WCDMA Overview

(1)

Mobile

MobileComm

Comm

Professionals,

Professiona

ls, Inc

Inc

..

Your Partner for Wireless Engineering Solutions

(2)

•

•MobileMobileCommComm Professionals, Inc. Professionals, Inc.

Future

(3)

•

Future

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•

Global Footprint

LATIN AMERICA LATIN AMERICA Brazil Brazil NORTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA Richardson , TX Richardson , TX Headquarters Headquarters ASIA PACIFI ASIA PACIFICC

New Delhi , Noida, New Delhi , Noida, Gurgaon Gurgaon CANADA CANADA Toronto Toronto OMAN OMAN Muscat Muscat AFRICA AFRICA Kenya, Kenya, South Africa South Africa KUWAIT KUWAIT A

A GlobalGlobal Player withPlayer with GlobalGlobal ResourcesResources

AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA New South New South Wales Wales

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•

Capabilities

Packet Switching Packet Switching VAS VAS In-Building Building Services Services Software Software Development Development Broad

Broad Skill SetsSkill Sets Across Across WirelessWireless Industry Industry

Staffing Staffing Solutions Solutions Transport Transport Services Services

(6)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Agenda



Global Stats



Convergence



Evaluation of 3G and Releases



Technology Concept



UMTS Fundamental



WCDMA Principle



Frequency Band Allocation



Spreading Principle



Processing gain

(7)

Communication

Telecommunication

Wireline

Wireless

Internet Broadband AMPS/GSM/ UMTS/LTE

(8)

Contribution

 Telecom Industry is the “ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWING INDUSTRY”

Computer,

IT and Software Manufacturing

Business Services and Consulting

Education

Finance and Banking

Engineer and Architecture

Construction

Retail trade and Wholesale

“FIFTH and FASTEST Growing Industries”

(9)

Top Telecom Service Provider Market Share (India) as of 3rd_{Feb, 2014} Source: AsiaOTT COUNTRY (TOP 10) SUBSCRIBERS (IN MILLIONS) China Mobile 775.6 Vodafone 419.5 Airtel 275.7 China Unicom 285.7 America Movil 269.9 Telefonia 254.7 Axiata 239.7 Orange 231.5 Vimpel Com 209 China Telecom 185

Top Telecom Service Provider (GLOBAL) as of May,2014

Source: AsiaOTT

(10)

Telecom Growth Avenues

Telecom

Industry

Technologies like 3G, BWA VAS industry Rural Telephony Tele - Medicine Telecom Equipment Manufacturing Infrastructure Sharing

(11)

Revenue

 India Telecom Industry to touch

“REVENUES _{OF RS.3,77,683 CRORE} AT 2014”

(12)

India Subscriber Base

(13)

6.8 Billion Mobile-cellular subscriptions

In 2013, there are almost as many mobile-cellular subscriptions as people in the world, with more than half in the Asia-Pacific region (3.5 billion out of 6.8 billion total subscriptions)

(14)

LTE’s global market share was at

4 percent of all connections.

 300+ commercial LTE networks

today; 380 commercial LTE networks expected by end of 2014

 104 million LTE connections in March

2013; 245 million as of March 2014, more than a doubling of connections in 12 months

 LTE connections are forecast to

surpass 2.3 billion by 2020

LTE Approaching Quarter of a Billion Connections Worldwide

(15)

(16)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc. •4G TD LTE FD LTE 

1G



2G/2.5G



3G/3.5G



4G

(17)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc. CDMA GSM TDMA PHS (IP-Based) 64 K b p s GPRS 115 K b p s CDMA 1xRTT 144 Kbps EDGE 384 K b p s cdma2000 1X-EV-DV Over 2.4 Mbps W-CDMA (UMTS) U p to 2 Mbps 2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G 1992 - 2000+ 2001+ 2003+ 1G 1984 - 1996+ 2003 - 2004+ TACS NMT AMPS GSM/ GPRS (Overlay) 115 Kbps 9.6 Kb ps 9.6 Kb ps 14.4 Kbp s / 64 K b p s 9.6 Kbp s PDC Analog Voice Digital Voice Packet Data Intermediate Multimedia Multimedia PHS TD-SCDMA 2 Mbps? 9.6 Kb ps iDEN (Overlay) iDEN

Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

(18)

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Also Categorized As…

V o i c e S e r v i c e T y p e M u l t i m e d i a

Narrowband

_Wideband

_Broadband

~ 384 Kbps Mbps~ 21 ~ 100Mbps 1G 2G 3G 4G

(19)

Convergence

1970 TELECOM INDUSTRY IT INDUSTRY MEDIA INDUSTRY

Circuit Switched Voice

Main Frame Computers

Radio, TV and Print

1980

Packet Switched Voice

PC’s

Electronic Publishing

Fiber Optical Networks Application Services Global Networks 1990 ERP, CRM, SCM Packaged Software Client-Server Technology

Digital Audio & Video Optical Storage ( CD/ DVD) The Convergent Industry 2000 2012 Mobile Networks Mobile Data Internet Web-Services Enterprise Integration Gaming Digital photography Digital Broadcasting Flat Screen Technology

ICT WORLD Mobile TV VoIP FMIC Triple/Quadruple Play Video On Demand IPTV

(20)



Universal Global Roaming



Multimedia (Voice, Data & Video)



Increased data rates



Up to 2 Mbps



Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)



IP architecture

(21)

 ITU (International Telecommunication Union)

– Radio standards and spectrum

 IMT-2000

– ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

 National and regional standards bodies are collaborating in 3G partnership projects

– ARIB (Japan), TIA (North America), TTA (South

Korea), TTC (Japan), CWTS (China). T1 (North America), ETSI (Europe)

 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)

– Focused on evolution of access and core networks

(22)

UMTS Frequency Allocations

2200 MHz 2000 1900 1950 2050 2100 2150 1850 Japan IMT-2000 P H S _IMT-2000 ITU M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e IMT-2000 IMT-2000 Europe UMTS (FDD) D E C T U M T S ( T D D ) GSM 1800 U M T S ( T D D ) UMTS (FDD) USA P C S u n l i c e n s e d PCS PCS U M T S ( T D D ) I M T - 2 0 0 0 ( T D D ) M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e M o b i l e S a t e l l i t e

(23)

Rel.99 to LTE

(24)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc. S. No. 3GPP Releases Feature DL Throughput UL Throughput DL

Modulation UL Modulation Remarks

1 Rel 99 UMTS 2 Mbps 384 Kbps QPSK BPSK 2 Rel 4 UMTS Introduction of MSS, MGW in Core Network 3 Rel 5 HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 384 Kbps 16 QAM, QPSK BPSK Scheduling of Codes IMS 4 Rel 6 HSUPA 14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps 16 QAM, QPSK Dual BPSK 5 Rel 7 HSP+ 28 Mbps 11 Mbps

6 Rel 8 LTE 100 Mbps 50 Mbps Fourth Generation

(25)

(26)

Modulation is the process of varying the characteristics

of high signal (carrier) in accordance with

instantaneous value of low signal (Modulating signal).

Modulation

(27)

Signals are of low amplitude strength with low frequency (20 Hz to 20 KHz).

 To send the signal up to longer distance Modulation is required.

Depend on the Modulation:

three types of Modulation schemes are introduced.

 Amplitude Modulation

 Frequency Modulation

 Phase Modulation

• GMSK is used for GSM for Modulation • QPSK is used for WCDMA for Modulation

(28)

Modulation Techniques

Baseband Signal Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation

0

1

0

(29)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc. 0 ₁ 1 0

Modulation Techniques

Baseband Signal Phase Modulation

(30)

(31)

Multiple Access Techniques

Multiple Access – Achieved by dividing the available radio frequency spectrum, so that multiple users can be given access at the same time.

 FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

– ( eg: GSM each Frequency channel is 200KHz)

 TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

– ( eg: GSM each frequency channel is divided into 8

timeslots)

 CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

(32)

(33)

TDMA

f r e q u e n c y time User 1 User 1

Timeslot Period Frame Period

Idealized TDMA (with no guard periods) Availa ble Band

(34)

FDMA

f r e q u e n c y time User 1 Frame Period Channel BW Idealized FDMA

(35)

CDMA

f r e q u e n c y time code Frame Period

(36)

(37)



UMTS Cocktail Party



Technology



Spreading Factor



Processing Gain



Codes



Comparison UMTS and GSM



Rake Receiver

(38)

UMTS Air Interface Technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological

solutions

•

WCDMA

–

FDD

•

WCDMA

–

TDD

WCDMA

–

FDD is the more widely used solution



FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band

WCDMA

–

TDD technology is currently used in limited

number of networks



TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same

(39)

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

 Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency

TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

 Uplink and Downlink are separated in time

 Flexible time duration for UL and DL for Asymmetrical traffic

(40)

WCDMA Technology

5 MHz 3.84 MHz f 5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode F r e q u e n c y Time

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

Users share same time and frequency

(41)

UMTS

–

FDD Frequency Band

Release 99

I 1920 – _{1980 MHz} ₂₁₁₀ – _{2170 MHz} _{UMTS only in Europe,}

Japan, India II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900 New in Release 5 III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800 New in Release 6 IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850 VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan New in Release 7 VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900 IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan

(42)

UMTS-2100

_Uplink

_Downlink

1980 MHz 1920 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Calculation

Duplex Frequency :2110-1920 = 190 MHz

Bandwidth

:1980-1920 = 60 MHz

Carriers

:60 / 5 = 12

(43)

Channel Numbering

UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN) UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):

UARFCN ₌ ₅

.

_f _[MHz]

Uplink/Downlink Center

UARFCN is integer: 0 <= UARFCN <= 16383

(44)

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

(45)

Differences in WCDMA & GSM

WCDMA GSM

Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz

Frequency reuse factor 1 1 – 18

Power control frequency

1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower

Quality control Radio resource

management algorithms

Network planning (frequency planning)

Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives

multipath diversity with Rake receiver

Frequency hopping

Packet data Load-based packet

scheduling Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Services with Different quality requirement Efficient packet data

(46)

Layered Network

• Micro BTS Macro BTS Pico BTSs 1 10 km 50 100 200 500

(47)

(48)

3G Applications

S e r v i c e s 10 100 1000 10000 Voice Email

Database Access Information Service Tele-banking Financial Services

Electronic Newspaper, Image/Sound Files Tele-shopping

Video-telephony

Video Conferences

3G Services Required Data Rates

UMTS offers flexible and dynamic data rates:

(49)

UMTS QoS Classes

UMTS attempts to fulfil QoS requests from the user

Four traffic classes have been specified



Conversational



Streaming



Interactive



Background

(50)

Quality of Service



QoS defines preferential delivery service for the applications

by ensuring sufficient bandwidth, controlling latency and

jitter, and reducing data loss.



The following table describes these network characteristics

Network Characteristics Description

Bandwidth The rate at which traffic is carried by the network.

Latency The delay in data transmission from source to destination.

Jitter The variation in latency.

Reliability The percentage of packets discarded by a router.

(51)

QoS Class

NRT Data Call Background Class PS Data Call Interactive Class PS Data Call Streaming Class PS Data Call Conversational Class CS Data Call

CS Data Call CS Voice Call

CS Call

RT Data Call

PS Call Call

(52)

Streaming

Highly asymmetric



Real time, relatively low delay required



Typically between server and client

Example Applications



Web broadcast



Video on demand

(53)

Interactive

Request response pattern



Preserve data integrity



Relatively delay sensitive but not real time



Treated as non-real time packet based service

Example applications:



Web browsing



Location based services

(54)

(55)

Quality Of Service Classes

Traffic c lass C o n v e r s a t i o n al class S t r e a m i n g c l a s s Interactive c l a s s B a c k g r o u n d F u n d a m e n t a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Preserve time relation between i n f o r m a t i o n entities of the s t r e a m C o n v e r s a t i o n a l pattern (s t r i n g e n t a n d l o w d e l ay ) Preserve time relation between i n f o r m a t i o n entities of the stream Request r e s p o n s e pattern Preserve data i n t e g r i t y D e s t in a t i o n i s n o t e x p e c t i n g the data w i t h i n a certain time Preserve data i n t e g r i t y E x a m p l e o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n Voice, videotelephony, v i d e o g a m e s S t r e a m i n g m u l t i m e d i a W e b b r o w s i n g , n e t w o r k g a m e s B a c k g r o u n d d o w n l o a d o f emails

(56)

(57)

