawkwood had at most 6.900 men-al-arms, but only 1,600 infantry, including his 600 mounted ar€hers.

Hawkwood spent February and March 1387 blockading Verona, but eventually had to fall back towards Padua as his own supply lines were underthreat. Heretreated along the river Adige to Castelbaldo, where suppl;es were stockpiled. The Veronese had hurried after him as soon as they realised his int€nt to retreat, and no doubt gleefully look€d forward to besieging the Paduan forces in Castelbaldo. lt was not to be. Hawkwood had halted at Castagnaro, a few miles from Castelbaldo, on the nightofMarch 10th. supplies were brought o u r l o r h e r r o o p 5 . a n d t h e d a q n s a $ l h e a r m y d r a s n u p l o g i r e batde. (Map 2 shows the initial dispositions of the forcet.

BATTLE OF CASTAGNARO

Hawkwood picked a good defensive posilion. He had on his right a canal, on his left a marsh. Along his frontage was an irrigation ditch beyond which were water-logged fields- His dismounted men-at-arms were drawn up in six Baltles in lwo lines, with the Paduan caroccio (the battle headquarters-cum-city standard) in the rear defended by two mounted units. including Hawkwood's own men. The archers and the infantry defended thecanal, alongwith afew bombards.

The Veronese force drew up for battle quite slowly, perhaps because they were fruitlessly waiting for the anival of their bombards and ribaulds. These latter, an invention of Anlonia della Scala. consisted of 144 small-bore tubes nountedon carts which could fire in volleys of twelve. The reloading time for these monstenis unknown, but it is doubtful if they could have fired all barrels more than once or twice in the course of the battle whi€h followed if they had arrived in time. Eventually Ordelaffi had arrayed his forces. He realised that he had to disnount his men, the boggy fields and diiches ruling our a cavalry charge. He drew up two lines ofmen. witb his carroccio inthe rear. defended bvthe countrv levv and 600 mountedmen.

Wargames Illustrated 058

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The Foundry

Mount Street

New Baslord

Nottlngham

NG7

7HX

Our new phone

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ls 0602

792002 Our'Fax only' number

is 0602

792209

25mm

NEW RESIN 25mm

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NAPOLEONIC

WARS

25mm

NEW

25mm

The

Foundry,

Mount

Street,

Nelv

Basford,

Nottingham

NG7

7HX.

Tel:

0602

792002

Fax:

0602

792209

TIIE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN

WAR (1 870-7

1)

The

Foundry,

Mount

Stleet,

New

Basford,

Nottingham

NG7

7HX.

Tel:

0602

792002

Fax:0602

792209

25mm

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