WCDMA Features

Separate users through different codes Large bandwidth Continuous transmission and reception Code planning -Frequency reuse is 1 No frequency planning

Scrambling code planning

5 MHz carrier separation

Fast Power Control

Soft/Softer Handover Admission Control Load Control frequency code CDMA

3GPP

: 3rd Generation Partnership Project http://www.3gpp.org

(58)

Separates users through different codes Codes are used for two purposes:

 Differentiate channels/users

 Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

f Code t MS 1 MS 2 MS 3 5 MHz

DS-CDMA

(59)

Spreading Principle

User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them with a spreading code

The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz

The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate

Information signal

Spreading signal

(60)

Spreading/ De-spreading

Data x Code Data Code Code (pseudo noise) Data +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 Symbol -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Chip Chip

Despreading

Spectrum Symbol

(61)

Spreading and De-spreading

Spreading

• Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x'

code bits called CHIPS.

• This 'x' determines the SPREADING FACTOR!!!! • The resulting spread data is at a rate of 'x' times R

De-spreading

• The spread user data/chip sequence with the same 'x'

(62)

(63)

Code Understanding

Code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

• Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)

Separates different mobiles (in uplink)

Separates different cells (in downlink)

• Channelization codes

Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling code

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes

(64)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc. D e s p r e a d i n g User data Spreading code Chip sequence 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 Spreading 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 Case 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 Case 2

Orthogonallity Principle

(65)

Property

Orthogonality

• Two codes are said to be orthogonal when their inner

product is zero.

Let: let S1 be one SF code & S2 another

– Then : S1* S2 = 0

Eg: (1, 1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, -1, -1) are orthogonal: (1 * 1) + (1 * 1) + (1 * -1) + (1 * -1) = 0

(66)

DL & UL Channelization Codes

Walsh-Hadamard Codes:

Orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)

 SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}

 SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}

Good Orthogonality Properties:

cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0

 Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation

(where synchronization between various channels is guaranteed)

(67)

 In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control) channels from the same UE

 In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control) channels coming from the same NodeB

CC1, CC2 CC3, CC4 CC5, CC6, CC7 CC1 , CC2, CC3 CC1, CC2 CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate

(68)

Channelization Codes: Code Tree

C₀(0)=[1] C₂(1)=[1-1] C₂(0)=[11] C₄(0)=[1111] C₄(1)=[11-1-1] C₄(2)=[1-11-1] C₄(3)=[1-1-11] C₈(0)=[11111111] C₈(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] C₈(2)=[11-1-111-1-1] C₈(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] C₈(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] C₈(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] C₈(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] C₈(7)=[1-1-11-111-1] C16(0)=[...] C₁₆(1)=[...] C₁₆(15)=[...] C₁₆(14)=[...] C₁₆(13=[...] C₁₆(12)=[...] C₁₆(11)=[...] C₁₆(10)=[...] C₁₆(9)=[...] C₁₆(8)=[...] C₁₆(7)=[...] C₁₆(6)=[...] C₁₆(5)=[...] C₁₆(4)=[...] C₁₆(3)=[...] C₁₆(2)=[...] SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16

...

SF=256 SF=512

(69)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Spreading factor Channel symbol rate (ksps) Channel bit rate (kbps) DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) Maximum user data rate with ½-rate coding (approx.) 512 7.5 15 3_–6 1_–3 kbps 256 15 30 12_–24 6_–12 kbps 128 30 60 42_–51 20_–24 kbps 64 60 120 90 45 kbps 32 120 240 210 105 kbps 16 240 480 432 215 kbps 8 480 960 912 456 kbps Symbol phy b

R

_{_} 

2



SF

W

R

_Symbol (QPSK modulation)

Spreading Factor

Half rate speech Full rate speech

(70)

(71)

•MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Frequency P o w e r d e n s i t y ( W a t t s / H z )

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec) User bit rate R sec 84 . 3

Mchip

const

W

 

 

R

W

dB

G

_p  Processing Gain:

Processing Gain

(72)

Frequency (Hz)

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

P o w e r d e n s i t y ( W / H z ) R Frequency (Hz) G_p=W/R=24.98 dB P o w e r d e n s i t y ( W / H z ) R G_p=W/R=10 dB Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain

depends on the user data rate

(73)

Spreading consists of 2 steps

 Channelization operation

 Scrambling operation

Data bit

OVSF code Scrambling code

Chips after spreading

Combination

Separates users through different codes Codes are used for two purposes:

 Differentiate channels/users

(74)

 After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special code to distinguish between different

transmitters.

 Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be synchronized

 The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the

code length – longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)

 Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

(75)

DL Scrambling Codes

Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation

512 Primary Scrambling Codes UL Scrambling Codes

Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated

Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame

Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips

512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes 16.8 million UL Scrambling Codes

(76)

Scrambling Distribution

SC 0 SC 16 SC 40 SC 32 SC 56 SC 24 SC 1 SC 17 SC 41 SC 33 SC 64 SC 8 SC 48 SC 9 SC 25 SC 57 SC 65 SC 49

(77)

SC3 SC4

SC5 SC6

SC1 _SC1

Cell “1” transmits using SC1

SC2 SC2

Cell “2” transmits using SC2

In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to

distinguish each cell (assigned by operator – SC planning) In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned by network)

(78)

Channelization & Scrambling Codes

2 data channels (voice, control) SC3 + CC1 + CC2 2 data channels (14 kbps data, control) SC4 + CC1 + CC2 3 data channels (voice, video, control) SC2 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3

3 data channels (voice, video, control) SC5 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3

4 data channels

(384 kbps data, voice, video, control)

SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4 4 data channels

(384 kbps data, voice, video, control) SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7 2 data channels (voice, control) SC1 + CC1 + CC2 1 data channels (control) SC1 + CC3 Voice Conversation Uplink Packet Data Video conference Video conference with Data Pilot, Broadcast SC1 + CC_P + CC_B Pilot, Broadcast SC2 + CC_P + CC_B

(79)

DL Spreading and Multiplexing

User 3 User 2 User 1 BCCH Pilot _X CODE 1 X CODE 2 X CODE 3 X CODE 4 X CODE 5

+

X SCRAMBLING CODE RF SUM User 2 User 1 BCCH Pilot

Radio frame = 15 time slots

Time User 3 3.84 MHz RF carrier 3.84 MHz bandwidth CHANNELISATION codes: P-CPICH P-CCPCH DPCH₁ DPCH₂ DPCH₃

(80)

Channelisation code Scrambling code

Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data

(DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink

connections to different users within one cell

Uplink: Separation of mobile

Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)

Length 4 –256 chips (1.0 –66.7 _s)

Downlink also 512 chips

Different bit rates by changing the length of the code

Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 _{s = 256 chips}

Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers

Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling

code = spreading factor

Uplink: 16.8 million Downlink: 512

Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code

Short code: Extended S(2) code family Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission

bandwidth

(81)

(82)

Transmission Power

Frequency 5MHz Power density Time

High bit rate user

Low bit rate user

Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power

(83)

•

Multipath

Multipath Propagation

Propagation

2 2 t t

Multipath Propagation

1 1 t t 0 0 t t 3 3 t t

Multiple paths possibly

Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interfercause destructive interference betweenence between diff

(84)

•

RAKE Receiver

(85)

•

RAKE Receiver

Combination or multipath components and in DL

Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cellsalso signals from different cells

D D e e l l a a y y

  1 1 Code used Code used for the for the connection connection Rx Rx Output Output Finger Finger tt Cell-1 Cell-1 Cell-1 Cell-1 Cell-1 Cell-1 Cell-2 Cell-2 Rx Rx Rx Rx Rx Rx Finger Finger Finger Finger Finger Finger D D e e l l a a y y   2 2 D D e e l l a a y y   3 3

(86)

•

• Each multi-Each multi-path component is called a “path component is called a “fingerfinger””

•

• Estimation of radio channel properties for each Estimation of radio channel properties for each finger:finger:

  DelayDelay   AmplitudeAmplitude   PhasePhase •

• The Rake receiver combines multi-path components byThe Rake receiver combines multi-path components by

coherent combining of multi-path components belonging to coherent combining of multi-path components belonging to the respective user.

the respective user.

RAKE Receiver

(87)

Summary



Global Stats



Convergence



Evaluation of 3G and Releases



Technology Concept



UMTS Fundamental



WCDMA Principle



Frequency Band Allocation



Spreading Principle

